腹腔镜胆囊切除术对意外性胆囊癌预后的影响

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）对意外性胆囊癌的影响。方法：回顾性分析经术后病理证实为胆囊癌者21例临床资料,其中11例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）,10例行开放性胆囊切除术（OC）,对比两组累积存活比率和5个预后因素,包括组织分级、病理分期、胆汁溢出发生率、手术类型以及附加的外科治疗。结果：8例（72.7%）LC术后及7例OC术后（70.0%）出现肿瘤复发,两者差异无统计学意义（P=0.86）,两组均无腹壁转移。生存率与肿瘤分期和胆汁溢出有关（P=0.006和P=0.003）,生存率与上述两种手术方式无关(P=0.74)。结论：LC不影响意外性胆囊癌的预后。     

Long-term prognosis of gallbladder cancer diagnosed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Several clinical and laboratory studies concerning port-site recurrence have raised the concern that laparoscopic procedures might worsen the prognosis of malignant disease. However, the long-term prognosis of patients with malignancy who undergo laparoscopic surgery is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term prognosis of patients with unexpected gallbladder cancer diagnosed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). METHODS: A clinicopathologic study was performed on 41 patients with postoperatively diagnosed gallbladder cancer from among 5,027 patients undergoing LC at 24 institutions. The cumulative survival rate was compared with that reported for gallbladder cancer diagnosed after open cholecystectomy (OC). RESULTS: Of 26 patients with early gallbladder cancer (pTis or pT1), 23 were simply followed up, and 9 of 15 patients with advanced cancer (pT2 or pT3) had additional resection after the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. Port-site recurrence occurred in four patients, and two of them died of the cancer. However, at this writing, the other two are still alive after abdominal wall resection or radiation therapy, having survived for 31 and 71 months, respectively. The 5-year survival rate was 92% for early cancer and 59% for advanced cancer. These results were comparable with 5-year survival rates for gallbladder cancer diagnosed after OC. CONCLUSIONS: Although port-site recurrence occurred in four patients with advanced gallbladder cancer, the long-term prognosis of patients with undiagnosed gallbladder cancer who underwent LC was not worsened by the laparoscopic procedure. We conclude that surgeons can perform LC with reasonable confidence, even if the lesion is possibly malignant.     

Does laparoscopic cholecystectomy worsen the prognosis of unsuspected gallbladder cancer?

BACKGROUND: Several reports claim that there is a risk that laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) might worsen the prognosis of unsuspected gallbladder cancer. HYPOTHESIS: Several factors rather than LC could influence prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective clinicopathologic study was performed on 20 patients, 9 patients (3 men and 6 women, aged from 36 to 75 years [mean age, 62.3 years]) undergoing LC and 11 patients (2 men and 9 women, aged from 53 to 91 years [mean age, 65.3 years]) undergoing open cholecystectomy (OC), with postoperatively diagnosed gallbladder cancer. The correlation was evaluated between cumulative survival rates and the following 7 prognostic factors: age, sex, histopathological grade, pathologic stage, occurrence of bile spillage, type of cholecystectomy (LC or OC), and additional surgical treatments. RESULTS: Seven patients (87%) after LC and 9 patients (82%) after OC had cancer recurrence: the difference is of no statistical significance (P =.9). There were no recurrences of cancer in the abdominal wall after either LC or OC. Survival rate was statistically correlated to tumor stage (P =.007) and to the occurrence of bile spillage (P =.002). Survival rate did not change according to whether the operation was carried out using LC or OC (P =.60). CONCLUSION: These results would seem to lend support to the opinion that LC does not worsen the prognosis for unsuspected gallbladder cancer.     

