加味黄连解毒汤对多器官功能障碍综合征大鼠核转录因子-kB通路的影响

目的 探讨加味黄连解毒汤对多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)大鼠核转录因子-kB(NF-kB)、一氧化氮(NO)等炎症介质通路的影响,以及对损伤器官的保护作用.方法 将36只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为对照组(6只)、模型组(15只)、中药组(15只).通过腹腔注射酵母多糖法复制MODS大鼠模型.中药组灌胃加味黄连解毒汤25ml/kg;对照组、模型组则灌胃生理盐水,12h1次.于制膜12、24、48h观察外周血、小肠、心脏组织一氧化氮(NO)系统及NF-kB的变化.结果 与对照组比较,模型组12h时血清NO(umol/L)及诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS,kU/L)即明显升高(NO:167.16±15.10比82.35±11.40,iNOS:10.20±1.20比5.48±1.16),结构型一氧化氮合酶(cNOS)明显减少(10.40±1.87比13.08±2.68,均P<0.05);与模型组比较,中药组12h时NO(113.14±10.08)、iNOS(6.52±0.85)即明显降低,cNOS(13.63±1.46)明显升高(均P<0.05).模型组小肠、心脏组织NO和iNOS明显升高,cNOS明显降低;中药组NO和iNOS明显降低,cNOS明显升高(均P<0.05).对照组小肠偶见NF-kB表达阳性细胞,心脏组织中几乎无NF-kB表达;模型组小肠及心脏组织可见NF-kB阳性细胞;中药组小肠NF-kB阳性细胞数明显减少,心脏组织未见明显降低.结论 加味黄连解毒汤能有效改善MODS大鼠器官功能,其机制可能是通过抑制NF-kB表达从而减轻促炎介质及iNOS过度活化.     

吸入性过敏患者血清中一氧化氮合酶及其亚型的测定及意义

目的 探讨吸入性过敏患者血清中一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)及其亚型包括诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和结构型一氧化氮合酶(construtive NOS,cNOS)的表达及意义.方法 化学比色法测定36例吸入性过敏患者及30例健康人血清中NOS及iNOS的水平并比较二者之间的差异.结果 NOS在吸入性过敏患者为38.30±6.31 U/ml,高于健康人27.65±4.35 U/ml(P<0.05),cNOS在两组(分别为22.99±5.34 U/ml,14.10±3.19 U/ml)间有显著性差异(P<0.05),iNOS则在两组(分别为14.50±3.77 U/ml,14.34±2.02 U/ml)比较无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 吸入性过敏患者血清中NOS表达增加,且主要是cNOS,提示cNOS-NO通路在吸入性过敏病变过程中有一定的意义.     

抑郁症患者血清一氧化氮及一氧化氮合成酶的检测及其临床研究

目的 探讨血清NO、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)活力与抑郁症的关系.方法 纳入136例符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准的抑郁症患者(实验组)和120名健康志愿者(对照组),进行血清NO水平及NOS活力的检测,并进行对照分析.结果 实验组血清NO水平(70.05±10.34)μmol/L及NOS活力平均水平(29.49±5.12)U/L均高于正常对照组[(67.17±16.52)μmol/L、(26.99±2.87)U/L],差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);抑郁症患者中服药组血清NO水平(74.42±8.80)μmol/L及NOS活力平均水平(27.71±5.46)U/L均低于未服药组[(78.81±12.28)μmoL/L、(30.49±4.65)U/L],两者相比,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).结论 抑郁症患者血清NO水平及NOS活力升高,NO升高可能是抑郁症发病的影响因素;抗抑郁药可能通过降低血清NO水平而起到抗抑郁作用.     

北方汉族人eNOS第四内含子a/b基因多态性与原发性高血压的关系

目的探讨内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)第四内含子27bp插入/缺失(a/b)多态性与北方汉族人群原发性高血压(EH)的关系。方法应用多聚酶链反应(PCR)检测207例EH患者和231名健康人eNOS基因型,测定血清一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性和一氧化氮代谢物(NOx)水平。结果健康人aa、ab和bb基因型为0.43%、13.42%和86.15%,而EH组分别为0.49%、19.32%和80.19%;EH组a等位基因的频率为10.15%高于健康对照组的7.14%(P<0.05)。EH组血浆NO含量降低(P<0.05),TNOS活性和iNOS活性下降(P<0.05),eNOS活性较健康对照组有降低趋势,但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论EH患者血浆NOS活性和NO水平降低,eNOS基因变异,27bp(a/b)多态性对内皮NO释放有一定影响,a等位基因可能是中国汉族人EH的遗传标志。     

