Cytokine profile in the gingival crevicular fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients with chronic periodontitis

The aim was to assess the cytokine profile in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with chronic periodontitis (CP). Databases were searched from 1991 to August 2013 using a combination of various keywords. Eight studies were included. The GCF concentrations of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐10, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8, MMP‐13 and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) were reported to be higher in patients with RA than in healthy controls (HC) without CP. In one study, TNF‐α levels in GCF were significantly higher in HC than in RA patients receiving anti‐TNF‐α therapy. One study reported no significant difference in GCF TNF‐α levels among RA patients and HC regardless of anti‐TNF‐α therapy. One study reported no difference in IL‐1β and prostaglandin E₂ levels among RA patients and HC with CP. Raised levels of proinflammatory cytokines are exhibited in the GCF of RA patients with CP.     

牙周非手术治疗对重度慢性牙周炎患者龈沟液中C反应蛋白的影响

目的检测牙周基础治疗对慢性牙周炎患者龈沟液中C反应蛋白(CRP)的影响,为牙周病活动期诊断及判断牙周治疗的效果提供一定的客观依据。方法治疗前及治疗后1、3、6、12个月,用滤纸条收集30例重度慢性牙周炎患者的60个重度牙周炎牙位(探诊深度PD≥6 mm)和60个轻度牙周炎牙位(PD≤4 mm)的龈沟液并称重,用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)测定CRP的含量并记录牙周临床指标,15例牙周健康者的30个健康牙位作为对照。结果深牙周袋牙位的CRP在龈沟液中的浓度((968.06±360.54)pg/m L)显著高于浅牙周袋牙位((291.65±65.62)pg/m L),且疾病牙位的CRP浓度均显著高于健康牙位((33.47±24.53)pg/m L),龈沟液中CRP浓度与探诊深度(r=0.825,P<0.05)、附着丧失(r=0.833,P<0.05)、菌斑指数(r=0.741,P<0.05)呈正相关关系。同时,牙周基础治疗后沟液中CRP浓度明显降低,并且与口腔卫生情况有关。结论龈沟液中CRP浓度与牙周破坏程度有关,非手术治疗后龈沟液中CRP浓度下降。     

吸烟对牙周炎患者龈沟液中弹性蛋白酶水平的影响

目的比较吸烟与非吸烟牙周炎患者和健康人龈沟液中细胞外弹性蛋白酶EA-s和细胞内弹性蛋白酶(EA-p)水平的变化。方法选择慢性牙周炎患者41例,共146个探诊出血(BOP)、牙周袋探诊深度(PD)≥4mm、附着丧失(AL)≥2mm的牙周炎位点,将其分为吸烟组79个,非吸烟组67个。同时选择牙周健康者31人作为对照,共85个探诊不出血,牙龈指数(GI)≤1,PD≤3mm,AL≤1mm的位点,同样分为2组,吸烟组45个,非吸烟组40个。观察牙周治疗前、后牙周临床指标菌斑指数(PLI),GI,PD,AL,BOP和龈沟液中EA-s、EA-p水平的变化。结果牙周炎患者中,吸烟组的GI,AL和EA-s水平低于非吸烟组(P<0.05),其余指标差异无显著性(P>0.05),健康者的各项指标差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。无论是吸烟组还是不吸烟组,牙周炎患者的EA-s,EA-p水平均高于健康者(P<0.05)。结论吸烟会降低牙周炎患者龈沟液中EA-s水平,但对EA-p水平影响不大。吸烟对健康人EA水平无显著影响。     

慢性牙周炎患者血浆和龈沟液蛋白羰基水平的研究

目的 分析慢性牙周炎患者血浆和龈沟液中蛋白羰基水平,评价慢性牙周炎引起的氧化应激下蛋白氧化损伤情况.方法 本研究共纳入慢性牙周炎组患者24例和正常对照组牙周健康者22例.对所有对象进行详细的口腔检查,获取外周血和龈沟液样本,检测血浆和龈沟液中蛋白羰基的水平,分析蛋白羰基水平与牙周临床参数的相关性.结果 慢性牙周炎组患者...     

