原发性高血压代谢综合征与血管紧张素转换酶基因插入/缺失多态性关系的探讨

目的 :探讨原发性高血压 (EH)代谢综合征与血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)基因插入 /缺失多态性的关系。方法 :选取EH患者 2 0 2例 ,其中男 116例 ,女 86例 ,年龄 30～ 72 (5 9.5 4± 9.2 6 )岁。符合代谢综合征者 10 6例 ,非代谢综合征 96例。应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)测定两组ACE基因插入 /缺失多态性。结果 :EH代谢综合征组与非代谢综合征组ACE基因DD、ID、II基因型间无显著相关性 (χ2 =2 .5 4 5 ,P 0 .0 5 )。代谢综合征组ACE多态性基因型与腰围、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)密切相关 (P <0 .0 1) ;与腰围 /臀围、三酰甘油 (TG)密切相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;与血压、血糖、胰岛素无关 (P 0 .0 5 )。代谢综合征组ACE基因DD、ID基因型腰围较II基因型显著增加 (P <0 .0 1,<0 .0 5 ) ;DD基因型腰围 /臀围、TG较II基因型显著增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;ACE基因DD基因型HDL C较II基因型显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;ACE基因DD、ID、II基因型间血压、血糖、胰岛素差异无统计学意义 (P 0 .0 5 )。结论 :EH代谢综合征与ACE基因多态性无显著相关性。但是代谢综合征患者肥胖、脂代谢紊乱与ACE基因多态性密切相关 ,而血压水平、胰岛素敏感性却与ACE基因多态性无关。     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗高血压病人的疗效与血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性的关系

目的 探讨具有不同血管紧张素转换酶基因插入／缺矢基因型（Angiotension-converting enzyme gene I/D genotype,ACE I/D genotype)的高血压病人对血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（Angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitor,ACEI)治疗的反应性。方法 根据ACE I／D基因多态性,将高血压病人分为Ⅱ组（20例）,ID组（20例,及DD组（18例）,共58例。使用西拉普利2．5mg Q.D,两周后无效增至5mgQ.D共4周,观察降压疗效。结果 Ⅱ组显效2例,有效12例,总有效率70％,ID组显效8例,有效8例,总有效率80％,DD组显效13例,有效4例,总有效率94％。ACEI对DD组疗效最好（P＜0．01）,降压幅度最大,ID组次之,Ⅱ组较差。结论 ACE I／D基因多态性可做为高血压病人选用ACEI时的参考指标之一。     

甘肃省独有少数民族原发性高血压患者与血管紧张素转化酶基因变异的关系

目的:探讨甘肃省2个独有少数民族(东乡族、裕固族)的血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)基因I/D变异是否为原发性高血压(EH)的遗传易感因素。方法:用聚合酶链方法分别检测了东乡族150例、裕固族45例EH患者及2个民族正常人群172例、58例的ACE基因16内含子I/D变异,并分析比较。结果:东乡族EH患者II、ID、DD基因型的分布频率分别是48·0%、34·0%、18·0%,正常血压者分别是47·1%、35·5%、17·4%;裕固族EH患者II、ID、DD基因型的分布频率分别是40·0%、35·6%、24·4%,正常血压者分别是43·1%、39·7%、17·2%。ACE基因的基因型及等位基因分布在EH患者与正常血压者中差异无统计学意义。但ACE基因的DD基因型和D等位基因频率有随年龄增长而逐渐下降的趋势。结论:ACE基因I/D变异可能不是甘肃省2个独有少数民族(东乡族、裕固族)EH的易感因素。     