Radical Second Resection Provides Survival Benefit for Patients with T2 Gallbladder Carcinoma First Discovered after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Port site recurrence or peritoneal seeding is a fatal complication following laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder carcinoma. The aims of this retrospective analysis were to determine the association of gallbladder perforation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy with port site/peritoneal recurrence and to determine the role of radical second resection in the management of gallbladder carcinoma first diagnosed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 28 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder carcinoma were analyzed, of whom 10 had a radical second resection. Five patients had recurrences; port site/peritoneum recurrence in 3 and distant metastasis in 2. The incidence of port site/peritoneal recurrence was higher in patients with gallbladder perforation (3/7, 43%) than in those without (0/21, 0%) (p = 0.011). The outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy was worse in 7 patients with gallbladder perforation (cumulative 5-year survival of 43%) than in those without (cumulative 5-year survival of 100%) (p <0.001). Among 13 patients with a pT2 tumor, the outcome after radical second resection (cumulative 5-year survival of 100%) was better than that after laparoscopic cholecystectomy alone (cumulative 5-year survival of 50%) (p = 0.039), although there was no survival benefit of radical second resection in the 15 patients with a pT1 tumor (p = 0.65). In conclusion, gallbladder perforation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with port site/peritoneal recurrence and worse patient survival. Radical second resection may be beneficial for patients with pT2 gallbladder carcinoma first discovered after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Clinical implication of bile spillage in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder cancer

We determined the influence of bile spillage on recurrence and survival during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for gallbladder (GB) cancer. Among the 136 patients with GB cancer treated at Ajou University Hospital between 1994 and 2007, 28 underwent LC alone. We compared patients without bile spillage (bile spillage [-] group, n = 16) with patients who had bile spillage (bile spillage [+] group, n = 12). There was no statistical difference in stage between the groups. In the bile spillage (-) group, all patients underwent curative resection and there were two patients with locoregional recurrences and three patients with systemic recurrences. In the bile spillage (+) group, five patients underwent R1 resection and one patient underwent R2 resection and all eight recurrent patients had systemic recurrences. The disease-free survival and overall survival were shorter in the bile spillage (+) group (disease-free survival, 71.4 vs 20.9 months; P = 0.028; overall survival, 72.6 vs 25.8 months; P = 0.014). Bile spillage is likely to be an association with an incomplete resection and systemic recurrences. When GB cancer is suspected during LC, conversion to open surgery for preventing bile spillage and achieving curative resection should be considered.     

Gallbladder cancer: An analysis of a series of 139 patients with invasion restricted to the subserosal layer

The goal was to study our experience in the management of a series of patients with a potentially curative subserosal gallbladder cancer who were prospectively treated by the authors. Between April 1988 and July 2004, 139 patients were enrolled in our prospective database. Of the above, 120 were operated on with an open procedure and the rest with laparoscopic surgery. In only eight patients was the diagnosis suspected before the cholecystectomy. The majority of tumors were adenocarcinoma. Six patients had an epidermoid tumor, and one had a carcinosarcoma. Of the patients, 74 underwent reoperation, while in 55 (70.2%) it was possible to perform an extended cholecystectomy with a curative aim. Operative mortality was 0%, and operative morbidity was 16%. Lymph node metastases were found in 10 (18.8%), while in 7 (13.2%) the liver was involved. The overall survival rate was 67.7%, while in those who underwent resection, the survival rate was 77%. Through the use of a multivariate analysis, the presence of lymph node metastasis was found to be an independent factor with respect to prognosis. The feasibility of performing an extended cholecystectomy in patients with gallbladder cancer and invasion of the subserosal layer allows for a good survival rate. The presence of lymph node metastases represents the main poor prognosis factor, and some type of adjuvant therapy should be studied in this particular group. Presented at the 2005 Spring Surgical Week, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, April 13–19, 2005. Supported by the generosity of the German Clinic, Santiago, Chile.     