Gingival crevicular fluid glycosaminoglycan levels in patients with chronic adult periodontitis

Abstract This study investigated levels of hyaluronan and chondroitin-4-sulphate in the crevicular fluid of patients with chronic adult periodontitis at diseased and healthy sites before and after treatment. The relationship between clinical diagnostic parameters and levels of glycosaminoglycans in gingival crevicular fluid were also analysed. Within each patient. 4 sites either mesial or distal and on single rooted teeth were classified as diseased or healthy using a modified gingival index, pocket depth and attachment loss. Crevicular fluid was collected from each site using glass micropipettes and analysed for glycosaminoglycan content by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Significantly higher levels of chondroitin-4-sulphate were detected at diseased sites prior to treatment correlating with increased pocket depth or attachment levels. Following a period of treatment consisting of oral hygiene instruction and root planing, the patients were reassessed for their response to treatment by measuring the modified gingival index, pocket depth, attachment loss and levels of glycosaminoglycans. Analysis of glycosaminoglycan levels at diseased sites that demonstrated a poor response to treatment also demonstrated significantly higher levels of chondroitin-4-sulphate than those sites that responded well to treatment. Hyaluronan levels were less significantly associated with clinically succesful treatment. This study confirmed the use of the sulphated glycosaminoglycan chondroitin-4–sulphate as a potential diagnostic aid of periodontal tissue destruction; however, further longitudinal studies are required to assess their performance.     

Levels of interleukin-17 in gingival crevicular fluid and in supernatants of cellular cultures of gingival tissue from patients with chronic periodontitis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a T-cell-derived cytokine that may play an important role in the initiation or maintenance of the pro-inflammatory response and has recently been found to stimulate osteoclastic resorption. The purpose of the present study was to determine the presence of IL-17 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples and in the culture supernatants of gingival cells from patients with chronic periodontitis. METHOD: GCF samples were collected during 30 s from two sites in 16 patients from periodontally affected sites (probing depth > or =5 mm, attachment loss > or =3 mm). The comparison with healthy controls was carried out by collecting GCF samples from eight healthy volunteers. GCF was collected using a paper strip and ELISA was performed to determine the total amount of IL-17. Supernatant cellular cultures of gingival cells were obtained from periodontal biopsies taken from 12 periodontitis patients and from eight healthy control subjects during the surgical removal of wisdom teeth. Spontaneous and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated levels of IL-17 were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: The total amount of cytokine IL-17 was significantly higher in the periodontitis group than the control group (45.9 versus 35.6 pg, p=0.005). Significantly higher GCF volume and amount of total proteins were obtained from periodontitis patients as compared with control subjects (0.98 versus 0.36 microl, p=0.0005; 0.12 versus 0.05 microg, p=0.0005, respectively). A higher concentration of IL-17 was detected in culture supernatants from periodontitis patients compared with healthy subjects, either without stimulation (36.28+/-8.39 versus 28.81+/-1.50 microg/ml, p=0.011) or with PHA stimulation (52.12+/-14.56 versus 39.00+/-4.90 microg/ml, p=0.012). Treatment with PHA induced a significant increase in the production of IL-17 in healthy subjects and periodontitis patients (p=0.001 and 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The total amount of cytokine IL-17 in GCF samples and in the culture supernatants of gingival cells are significantly increased in periodontal disease.     