原发性高血压患者血管紧张素转化酶基因多态性与血管内皮损伤的相关性

目的:探讨原发性高血压(EH)患者血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)基因I/D多态性与血管内皮损伤的相关性。方法:选择初次诊断的EH患者68例,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法进行ACE基因分型,并测定其血浆可溶性P选择素(sP-selectin)、血栓烷B2(TxB2)和6-酮-前列腺素F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)浓度和血管假性血友病因子(v WF)抗原水平。结果:根据等位基因分布,EH患者分为DD型(18例)、ID型(26例)和II型(24例)3组;DD型的血浆sP-selectin、TxB2浓度和v WF抗原水平明显高于其他2型(P<0·05),而6-keto-PGF1α浓度则是DD型最低(P<0·05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示ACE/DD基因型是引起患者血浆sP-selectin、TxB2、v WF升高和6-keto-PGF1α降低的独立危险因子。结论:ACE/DD基因型的EH患者较ACE/ID型和ACE/II型具有更为明显的血管内皮损伤倾向。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因插入缺失多态性与原发性高血压患者合并心房颤动的相关性研究

目的探讨中国河南豫北地区汉族原发性高血压人群血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入(I)/缺失(D)多态性与心房颤动(房颤)的关系。方法采用病例对照法,选择原发性高血压患者803例,分为房颤组405例和窦性心律组398例,采用PCR-RFLP方法进行ACE基因I/D多态性分析。结果房颤组DD基因型频率明显高于窦性心律组(25.9%vs 13.1%),ID基因型频率明显低于窦性心律组(38.8%vs 50.3%,P<0.05)。与携带II+ID基因型者比较,携带DD基因型高血压患者房颤的风险增加(OR=2.13,95%CI:1.60³.29,P<0.05),携带DD基因型的高血压合并房颤患者左心房内径明显扩大,LVEF明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 ACE基因I/D多态性与原发性高血压患者房颤的发生存在相关性,DD基因型可能使高血压患者发生房颤的危险增加。     

ACE基因(I/D)多态性与家族性原发性高血压的关系

目的:探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性与家族性原发性高血压(EH)的关系。方法:采用原位杂交荧光染色脱氧核糖核酸测序法,检测46例有家族史EH患者(有家族史EH组)及64例无家族史的EH患者(无家族史EH组)和43名健康人群(健康对照组)的ACE基因I/D多态性基因型频率及等位基因频率。结果:健康对照组、无家族史EH组及有家族史EH组患者ACE基因DD基因型频率分别是11.6%、32.3%、37.0%;D等位基因的分布频率分别是33.7%、52.3%、57.6%。和健康对照组比,无家族史EH组和有家族史EH组患者ACE基因DD基因型和D等位基因频率均明显升高(P<0.05或<0.01),但无家族史EH组和有家族史EH组患者间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:ACE基因DD基因型和D等位基因可能是原发性高血压患者的遗传易感基因,而无家族史的高血压患者和有家族史的高血压患者两组基因构成比无差别。     

ACE基因多态性与甘肃人群不同性别原发性高血压的关系

目的观察甘肃部分地区原发性高血压（EH）不同性别患者中血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）基因的分布频率,分析EH与ACE基因多态性之间的关系。方法选择甘肃地区EH患者318例,为EH组,以健康人233例为对照组,通过提取血清DNA,采用PCR-RFLP技术进行等位基因分型,研究ACE基因I/D（插入/缺失）多态性与不同性别EH之间的关系。结果EH组DD、ID和Ⅱ基因型的频率：男性组分别为21.8%、55.2%、23.0%;女性组分别为15.3%、50.7%、34.0%。对照组DD、ID和Ⅱ基因型的频率：男性组分别为17.9%、61.2%、20.9%;女性组分别为21.2%、58.6%、20.2%。EH组中女性Ⅱ基因型的分布频率明显高于男性（P〈0.05）;ID基因型和DD纯合子在正常对照组及EH组不同性别中均无显著差异。结论ACEI/D（插入/缺失）多态性Ⅱ基因型可能与女性EH相关联。     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性对老年充血性心衰患者预后的影响

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)D/I基因多态性对老年充血性心力衰竭患者预后的影响.方法用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)对185例左室收缩功能心衰患者(EF<0.45)进行ACE基因多态性检测,前瞻性随26.43±18.19月,随访终点是死亡,分析ACE D/I基因多态性对心衰预后的影响.结果ACE I/D基因型分布频率纯合子DD基因型34.0%,纯合子II基因型18.4%,杂合子ID基因型47.6%.这三型患者在年龄、性别、种族、病因、血压、心率、NYHA心功能、LVEF和药物治疗方面的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),携带ACE D等位基因患者的生存率比II基因型明显降低(1年生存率II/ID/DD=53/43/34,2年=21/8.2/2.9,P=0.016).结论在老年充血性心力衰竭患者中,ACE基因多态性中DD型及D等位基因与心衰预后密切相关,是其预后预测因素之一.     