辛伐他汀对脂多糖诱导肺损伤大鼠的一氧化氮合酶的影响

目的 探讨辛伐他汀对脂多糖(LPS)诱导急性肺损伤大鼠的一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的影响.方法 30只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、LPS组和辛伐他汀治疗组,治疗组又分1 h、3 d和7 d组,每组6只.治疗组大鼠在实验前经胃管分别给予辛伐他汀10 mg/kg(4 ml/kg)治疗1 d,3 d,7 d,每天1次;对照组和LPS组则给予蒸馏水(4 ml/kg),每天1次,连续7 d.在最后一次给药1 h后,LPS组和治疗组大鼠从尾静脉注射LPS 5 mg/kg(2.5 ml/kg),对照组则予注射无菌生理盐水(2.5 ml/kg).观察6 h,处死大鼠,取样,比色法测定血清和肺匀浆诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、构成型一氧化氮合酶(cNOS)和一氧化氮(NO)水平,免疫组化法检测肺组织iNOS和内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)的表达.结果 LPS组血清和肺匀浆NO均高于对照组(p<0.001),治疗组则低于LPS组(P<0.05);LPS组血清和肺匀浆iNOS活力均高于对照组而cNOS活力则降低(P<0.05),治疗组肺匀浆iNOS活力显著低于LPS组而eNOS显著升高(P<0.001);免疫组化显示:LPS组肺组织iNOS表达强于对照组,而eNOS表达则显著减弱,治疗组的iNOS表达弱于LPS组,eNOS表达则显著增强,与其减轻肺损伤相关.结论 辛伐他汀可逆转LPS诱导的肺组织iNOS活性的升高和eNOS活性的下降,减轻内毒素性肺损伤.     

血必净注射液对脓毒症肾脏损伤大鼠一氧化氮及其合酶作用的影响

目的 观察血必净注射液对脓毒症大鼠血浆及肾组织一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)水平的影响,探讨血必净注射液的肾保护作用.方法 采用盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)制备脓毒症动物模型.健康雄性SD大鼠40只被随机分为正常对照组(n=8)、假手术组(n=8)、模型组(n=12)、血必净组(n=12).术后6 h留取标本,采用生化法测定血浆和肾组织NO含量及iNOS活性,光镜下观察肾脏形态学变化,透射电镜下观察肾脏超微结构变化.结果 模型组血浆和肾组织NO含量[血浆:(94.00±15.18)μmol/L,肾:(0.50±0.07)μmol/g]及iNOS活性[血浆:(6.19±0.82)U/ml,肾:(0.20±0.02)U/mg]均明显高于正常对照组[血浆NO:(52.52±13.61)μmol/L,iNOS(3.69±0.89)U/ml;肾NO:(0.32±0.07)μmol/g,iNOS:(0.16±0.01)U/mg]和假手术组[血浆NO:(51.49±19.00)μmol/L,iNOS:(3.26±1.00)U/ml;肾NO:(0.35±0.04)μmol/g,iNOS:(0.16±0.02)U/mg,P均<0.01];血必净组血浆和肾组织NO含量[血浆:(77.16±14.49)μmol/L,肾:(0.43±0.03)μmol/g]及iNOS活性[血浆:(4.48±0.93)U/ml,肾:(0.18±0.02)U/mg]均明显低于模型组(P<0.05或P<0.01);正常对照组与假手术组各项指标比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05).光镜及电镜下观察假手术组肾小球、肾小管结构基本正常;模型组肾脏损伤明显;血必净组肾脏损伤较模型组显著减轻.结论 NO和iNOS在脓毒症大鼠肾损伤发病过程中发挥了重要的作用,血必净注射液干预治疗可使血浆及肾组织中NO含量和iNOS活性下降,并可使肾脏损伤减轻,对肾脏具有保护作用.     

L—精氨酸促进移植血管诱导型一氧化氮合酶活性实验研究

目的：探讨外源性L－精氨酸（L－Arg)对移植血管诱导型一氧化氮合酶活性影响,方法：新西兰大白兔15只随机分成3组,建立双侧颈动脉间置颈外静脉移植动物模型,高剂量组每日喂食L－Arg 250mg/kg,低剂量组每日喂食L－Arg 125mg/kg,对照组不喂食L－Arg,持续2周,观察移植血管术前,术后3周和术后6周血浆一氧化氮（NO）水平,组织匀浆一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性和诱导型NOS的mRNA表达。结果：（1）血浆NO水平：实验组血浆NO水平显著高于对照组,高剂量组血浆NO水平高于低剂量组。（2）组织匀浆NOS活性：实验组组织匀浆NOS活性显著高于对照组,3组术后6周NOS活性高于术后3周。（3）组织匀浆iNOS mRNA表达：术后3周实验组iNOS mRNA表达,对照组无表达;术后6周3组iNOS mRNA均有表达,实验组iNOS mRNA表达高于对照组,高剂量组高于低剂量组,结论：外源性L－Arg促进移植血管NOS表达,增进NOS活性,提高体内NO浓度。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症患者氧化应激指标的研究