Videolaparoscopy and carcinoma of the gallbladder

There have been several reports claiming that there is a risk that laparoscopic cholecystectomy might worsen the prognosis of unexpected gallbladder cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate which factors influence the prognosis of such cancers. A clinicopathological study was conducted in 25 patients with unexpected gallbladder cancer. The results of 10 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were compared with those of 15 patients undergoing open cholecystectomy. Correlations were evaluated between cumulative survival rates and seven prognostic factors, namely, age, sex, histopathological grade, pathological stage, occurrence of bile spillage, type of cholecystectomy (laparoscopic or open) and additional surgical treatments. Seven patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (70%) and 9 patients after open cholecystectomy (64%) had cancer recurrence: the difference was not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant correlation between survival rate and tumour stage (P < 0.01) and occurrence of bile spillage (P < 0.05). There was no difference in survival depending on whether cholecystectomy was carried out using laparoscopic or traditional techniques. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy does not adversely affect the prognosis of unexpected gallbladder cancer. Once the histological findings have been examined, the surgeon will decide whether it is necessary to extend surgery, regardless of whether laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy is carried out.     

Do complications related to laparoscopic cholecystectomy influence the prognosis of gallbladder cancer?

Background: Laparoscopy is thought to worsen the prognosis of gallbladder cancer (GBC) discovered unexpectedly at laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). However, laproscopy has never been shown to have an influence on patient survival in clinical series. Methods: We Performed a two-center retrospective analysis of 28 patients with GBC (11 previously known, 17 unexpectedly discovered by LC) to determine whether laparoscopy and complications related to LC had any influence on the prognosis of GBC. Resectability for cure after LC, survival, and recurrence related to both the procedure itself and complications associated with LC were analyzed. Results: Of the 17 patients with unexpected GBC, 16 were considered resectable for cure at the time of LC. Advanced disease was detected in eight patients by re staging (n = 5) or exploration (n = 3). Seven patients (43.8%) underwent reoperation for cure. Mean survival of patients with unexpected GBC was 26.5 months. Mean survival was shorter when complications (bile spillage, injury of common bile duct, or tumor violation) occurred during LC (10.2 vs 33 months, p = 0.016). If bile spillage was the only complication at LC, there was also a trend to shorter survival (12 vs 33 months, p = 0.061). Conclusion: Complications during LC significantly worsen the prognosis of GBC. Therefore, bile spillage and excessive manipulation of the gallbladder should be avoided.     

胆囊疾病合并肝硬化的腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Lc）在胆囊疾病合并肝硬化中的可行性与疗效。方法回顾分析32例胆囊疾病合并肝硬化实施LC的临床资料。结果32例中顺利施行LC30例，2例因出血而中转开腹。术后出现腹水3例，胆漏1例，经引流、保肝等治疗后痊愈。无腹腔感染及肝功能衰竭等严重并发症。结论胆囊疾病合并肝硬化肝功能ChildA、B级的LC手术是可行的。加强围手术期处理是保证手术成功的关键。     

Unexpected gallbladder cancer and laparoscopic surgery

Case histories of three patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for unexpected gallbladder cancer are reviewed. Port-site recurrence was observed in two of them. In one patient whose abdominal wall recurrent tumor was excised, a new recurrence developed, but after the reexcision she is symptom-free 10 months after the last procedure. The surgeon has to be aware of the fact that the survival rate can be doubled in stage pT2 if cholecystectomy is followed by extended radical operation. Only gallbladder cancer in stage pT1 does not need further procedure, except for excision of port sites. In case of uncertain diagnosis preoperative frozen section is recommended. Port-site recurrence does not mean an incurable stage of the disease or a sign of diffuse metastases. Even after reexcision of abdominal wall metastasis patients might be free from other detectable recurrences.     