吉林地区老年人ACE基因多态性频率的分布

目的 研究血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性在吉林地区正常老年人群中的分布.方法 利用PCR两步法对502例吉林地区正常人进行ACE I/D基因型的分析比较, 其中青年人(＜35岁)183例,男134例,女49例,老年人(＞65岁)319例,男290例,女29例.结果 吉林地区青年人的ACE I/D基因型分布是:II型45.36%、ID型46.44%、DD型8.20%.在老年人群中的分布频率分别为36.36%、51.41%、12.23%.经χ2检验其中II型在老年人与青年人中的分布差异有统计学意义.即在老年人中II基因型较少,ID、DD型在青年人与老年人之间的分布无显著差异. 结论 ACE基因多态性II型在老年人中的分布较青年人少,DD型在老年人中虽有增高趋势,但无统计学意义.     

高血压左室肥厚与ACE/ID基因多态性的研究

目的探讨血管紧张素转化酶基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性与原发性高血压及左心室肥厚的关系,进一步了解ACE基因多态性在原发性高血压及左心室肥厚发生中所起的作用。方法方法应用PCR技术、高分辨率熔解(HRM)技术测定100例健康对照者和112例高血压无左室肥厚的患者,以及96例高血压合并左室肥厚的患者的ACE基因型。结果高血压LVH组DD基因型频率30.2%,ID基因型频率37.5%,II基因型频率32.3%,高血压非LVH组DD基因型频率11.6%,ID基因型频率41.1%,II基因型频率47.3%,两组比较(P0.05),正常对照组DD基因型频率18.0%,ID基因型频率36.0%,II基因型频率46.0%。正常对照组与高血压组中差别无显著性(P0.05)。结论 ACE的三种基因型即DD型、ID型、II型与原发性高血压发病无关,但与高血压左心室肥厚的发生有关,其中DD基因型的高血压病人更易出现左心室肥厚。     

血管紧张素转化酶基因I／D多态性与奥美沙坦酯降压疗效的临床研究

目的：探讨血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）基因I／D多态性与奥美沙坦酯降压疗效的关系。方法：高血压患者服用奥美沙坦酯8周,在观察降压疗效的同时,用PCR—RFLP方法对患者血白细胞基因组DNA多态性位点ACEI／D基因型进行检测;按不同ACE基因型进行分组,比较不同基因型患者的血压下降值、降压总有效率的差异。结果：ACE基因ID＋DD基因型和II基因型患者使用奥美沙坦酯8周后收缩压下降幅度分别为16．23±6．51mmHg（2．164±0．868kPa,1kPa=7．5mmHg）、5．10±8．66mmHg,降压总有效率分别为81．25％、33．34％,组间比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;舒张压下降幅度分别为13．34±7．25mmHg、6．21±5．29mmHg,组间比较无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：ACE基因ID＋DD基因型高血压患者对奥美沙坦酯降压治疗较敏感。     

Usefulness of the I/D angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype for detecting the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy in pharmacologically treated hypertensive men

