Who attends skin cancer screening in Western Australia? Results from the Lions Cancer Institute skin cancer screening program

OBJECTIVE: To examine the characteristics of persons attending a skin cancer screening clinic in Western Australia and compare the effectiveness of screening in different socio-demographic subgroups. METHODS: Questionnaires were completed by 5,950 self-selected participants who voluntarily attended the Western Australian Lions Cancer Institute's targeted skin cancer screening clinics during the period 1996-2003. A risk assessment technique was used to identify individuals at high risk of developing melanoma. Provisional diagnoses of suspicious lesions were given at the screening by a medical specialist. Suspicious lesions were later matched with histopathologically confirmed malignant melanomas reported to the Western Australia Cancer Registry. RESULTS: Fifty-seven per cent of attendees were female. The mean age of attendees was 53 years. The yield of suspicious malignant melanomas detected was 24.7 per 1,000 participants screened; the yield of confirmed malignant melanomas detected was 3.0 per 1,000 participants screened. Persons over 50 years of age were three times more likely to have a histopathologically confirmed malignant melanoma detected at the screening than those younger than 50 years (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: The yield of confirmed melanomas detected by the Lions Cancer Institute is among the highest reported by a skin cancer screening program. This may have been attributable to the risk assessment technique used by the program. IMPLICATIONS: A free community skin cancer screening program that targets high-risk individuals can detect melanomas.     

Why do women participate in the English cervical cancer screening programme?

The vast majority of women in England attend for cervical cancer screening. Conventional economic theorising fails to explain why and its predictions are inconsistent with the evidence. Using questionnaire data, we analyse directly motivations for screening attendance. We conclude that regular attendance at screening is driven primarily by a search for reassurance, a sense of duty and herd signalling. It is evident that recognisable sub-groups of attenders exist, in which the configurations of motivational factors differ. Being motivated to attend by physicians is less significant that is widely supposed and is more frequently associated with irregular attendance.     

Is the mass screening for prostate cancer justifiable?

In Hungary, prostate cancer is a major public health problem, therefore screening should be considered to reduce the number of deaths. Screening tests are available, i.e. prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital-rectal examination, nevertheless their sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value are far from being perfect. Evidences from non-randomized screening trials suggest possible benefit but randomized controlled trials are still needed for conclusive evidence. The screening might cause more harm than good due to overdiagnosis and overtreatment as a result of limited specificity of the test. According to authors' point of view, opportunistic screening as part of diagnostics of patients having symptoms indicative of prostatic disorder is fully justified but mass screening of population of average risk should not be introduced until supportive evidence is available from the ongoing randomized-controlled screening trials.     

Skin cancer rates in North Rhine-Westphalia,Germany before and after the introduction of the nationwide skin cancer screening program (2000–2015)

Germany is the first nation that implemented a nationwide skin cancer screening program in 2008. The aim is to study the effect of the program on skin cancer rates and to estimate the number needed to screen for an unselected and a hypothetical high-risk population in Germany. We used population-based data on skin cancer incidence (2000–2014), mortality, hospitalization and sick leave (2000–2015) from North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (18 million population). We calculated annual age-standardized rates per 100,000 person years and calculated the relative change of the rates (%) including 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Between 2007 and 2014, the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of the age-standardized incidence rate of skin melanoma was 3.8% among men and women. These increases were accompanied by increases of the age-standardized mortality rates (EAPC men 3.2%, women 2.0%) and age-standardized sick leave rates (EAPC men 11.0%, women 6.1%). Hospitalization rates showed barely any change. All types of rates for nonmelanoma skin cancer showed marked increases. The number needed to screen for skin melanoma death would be 34,000 if the risk reduction due to screening would be 50%. In a hypothetical high-risk approach with 10% of the population at high risk, that is, a relative risk of melanoma death of 4.0, a skin melanoma mortality risk reduction of 50% among these people due to screening would result in a reduction of the skin melanoma mortality by 15% in the total population. However, this reduction would require a number needed to screen of 11,141. Seven years after the introduction of the skin cancer screening program, there is no discernible beneficial effect at population level. The estimated number needed to screen for skin melanoma in an unselected approach is high and a realistic high-risk approach is currently not feasible.     

Who should lead in the NHS?

Until recently, health care was regarded in the UK as something exception, and distinct from the world of business. In the last few years, the vocabulary of the health market has changed beyond recognition. Very rapid changes are taking place in the NHS and the service is being fragmented. New relationships are emerging and new roles are being created. Argues that it is becoming evident that the new reforms are not understood clearly by those who are charged with carrying them out, and that as a consequence of all these and other factors, the workforce is confused and demoralized. There is a need for leadership to help people cope. Concludes that the professionals, not managers, are best equipped to provide this leadership.     

Is screening for anal cancer warranted in homosexual men?