A 10-year experience of unsuspected gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Unsuspected gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a cancer that was previously manipulated by laparoscopic technique. The reported incidence was 0.3-1% and became an emerging problem as the popularity of LC increased. Lack of reliable data could address the outcome of reresection or nonreresection patients and the standard management. This study reviewed a single center experience in managing unsuspected gallbladder cancer patients after LC between July 1, 1992 and July 1, 2000 who had at least 2 years of follow-up. There were 11 patients (0.6%) postoperatively diagnosed with gallbladder cancer after 1825 LCs. Group A included three patients (28%) with nontransmural invasion, group B included four patients (36%) who had transmural invasion without secondary surgical intervention, and group C included four patients (36%) with reresection. The perioperation parameters and strategies were collected and compared. A review of the literature was performed simultaneously, and we concluded that unsuspected gallbladder cancer with nontransmural invasion needs no further treatment; however, aggressive reresection is beneficial to transmural invasion cancer, and prevention of bile spillage during LC should be the goal of every surgeon.     

Long-term Survival of Patients with Gallbladder Cancer Detected during or after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Little evidence is available regarding long-term survival of patients with gallbladder cancer that is discovered at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Therefore the present study was performed to evaluate long-term outcomes of this disease. Of 1546 patients who underwent LC for benign gallbladder disease between January 1992 and January 2002, 8 patients (0.5%) had cancers that were found during or after LC. The median follow-up period was 55 months (range: 36–142 months). The gallbladder was resected without perforation in all cases. During surgery there was a suspicion of malignancy in 6 of 8 cases. Frozen section analysis showed that 2 had TNM stage Tis tumors, 2 had T1a tumors, and 2 had T2 tumors. Two patients with T2 tumors were immediately converted to extended cholecystectomy. The final pathology revealed another 2 tumors, and demonstrated that 3 patients had Tis tumors, 3 had T1a tumors, and 2 had T2N0M0 tumors. None of the patients underwent additional surgery. All patients survived with no evidence of recurrence during the median follow-up of 55 months. In conclusion, before and during LC, we have not overlooked T2 or more advanced tumor, which requires additional procedures for curative resection. This might result in good survival. We consider that an intensive preoperative work-up and meticulous inspection of the opened gallbladder should be mandatory to detect gallbladder cancer in patients who undergo LC. At present, this is not routinely practiced.     

Should suspected early gallbladder cancer be treated laparoscopically?

Early gallbladder cancer (EGC), defined as T1 and T2 disease, is frequently curable when completely excised without bile spillage. The objective of the present study was to determine what effect initial laparoscopic cholecystectomy has on outcome in patients with EGC. Of 89 patients referred to our institution with gallbladder cancer over an 11-year period, 26 had undergone initial laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Sixteen of the 26 patients had T1 or T2 disease and are the subjects of this report. These patients were reviewed retrospectively to assess preoperative diagnosis, intraoperative bile spillage, and outcome (recurrence and survival). In addition, the Western literature was reviewed to determine the impact of initial laparoscopic cholecystectomy on recurrence and survival of patients with EGC. Six patients had a preoperative ultrasound consistent with a mass in the gallbladder wall. Seven (44%) had documented bile spillage during the laparoscopic cholecystectomy. T stage based on the laparoscopic cholecystectomy was T1 (n = 1) and T2 (n = 15). Twelve patients underwent reexploration of whom seven underwent further radical excision (gallbladder liver bed resection and extensive lymphadenectomy). After a mean follow-up of 20.1 months (range 4 to 39 months), 69% of patients have had a recurrence or died. Three patients had a port-site recurrence. Five (71%) of seven patients with bile spillage at laparoscopic cholecystectomy have had a recurrence or died of disease. A review of the Western literature on EGC initially removed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy (including the present series) yielded 21 patients with T1 and 42 patients withT2 disease. One-year Kaplan-Meier survival (T1 = 89%, T2 = 71%) and 3-year Kaplan-Meier survival (T1 = 47%, T2 = 40%) of these patients is worse than prior reports for open cholecystectomy. An initial laparoscopic cholecystectomy with its potential for bile spillage can convert potentially curable EGC to incurable disease. Patients with preoperative findings suspicious for gallbladder cancer should undergo open exploration with intent to perform a radical cancer operation as a primary procedure if the diagnosis is confirmed intraoperatively. Presented at Forty-Second Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, May 20–23, 2001, Atlanta, Ga (oral presentation).     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder carcinoma: results of a Japanese survey of 498 patients