The insertion/deletion polymorphism (I/D) of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated in some studies with a higher prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), but few of them were performed on pharmacologically treated hypertensive patients. The present study was undertaken to determine whether ACE genotype determination could help in the identification of pharmacologically treated hypertensive patients at a higher risk of LVH. Ninety-six consecutive men with essential hypertension were selected for the study. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was assessed by echocardiography and indexed by body surface area and 82 patients were considered suitable for the study. Three groups of patients were defined on the basis of their I/D ACE genotype: DD (n = 39), ID (n = 33) and II (n = 10). There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups regarding to the severity of hypertension at diagnosis, degree of control of blood pressure or type of antihypertensive drug therapy used. No statistically significant differences were found between the three groups regarding to LVM index (total 124 +/- 31, DD 121 +/- 29, ID 127 +/- 35 and II 122 +/- 18 g/m2), relative wall thickness (total 0.5 +/- 0. 2, DD 0.5 +/- 0.3, ID 0.48 +/- 0.07 and II 0.47 +/- 0.04) or prevalence of LVH (total 34%, DD 31%, ID 39% and II 30% by Cornell criteria and total 39%, DD 33%, ID 45% and II 40% by Framingham criteria). Furthermore, the I and D allele frequency distribution was similar in the whole group of patients, in patients with LVH, and in a control group of healthy volunteers. Our data do not support that the I/D ACE genotype determination helps in identifying treated hypertensive patients at higher risk of LVH. Journal of Human Hypertension (2000) 14, 327-331     

Relationship between polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and the response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in hypertensive patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between polymorphism of the anglotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and the blood pressure response to ACE inhibition in a hypertensive cohort. Imidapril (5-10 mg/day) or benazepril (10-20 mg/day) was administered for 6 weeks to 517 essential hypertensives. ACE gene polymorphism was examined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and the patients were classified as having the 190-bp deletion homozygous (DD) genotype, the 490-bp insertion homozygous (II) genotype, or the 490-bp insertion, 190-bp deletion heterozygous (ID) genotype. The achieved change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) was analyzed for association with genotypes at the ACE gene locus. The DD genotype was observed in 132 patients (25.5%), the ID genotype in 255 patients (49.3%), and the II genotype in 130 patients (25.2%). The SBP reductions in the patients with the DD genotype, II genotype, and ID genotype were -14.5 +/- 12.7 mmHg, -14.3 +/- 13.1 mmHg and -14.0 +/- 12.2 mmHg, respectively (p = 0.94). The DBP reductions in the patients with the DD genotype, II genotype, and ID genotype were -8.7 +/- 7.4 mmHg, -8.7 +/- 7.7 mmHg and -8.5 +/- 6.7 mmHg, respectively (p = 0.96). There was no significant association between the ACE gene polymorphisms and the response to ACE inhibition. These results suggest that ACE genotype does not predict the blood pressure-lowering response to antihypertensive treatment with ACE inhibition.     

Insulin resistance and angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism in Japanese hypertensive subjects.

Renin-angiotensin system activity has been shown to affect insulin sensitivity. However, the relationship between I/D polymorphism and insulin resistance is controversial. Therefore, we examined the relationship between the ACE genotype and insulin sensitivity in 51 Japanese hypertensive patients using the glucose clamp technique. The ACE genotype distribution in the hypertensive subjects was: 7 subjects with DD, 20 subjects with ID, and 24 subjects with II. Insulin sensitivity in terms of the glucose disposal rate was not significantly different among the three ACE genotypes, although there was a tendency for insulin sensitivity to decrease in the order of II, ID and DD, DD being the lowest. These findings are contrary to previous reports that insulin sensitivity was increased in normotensive subjects with the DD genotype who were Caucasian or African-American. There might be a difference due to race and whether the subjects are hypertensive or obese. We concluded that insulin sensitivity was not different among the ACE genotypes in the Japanese hypertensive subjects, supporting a previous report on the Chinese population. To date, insulin sensitivity has not been found to differ with ACE genotypes in the oriental population.     

