两种布洛芬缓释制剂在健康人体内的药物动力学

目的：本文对布洛芬缓释片和胶囊在健康志愿者中的药物动力学进行研究。方法：建立了一个测定人血中布洛芬的高效液相色谱法。结果：口服单剂量６００ｍｇ片剂和胶囊的ＡＵＣ分别为１５０．２±３４．８和１５１．８±３４．５μｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１；Ｃｍａｘ分别为２２．７±５．３和２２．２±３．９μｇ·ｍｌ－１；Ｔｍａｘ分别为３．５±０．７和３．８±０．８ｈ。口服多剂量６００ｍｇ达稳态后片剂和胶囊的ＡＵＣ分别为１５６．０±３８．７和１６３．２±４４．７μｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１；Ｃｍａｘ分别为２４．６±５．５和２３．８±４．４μｇ·ｍｌ－１；Ｔｍａｘ分别为３．０２±０．２９和３．２±０．５ｈ。达稳态后片剂和胶囊的波动系数分别为１．４±０．３和１．４２±０．２３。经统计学处理，上述各参数间差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：双单侧ｔ检验（ＮＤＳＴ程序）的结果表明，布洛芬两种缓释制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊人体生物利用度及药物动力学研究

目的：对盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊的人体内生物利用度进行研究。方法：单剂量口服盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊和片剂２ｍｇ。血药浓度采用ＨＰＬＣ测定，数据用３Ｐ８７计算药动学参数。结果：盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊剂的药动学参数：Ｋａ为８．２±４．０ｈ－１，Ｔ１／２为８．２±２．５ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ为０．６１±０．１１ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ为４３．５±８．５ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１，ＡＵＣ为３６７．４±３４．６ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１；盐酸特拉唑嗪片剂的药动学参数：Ｋａ为６．４±７．４ｈ－１，Ｔ１／２为７．４±２．１ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ为０．９±０．４ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ为４３．１±４．８ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１，ＡＵＣ为３７１．３±４４．４ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１。结论：两种剂型的药物动力学参数之间差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５），胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为９９．８８％。     

进口和国产索他洛尔片剂的相对生物利用度研究

目的：本文对进口和国产索他洛尔片剂在１２名男性健康志愿者中的药物动力学和相对生物利用度进行了研究。方法：建立了一个检测血清中索他洛尔浓度的反相高效液相色谱－荧光检测法。结果：单剂量口服索他洛尔１６０ｍｇ后的血药浓度数据用３Ｐ８７药物动力学程序进行模型拟合，国产片剂ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ、Ｔ１／２分别为１６．２±３．６ｈ·μｇ·ｍｌ－１，１．２±０．２μｇ·ｍｌ－１，２．１±０．７ｈ，１７．０±７．２ｈ；进口片剂ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ、Ｔ１／２分别为１５．９±３．５ｈ·μｇ·ｍｌ－１，１．２±０．４μｇ·ｍｌ－１，２．１±０．６ｈ，１８．６±９．４ｈ。国产片剂的相对生物利用度为１０３．５％。结论：两种片剂的所有药动学参数经统计学（ＳＰＳＳ软件）处理差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸环丙沙星血药浓度及其药动学研究

采用高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）测定盐酸环丙沙星的血药浓度。色谱条件为：紫外检测波长λ２７７ｎｍ；分析柱为ＨＰ－ＲＰ－ＯＤＳＣ１８柱，Φ４．６×２２０ｍｍ；流动相：乙腈∶（溴化四丁基铵０．００８ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１＋磷酸二氢钾水溶液０．０１１ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）＝１４∶８６，配好后磷酸调ｐＨ至２．７４±０．０２。本法血清最低检出浓度０．０１μｇ·ｍｌ－１。对１０名受试者口服５００ｍｇ两种盐酸环丙沙星片后进行药动学和生物利用度研究。药－时曲线经拟合为二室开放模型，其Ｔ１／２β分别为４．６８±０．５３ｈ与４．４０±０．４７ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．２８±０．０７ｈ与１．３３±０．０７ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ分别为６．４４±０．６１（μｇ·ｍｌ－１）与５．８８±０．４０（μｇ·ｍｌ－１），ＡＵＣ分别为１９．８８±１．８３（μｇ·ｈ－１·ｍｌ－１）和１９．２４±１．０８（μｇ·ｈ－１·ｍｌ－１）。供试品片剂的相对生物利用度为１０３．３２±４．８１％（９９．５８±４．６３％，经含量校正），经统计分析两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

布洛芬混悬液人体生物利用度和药物动力学研究

用反相高效液相色谱法，血样甲醇沉淀蛋白后直接进样测定。１０名受试者随机分组自身交叉对照试验，单剂量口服布洛芬片或混悬液３００ｍｇ，布洛芬药时数据经３Ｐ８７程序拟合为一房室模型，其主要药动学参数，片剂和混悬液分别为：Ｋａ０．７２±０．１８ｈ－１，２．５０±０．８ｈ－１；Ｔ１／２ｋｅ２．０４±０．３２ｈ，２．２±０．５ｈ；ＡＵＣ０－∞１１１±２５ｍｇ·ｌ·ｈ－１，１１９±２８ｍｇ·ｌ·ｈ；Ｔｍａｘ２．８±０．６ｈ，０．９８±０．２３ｈ；Ｃｍａｘ１９．９±３．４μｇ·ｍｌ－１，２７．３±３．３μｇ·ｍｌ；相对生物利用度１０７．１６±８．１２％。     