目的观察高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)患者氧化应激指标的水平,并对其临床价值做初步评价。方法检测108例HHcy患者、106名健康体检者(正常对照组)循环谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、对氧磷酯酶1(PON1)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性及同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、一氧化氮(NO)和丙二醛(MDA)水平。分析Hcy与GSH-Px、SOD、PON1、NOS、NO、MDA之间的相关性。结果 HHcy患者血浆MDA水平[(6.23±1.55)μmol/L]明显高于正常对照组[(4.14±1.13)μmol/L](P0.01),而GSH-Px[(189.3±25.1)U/L]、SOD[(77.3±20.5)NU/mL]、PON1[(133.6±23.9)kU/L]、NOS活性[(25.3±2.9)U/mL]及NO[(68.3±10.1)μmol/L]水平低于正常对照组[(240.3±78.1)U/L、(89.2±24.8)NU/mL、(168.2±26.0)kU/L、(30.0±3.3)U/mL、(92.1±12.1)μmol/L](P均0.01)。HHcy患者血浆Hcy与MDA呈正相关(r=0.72,P0.01),与GSH-Px、SOD、PON1、NOS、NO呈明显负相关(r值分别为-0.60、-0.49、-0.51、-0.43、-0.50,P均0.01)。结论 HHcy患者氧化应激增强可能与Hcy氧化过程中产生过多的过氧化物及活性氧、Hcy损伤NO/L-精氨酸系统及直接抵制抗氧化酶活性有关。Hcy可能通过增加氧化应激和降低抗氧化能力在动脉粥样硬化发生、发展中起重要的作用。     

超敏C反应蛋白、一氧化氮与急性高血压性脑出血关系的研究

目的 探讨超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和一氧化氮(NO)在急性高血压性脑出血患者炎症状态及预后判断中的作用.方法 采用颗粒增强免疫透射比浊法、硝酸还原酶法分别测定126例急性高血压性脑出血患者血清hs-CRP和NO水平,并与120例健康者进行比较.结果 急性高血压性脑出血患者血清hs-CRP[(26.89±17.13)mg/L]和NO[(67.15±14.66)μmol/L]水平均明显高于健康对照组[(1.48±0.91)mg/L和(33.05±6.11)μmol/L](P<0.01).与预后佳组比较,预后不佳组血清hs-CRP[(45.73±17.03)mg/L]和NO[(83.15±7.75)μmol/L]水平升高更为明显(P<0.01).结论 hs-CRP和NO是介导急性高血压性脑出血患者高炎性状态和继发性脑损害的关键效应分子.血清hs-CRP和NO水平的高低与患者的预后有关.     

小剂量螺内酯联合氨氯地平对肥胖高血压患者血压和胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的 观察小剂量螺内酯联合氨氯地平治疗对肥胖高血压患者血压和胰岛素抵抗的影响.方法 入选98例肥胖原发性高血压患者,其中50例应用螺内酯20 mg/d+氨氯地平5 mg/d(联合组);48例应用氨氯地平5 mg/d治疗(对照组),治疗24周.测定对照组及联合组治疗前后的体质量指数(BMl)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、服糖后2小时血糖(2 hPG)、服糖后2小时胰岛素(2 hPINs)水平.采用放射免疫法测定血浆醛固酮水平,应用稳态模型评价胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).结果 与治疗前比较,治疗24周后对照组和联合组的SBP为,对照组(135.8±9.7)mm Hg vs(146.4±9.4)mmHg,联合组(129.2±7.9)mmHg vs(148.2±10.3)mmHg;DBP为,对照组(86.1±4.9)mmHg vs(98.4±10.4)mmHg,联合组(80.3±5.6)mmHg vs(99.8±10.7)mmHg,均显著下降(P<0.05),但联合组SBP和DBP降低幅度均大于对照组(P<0.05).与治疗前比较,联合组血浆醛固酮水平(122.4±19.7)ng/L vs(162.7±22.5)ng/L和HOMA-IR(5.8±2.0)vs(8.9±2.7)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而对照组在治疗前后差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 小剂量螺内酯联合氨氯地平治疗可更加有效地降低肥胖高血压患者的血压,并改善胰岛素抵抗,其效果优于单用氨氯地平.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.