I/D gene polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and left ventricular hypertrophy. Response to converting enzyme inhibitors

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to assess whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D polymorphism influence the ACE inhibitors effect on the regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. METHODS: Sixty hypertensive subjects never treated by antihypertensive drugs, aged 46 +/- 11 years, were included in the study. Follow-up with ACE inhibitor treatment was 60 +/- 26 months. Genotypes for ACE I/D polymorphism (DD, ID or II) were determined by PCR. The left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was assessed by two-dimensional directed M-mode echocardiography. RESULTS: ACE genotype distribution was in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: 21 patients had the DD genotype, 29 were ID, and 10 were II. At baseline, age, systolic arterial pressure and LVMI didn't differ on the basis of genotype. Body mass index was significantly higher in II than in ID and DD groups. Regression of LVMI with ACE inhibitor treatment was similar in the 3 genotypes (-8.9%, -0.6%, -12.1% in DD, ID and II groups respectively). In addition, decrease of systolic arterial pressure was identical in 3 groups. CONCLUSION: ACE gene I/D polymorphism seems not to influence regression of left ventricular hypertrophy by ACE inhibitors in essential hypertension.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and vascular manifestations in Korean patients with SLE

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory multisystem disease of unknown etiology with immunologic aberrations. Many studies have shown that genetic and environmental factors are implicated in the development of SLE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) affects various immune phenomena through the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kininogen systems by creating angiotensin II and inactivating bradykinin. We investigated the correlation between insertion/ deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene and the clinical manifestations of SLE, especially vascular involvement and lupus nephritis. Two-hundred and eleven Korean patients fulfilling the ACR criteria and 114 healthy subjects were enrolled. The ACE genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction using genomic DNA from peripheral blood. The nephritis patients were classified by the WHO classification. In addition, the activity and chronicity index were used to assess the severity of renal involvement. We evaluated vascular involvement by the presence or absence of hypertension, Raynaud's phenomenon, livedo reticularis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody and the SLICC/ACR Damage Index. The gene frequency of ACE gene polymorphism was as follows: II 39 vs 34%, ID 41 vs 50%, DD 20 vs 16% in SLE patients and controls, respectively. There was no difference in genotype frequency between both groups. There were no significant differences between the distribution of ACE gene genotypes and lupus nephritis and its related parameters, including WHO classification, activity index, chronicity index, renal dysfunction and amount of 24 h urinary protein. The ACE genotypes and alleles did not affect the presence of vascular manifestations evaluated, but the frequency of DD genotype was significantly low in SLE patients with Raynaud's phenomenon compared to those without Raynaud's phenomenon (P = 0.002 for ACE ID vs DD and II, OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.43-5.09; P=0.023 for ACE DD vs ID and II, OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12-0.89). Also skewing from DD to II genotype was noted in patients with anti-Sm antibody compared to those without anti-Sm antibody (P = 0.025 for ACE DD vs ID and II, OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.05-0.93). The onset age of serositis was older in patients with the ID genotype than the others (ID= 34.5+/-10.8, II + DD = 25.6+/-10.2, P= 0.002). Also the onset age of malar rash was older in patients with II genotype than the others (II=26.7+/-8.4, ID+DD=21.3+/-9.0; P=0.021). The patients with I allele showed a significantly higher frequency of serositis (P = 0.022). Taken together, the I/D polymorphisms of ACE gene did not affect susceptibility of SLE, lupus nephritis and the vascular manifestations, including Raynaud's phenomenon, in Korean SLE patients, although the DD genotype was negatively associated with Raynaud's phenomenon among SLE patients. However, it would be valuable to evaluate the role of other genes potentially related to vascular events, such as endothelin, nitric oxide or angiotensin II receptor as well as ACE gene.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and common carotid stiffness. The Rotterdam study

The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the ACE gene may be involved in structural arterial changes. Aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between the ACE I/D gene and vessel wall stiffness among older adults. The study was conducted within the Rotterdam study, a population-based cohort study including subjects aged 55 years and older. The II, ID and DD genotypes of the ACE gene were determined in all subjects. The distensibility coefficient (10(-3)/kPa) of the carotid artery and the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity were measured during the third phase of the Rotterdam study (1997-1999) and were used as measure of arterial stiffness. Data on both carotid stiffness and the ACE genotype were available for 3001 participants. After adjustment for age and gender, subjects with the ID and DD genotype had higher carotid stiffness compared to subjects with II genotype (distensibility coefficient (10(-3)/kPa) 10.24 (95% CI, 10.06-10.43), 10.27 (95% CI, 10.02-10.52), 10.65 (95% CI, 10.37-10.93), respectively (ID versus II genotype, P = 0.017), (DD versus II genotype, P = 0.037)). In stratified analyses, the association was strongest in subjects younger than 70 years. No difference was seen for pulse wave velocity among genotypes. In conclusion, the results of this population-based study show that the ACE ID/DD genotypes are associated with higher common carotid stiffness.     