对乙酰氨基酚凝胶在人体的药动学和生物利用度

８名健康男性志愿者交叉服用５００ｍｇ剂量的对乙酰氨基酚凝胶剂和片剂。血药浓度采用ＨＰＬＣ测定。对乙酰氨基酚凝胶剂的药动学参数：Ｔ１／２（Ｋａ）０．３０±０．２２ｈ，Ｔ１／２（Ｋｅ）２．１±０．４ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ１．０±０．４ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ５．１±１．５μｇ／ｍｌ，ＡＵＣ２１±５（μｇ／ｍｌ）·ｈ。这些参数与片剂的相似，凝胶剂相当于片剂的生物利用度为１０５．１％     

盐酸特拉唑嗪在健康人体内的药物动力学

目的：在８名健康志愿者体内研究了国产盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊和进口片剂的药物动力学和生物利用度。方法：受试者交叉口服单剂量（２ｍｇ）盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊和片剂后,采用高效液相色谱法和荧光检测器测定血药浓度。结果：胶囊和片剂的药时曲线均符合二室模型,其Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．３±０．６ｈ和１．３±０．４ｈ,Ｃｍａｘ分别为４９．５±８．６ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１和５０．３±５．２ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１,ＡＵＣ０→∞分别为５３６．５±３９．８ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１和５８６．６±５２．８ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１·ｈ,测试药品的相对生物利用度为９２．３０％±１２．９１％。结论：经方差分析两药药物动力学参数间差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）;结果表明两药具有生物等效性。     

健康人单剂量口服茶碱控释胶囊的药物动力学

目的：研究７ 名健康志愿者单剂量口服茶碱控释胶囊（ 简称ＣＲＴＣ）４００ ｍｇ 后的药物动力学。方法：用紫外法测定健康人血清中茶碱的血药浓度。结果：ＣＲＴＣ的药物动力学参数分别为：Ｔｍａｘ ＝ （７ ．９ ±１．１）ｈ,Ｃｍａｘ ＝ （４．０ ±０ ．９）μｇ·ｍｌ－１ ,Ｔ１／２ｅ ＝（１７ ．２±２ ．６）ｈ,Ｋｅ ＝（０．０４±０．０６）ｈ－１ ,Ｔ１／２ａ＝ （２ ．１±０ ．９）ｈ,Ｋａ＝（０．２３±０．０４）ｈ－ １ ,ＡＵＣ０７２ ＝ （１３８ ．０±１７ ．６）μｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－ １ 。结论：ＣＲＴＣ的药物动力学参数与国产茶碱控释片（ 简称ＤＣＲＴＴ）［１］ 相比：其吸收减慢,导致达峰时间延长,达峰浓度降低。但其消除减慢,ＣＲＴＣ在体内蓄积,致使其药时曲线下的面积较ＤＣＲＴＴ 大。     

优喘平在人体内药物动力学及体内外相关性

以紫外分光光度法测定优喘平体外释放度，结果表明优喘平在各介质（ｐＨ１～８．４）释药量恒定；以荧光偏振免疫法测定血药浓度，６名志愿者单剂量口服４００ｍｇ·ｄ－１，Ｔｍａｘ１２．７±２．７６ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ３．８±０．９μｇ·ｍｌ－１，Ｔ１／２１１．８±６．２ｈ，ＡＵＣ６３．５±２９．３μｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１；多剂量口服４００ｍｇ·ｄ－１，显示间隔２４ｈ用药，茶碱血清浓度差异无显著性，可维持治疗血药浓度（５～１０μｇ·ｍｌ－１）；体外释药量与体内吸收量呈良好的相关性。     

阿莫维酸钾胶囊的相对生物利用度

１０名健康志愿者随机交叉口服等剂量阿莫维酸钾胶囊或安奇颗粒剂,采用微生物法分别测定阿莫西林和克拉维酸钾的血药浓度。单剂量空腹口服３１２．５ｍｇ的受试药与参比药后,阿莫西林的Ｔｍａｘ。分别为０．９８±０．２ｍ和０．６７±０．２４ｈ　,Ｃｍａｘ　３．９９±１．６２ｇ／ｍｌ和４．７１±１．４９ｇ／ｍｌ,ＡＵＣ０１０．１５±２．６１ｇ／（ｍｌ·ｈ）和９．５５±２．０３ｇ／（ｍｌ·ｈ）;克拉维酸钾的Ｔｍａｘ分别为０．８９±０．３１ｈ和０．６６±０．１３ｈ,Ｃｍａｘ。则为０．７６±０．２４ｇ／ｍｌ和０．９２±０．３３ｇ／ｍｌ,ＡＵＣ０为１．９４±０．５４ｇ／（ｍｌ·ｈ）和１．９４±０．５９ｇ／（ｍｌ·ｈ）。阿莫维酸钾胶囊的阿莫西林相对生物利用度为１０６．９％,克拉维酸钾的相对生物利用度为１０６．７％。结果表明,阿莫维酸钾胶囊与安奇颗粒剂的药动学参数相似,两者具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.