Abstract. Background/Purpose: The long-term effects of initial laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the prognosis of patients with GBC remain unknown because of the limited numbers of patients reported from single institutions. This study was designed to determine the long-term prognosis of patients with gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), and to clarify the role of LC for the treatment of GBC and the benefit of aggressive additional excision. Methods: The clinical courses and outcomes of 498 patients with laparoscopically removed GBC registered in a nationwide survey were examined. Written questionnaires sent to members of the Japanese Society of Biliary Surgery included questions on Preoperative diagnosis, timing and methods to obtain final diagnosis, depth of invasion, second surgical procedure, prognosis of patients, and type of recurrence, if any. Results: The 5-year survival rates of patients after LC according to the depth of invasion were as follows: 99% in those with pT1a (limited to the mucosa), 95% in those with pT1b (muscularis), 70% in those with pT2 (subserosa), 20% in those with pT3 (serosa), and 0% in those with pT4 (serosa with invasion to adjacent organs). Perforation of the gallbladder during LC was found in 20% of the patients. Patients with gallbladders perforated during LC showed a significantly lower survival rate than did those without perforated gallbladders (P < 0.01). Additional excision during or after LC was carried out in 48% of the patients, and the frequency of additional excision increased in accordance with the depth of invasion. Compared with patients who underwent LC only, additional excision resulted in better survival in patients with pT2 or pT3 tumors (P= 0.051 and P < 0.05, respectively), but this difference was not found in patients with pT1 or pT4 tumors. Conclusions: LC is not likely to worsen the survival rate of patients with GBC compared with the survival rate of patients undergoing a standard open radical procedure, as long as additional excision is conducted for patients with laparoscopically removed pT2 or pT3 GBCs. Special attention should be paid to prevention of bile spillage during LC. Received: November 16, 2001 / Accepted: February 8, 2002     

Laparoscopic cancer surgery

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) may inhibit the discovery of unsuspected gallbladder cancer, and the effect of LC on the prognosis of gallbladder cancer is unknown. We present two cases of unsuspected gallbladder cancer removed laparoscopically and report the discovery of peritoneal tumor implantation at the umbilical port site 21 days after LC.Although gallbladder carcinoma flow cytometry has been reported to be of prognostic value by Japanese investigators, this technique did not distinguish herein between an invasive adenocarcinoma and carcinoma in situ. A cellular doubling time of 56 h was calculated from one tumor.When unsuspected invasive gallbladder cancer is found after LC, laparoscopic port sites should be inspected at reoperation and, at a minimum, the port site through which the gallbladder was removed should be widely excised. This demonstration of cancer recurrence in laparoscopic port sites may limit the application of laparoscopy to elective cancer resection.The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not be construed to reflect the official positions of either the U.S. Air Force medical department or Saint Louis University     

Long-term results after resection for gallbladder cancer. Implications for staging and management.

BACKGROUND: The surgical management of gallbladder cancer is controversial. There is no consensus among surgeons as to the indications for reoperation or radical resection. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine results of reoperation after an incidental finding of gallbladder cancer after cholecystectomy, and results of radical resection in patients with advanced disease. METHODS: A retrospective review of 149 patients with the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer treated from 1985 to 1993 was performed. Fifty-eight patients were explored and 23 underwent resection for cure. Resection included trisegmentectomy in nine patients and bile duct resection in ten patients. Seventeen patients underwent re-exploration after an incidental finding of gallbladder cancer at initial cholecystectomy. RESULTS: Surgical resection is associated with an actuarial 51% 5-year disease-free survival rate, with a median follow-up time of 48 months. Eight patients are alive beyond 50 months. There were no operative deaths; the perioperative morbidity rate was 26%. Nodal status is the most powerful predictor of outcome. Two patients with T4, NO disease are alive without evidence of disease beyond 4 years. Thirteen of the 17 patients (76%) undergoing reoperation after simple cholecystectomy for T2 or T3 tumors had residual disease. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with nodal metastasis beyond the pericholedochal nodes should not be considered for curative resection. Tumors staged T4, NO should be included with stage III disease, and resection should be considered. Re-resection of T2 or T3 tumors after simple cholecystectomy is likely to include residual disease and should thus provide the only chance for long-term survival.     