DD angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism is associated with endothelial dysfunction in normal humans.

A polymorphism within the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene may increase the risk of myocardial infarction in individuals previously thought to be at low cardiovascular risk. The mechanism through which it exerts this effect is unknown but may be due to increased angiotensin II-induced nitric oxide (NO) breakdown and/or reduced bradykinin-mediated NO release. We investigated whether endothelial function was different between different ACE genotypes. We performed a cross-sectional study comparing the endothelial function of the 3 genotypes (II: n=25; ID: n=31; DD: n=12). Mean+/-SD ages of the subjects were 24+/-4 (II), 25+/-6 (ID), and 25+/-6 (DD) years. We assessed the impact of the genotypes on endothelial function and found that the DD genotype was associated with a significant blunting in endothelial-dependent vasodilatation (forearm blood flow data are presented as mean+/-SD ratio of blood flow in response to 3 incrementally increasing doses of each vasoactive agent in the test arm to blood flow in the control arm; the comparison is between DD versus ID versus II; the P value is an expression of an overall difference by ANOVA, and the 95% CIs are of a pairwise comparison between genotypes): acetylcholine, 2.88+/-1.45 versus 3.81+/-1.93 versus 4.23+/-2.37 (P=0.002; 95% CI [II versus ID], -0.19 to 0.91; 95% CI [II versus DD], 0.36 to 1.80; 95% CI [ID versus DD], 0.02 to 1.42). There was also a significant difference with the endothelial-independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside, with values of 2.11+/-1.00 versus 2.55+/-1.36 versus 2.75+/-1.18 (P<0.05; 95% CI [II versus ID], -0.15 to 0.51; 95% CI [II versus DD], 0.03 to 0.89; 95% CI [ID versus DD], -0.13 to 0.71), but not with verapamil. There was no effect of the ACE genotype on endothelial-dependent or -independent vasoconstrictors NG-monomethyl-L-arginine or norepinephrine. Investigating the effects of cigarette smoking on each genotype demonstrated that for II and DD genotypes, acetylcholine responses were further blunted if subjects smoked. These data demonstrate that the DD ACE genotype in a young population is associated with a blunting of stimulated endothelial NO and donated NO responses but not to non-NO vasodilators or vasoconstrictors.     

The DD genotype of angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism is a risk factor for coronary artery disease and coronary stent restenosis in Japanese patients

Stent implantation has decreased the incidence of restenosis after coronary intervention, but has not eliminated it. The contribution of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotype to the development of coronary artery disease and restenosis after coronary stenting was investigated in 67 Japanese patients in whom 103 lesions in which stents had been successfully implanted were assessed by quantitative coronary angiography, before, immediately after coronary stenting, and during follow-up. The distribution of the patients with the DD, ID, and II genotypes was 13%, 54%, and 33%, respectively. The prevalence of multivessel disease in the DD genotype was significantly higher (DD genotype: 78%; ID genotype: 58%; II genotype: 27%, chi2=8.13, p=0.016) and the late loss in the DD genotype (1.43+/-0.96 mm) was significantly greater (ID genotype: 0.78+/-0.98 mm and II genotype: 0.79+/-0.88 mm, p<0.05 vs DD genotype). However, there was no significant difference in the restenosis rate among the 3 genotypes. The present study in Japanese patients indicates that the DD genotype is associated with more extensive coronary artery disease and progression of the inward remodeling within the stented lesion, which is primarily caused by neointimal hyperplasia.