Some investigators have proposed screening homosexual men for anal cancer and its probable precursor, high grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). Using widely accepted criteria for the introduction of screening programmes, this paper reviews the current evidence for screening for this condition in this high risk population and highlights areas where additional research is required. While it is accepted that the incidence of anal cancer is at least 20 times higher in homosexual men than the general population, the natural history of anal cancer and its precise relationship with AIN is not clearly understood. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia is a very highly prevalent disease among homosexual men, but little is known about what predicts progression to invasive disease. The screening tests, exfoliate cytology and high resolution anoscopy, have a sensitivity of between 45 and 70%. Treatment options for AIN are limited by morbidity and high recurrence rates and there are no randomised controlled trials studying the efficacy of therapeutic agents or surgery for high grade AIN, although immunotherapies show very early promise. Theoretically, early detection may lead to better treatment outcomes. Studies of the potential negative consequences of screening programmes on the homosexual population are needed. The currently available data does not support the implementation of a screening programme for AIN and anal cancer in homosexual men in Australia.     

Widening the cervical cancer screening net in a South African township: who are the underserved?

Cervical cancer screening services in South Africa have failed to reach the majority of the population and to significantly reduce mortality. A household survey in a predominantly Black African population living in a low-income township on the outskirts of Cape Town was undertaken to ascertain the characteristics of women reporting never having been screened. In our group of 664 representatively sampled women. 45% of women reported having had a cervical screening test. However, in what at first glance appears to be a fairly homogeneous population, there were significant differences in the types of women who access and who do not access cervical smear services. The underserved tend to be the older, poorer, less educated, and unemployed (or working in the informal sector) women. They tend to live in nonpermanent dwellings without a partner, they do not know anyone else who has had a cervical smear, and they have not recently sought care for other ailments, or used contraception. Cervical cancer is a slow-to-develop, eminently preventable disease, and yet opportunistic screening through antenatal and family planning services has failed to reach the women most at risk. Efforts in the future must include targeting older women in health centres where they present for other curative services (diabetes, hypertension). Most importantly, areas of the community with the greatest concentration of marginalized women need to be targeted through peer education and other innovative programs. As the underserved tend to be the poorer and less educated women in the community, we must ensure that messages are culturally relevant and appropriate and have a holistic focus on women's physical, mental, and emotional health.     

Who holds the cards in healthcare poker?

Healthcare has always been a tricky game in Washington. Reaching consensus has often been almost impossible. Now, two months after James Jeffords defected from the Senate GOP fold, handing control to the Democrats, shifting coalitions are creating an even more volatile environment.     

Does socio-economic status in Greece affect participation in cancer screening programmes during the period of financial crisis?

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Primary health care reflects a country’s health level in relation to the current social and economic conditions according to the Declaration of Alma Ata (1978). Secondary prevention activities (Pap smear test, mammogram) promote public health through the early diagnosis of a disease. Since 2011 in Greece, due to the financial crisis, a significant reduction of national public health funding has occurred, along with substantial annual family income suppression and an increasing use of public health services.

Aim

To investigate the socio-economic features of women participating in secondary prevention of breast and cervical cancer in an austerity setting.

Method

Cross-sectional study in 225 women through an anonymous self-administered questionnaire in the outpatient clinic of a large anti-cancer hospital in Athens.

Results

The majority of participants (56.9%) are unemployed and 24.1% declare no income. The main reason for choosing a state hospital is purely financial (55.1%). Women with higher educational level are 1.85 times more likely to get regular Pap smear tests (p?=?0.026) compared to less educated women, and they also have the highest percentage (85.1%) of getting regular mammograms.

Conclusion

The financial crisis is complex and several factors affect all levels of the health system. Greece has no organised population-based screening programme. Mean annual income and education level determine participation in cancer screening in women visiting a major state anticancer hospital. Moreover, reduced public health spending in a prolonged austerity setting will hinder the participation of unemployed and less educated women in regular preventive activities, thus breaching the human right to access to health prevention.

     

Who Should Manage the Baby in the Delivery Room?

Usually a pediatrician is not on hand, yet all neonates require the attention of a trained person immediately after delivery, while most mothers do not. Dr. Pearse advocates that the doctor attending the mother assume this responsibility until the transfer to the nursery can be made, and outlines the steps to be taken in the delivery room for optimal postnatal management of the newborn.     

A molecular monopoly? HPV testing, the Pap smear and the molecularisation of cervical cancer screening in the USA

DNA-based molecular testing for human papillomavirus has emerged as a novel approach to cervical cancer screening in the context of well-entrenched existing technology, the Pap smear. This article seeks to elucidate the process of molecularisation in the context of screening programmes. We illustrate how, although Pap has long been problematised and could be seen as a competing technological option, the existing networks and regime for Pap were important in supporting the entrenchment process for the artefacts, techniques and new diagnostics industry entrant, Digene, associated with the new test. The article provides insights into how the molecularisation of screening unfolds in a mainstream market. We reveal an incremental and accretive, rather than revolutionary, process led by new commercial interests in an era when diagnostic innovation is increasingly privatised. We show Digene's reliance on patents, an international scientific network and their position as an obligatory point of passage in the clinical research field with regard to the new technology's role, as well as on controversial new marketing practices. The article is based on a mixed method approach, drawing on a wide range of contemporary sources (including patents, statutory filings by companies, scientific literature and news sources) as well as interviews.