Incidental Gallbladder Carcinoma Diagnosed During or After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background

Gallbladder carcinoma (GC) is a highly lethal neoplasm. With the increase of cholecystectomies since the wide acceptance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), the incidental diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma is more frequent. The aim of the present study was to report our experience with GC diagnosed during or after the performance of LC.

Methods

A total of 10,466 LCs were carried out from January 1999 to December 2007 in our hospital. Records of patients with incidental carcinoma were collected and analyzed retrospectively.

Results

Of all the patients, 20 (0.19%) were histopathologically diagnosed as having a GC. There were 4 men and 16 women; the median age in this group was 65.7 years (range: 37–81 years).The depth of cancer invasion was: pTis (4 cases), pT1a (2 cases), pT1b (2 cases), pT2 (6 cases), pT3 (4 cases), and pT4 (2 cases). The sensitivity and specificity of intraoperatively frozen section examination were 83.3 and 100%, respectively. Patients with in situ, pT1a and pT1b tumors underwent LC only, and there were no recurrences. The survival rate between patients with GC diagnosed during or after LC showed no difference; it was dependent on the depth of cancer invasion.

Conclusions

The survival with incidental GC is related to stage, and it validates that a carefully performed LC is adequate treatment for carcinoma in situ, and stage 1a and b cancer. A frozen section examination was helpful but did not provide a definitive diagnosis. Meticulous techniques during LC, including retrieval of the gallbladder in a retrieval bag, may prevent port-site recurrence and intraperitoneal dissemination.     

Wound recurrence from gallbladder cancer after open cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Reports of port site recurrences from gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy have raised considerable concern as to whether the laparoscopic technique implies an increased risk of metastatic disease. In a previous study of gallbladder cancer and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, we reported a frequency of 16% port site metastases. The purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency of wound metastases from gallbladder cancer after open cholecystectomy. METHODS: The registers from the Swedish Oncological Centers and the National Board of Health and Welfare were checked for reported cases of gallbladder cancer and surgical classification codes for open cholecystectomy from 1991 to 1994. The study included all 8 university and 24 county hospitals in Sweden. The files from all patients with gallbladder cancer who had an open cholecystectomy were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The study included 270 patients who had a cholecystectomy, of which 215 were classified as open and 55 as laparoscopic. Of the 215 patients, 11 patients were excluded because of an incorrect or deficient histopathologic or surgical classification. In 186 patients (91%), sufficient data were obtained for follow-up. Twelve patients (6.5%) had wound metastases from their gallbladder cancer. All patients with wound metastases died with a median survival of 10 months (range, 3 to 65 months). CONCLUSIONS: Wound metastases from gallbladder cancer after open cholecystectomy may be more common than previously assumed.     

小儿胆石症的腹腔镜治疗

目的 讨论小儿胆石症的腹腔镜治疗及其适应证。方法 回顾分析1998年8月-2001年8月间收治的59例小儿胆石症病人的临床资料。结果 59例中55例行腹腔镜手术，54例腹腔镜手术成功，1例中转开腹胆囊切除术，其中1例行腹腔镜下胆总管切开、纤维胆道镜取石、T管引流术。1例病人出现医源性腹膜后血肿，无胆道损伤，胆漏及死亡病例发生，全组病例随访6个月以上未发现异常。结论 本组资料显示：①小儿胆囊结石的患病率呈上升趋势，可能与B超广泛应用及诊断水平提高有关；②LC在小儿病人中应用是安全的，可以成为小儿胆囊结石的首选治疗方法。