慢性牙周炎龈沟液中白细胞介素-8与硫化物的相关关系

目的：探讨慢性牙周炎龈沟液（gingival crevicular fluid，GCF）中白细胞介素-8（interleukin-8，IL-8）与硫化物（suleus sulphide level，SUL）的关系。方法：采用双抗体夹心ELISA法、金刚牙周诊断仪对龈沟液中IL-8和硫化物的含量和临床指标进行测定。23个牙周健康牙作正常对照组（C），12个慢性牙周炎健康牙作实验组1（T1），30个慢性牙周炎患牙作实验组2（T2）。用标准化滤纸条采集观察牙位GCF样本，记录相应位点30’硫化物浓度，同时记录龈沟出血指数（SBI）、牙周袋探诊深度（PPD）、牙周附着丧失水平（CAL）。结果：①受检位点龈沟液中IL-8总量存在显著性差别，其中慢性牙周炎炎症牙位组IL-8总量高于健康牙位组、正常对照组（p〈0.05），但龈沟液中IL-8浓度无显著性差别。龈沟液中IL-8总量与SBI、PPD、CAL之间有明显相关关系（P〈0.05），但IL-8的浓度与临床指标间相关关系不明显。②慢性牙周炎炎症牙位组的硫化物浓度与健康牙位组、正常牙位组之间均有显著性差别（P〈0.05），慢性牙周炎健康牙位组与正常牙位组之间无显著性差别。③慢性牙周炎炎症牙位组硫化物浓度与临床指标间具正相关关系（P〈0.05），而健康牙位组和正常对照组硫化物浓度与临床指标间无相关关系。GCF中慢性牙周炎炎症牙位组的硫化物浓度与IL-8总量具负相关关系（P〈0．05），而慢性牙周炎健康牙位组和正常对照组的硫化物浓度与IL-8总量之间无相关关系。结论：慢性牙周炎患牙龈沟液中IL-8和硫化物的含量与临床指标之间有相关性。龈沟液中细菌代谢产物所产生的硫化物对IL-8的含量存在一定抑制作用。     

Phylloquinone in gingival crevicular fluid in adult periodontitis

Abstract. Phylloquinone is a lipid soluble vitamin which is an absolute growth requirement for black-pigmented anaerobes, many of which are implicated in the aetiology of periodontal diseases. This cross-sectional study aimed to detect the levels of phylloquinone in GCF from healthy and diseased sites in subjects with adult periodontitis, in order to investigate further its potential role in the disease process. The sample consisted of eighteen patients with adult periodontitis. Periodontal probing depths, attachment levels and gingival indices were recorded from one healthy and one diseased site in each subject. GCF was sampled and the amount of phylloquinone in each sample was determined using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection. The mean amount of phylloquinone in accumulated GCF from diseased sites was 406 pg/site and 80 pg/site from healthy sites ( p =0.013). When the amounts of phylloquinone in GCF were expressed as concentrations the values were 228 ng/ml and 3350 ng/ml for diseased and healthy sites respectively ( p =0.084). These findings suggest the levels of phylloquinone in GCF differs in periodontal health and disease in subjects with adult periodontitis. The total phylloquinone at diseased sites may provide the nutritional requirements favouring the growth of black-pigmented anaerobes.     

Raised chondroitin sulphate WF6 epitope levels in gingival crevicular fluid in chronic periodontitis

Aim: To determine the levels of chondroitin sulphate (CS) WF6 epitope, recognized by WF6 monoclonal antibody, in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from different stages of periodontal disease and healthy periodontium, and to correlate those levels with clinical parameters. Material and Methods: GCF samples, collected from 389 sites, were analysed for the WF6 epitope levels by the competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The median WF6 epitope level was significantly higher in chronic periodontitis sites (n=185) than in healthy and gingivitis sites (n=204) (p<0.001), whereas the median levels did not significantly differ between healthy (n=65) and gingivitis sites (n=139). The median level in severe periodontitis sites (n=60) was significantly higher than that in moderate periodontitis sites (n=63) (p=0.019). Similarly, the median level in moderate periodontitis sites was significantly higher than that in slight periodontitis sites (n=62) (p=0.001). The WF6 epitope levels significantly correlated with probing depth (r=0.777, p=0.001) and loss of clinical attachment level (r=0.814, p=0.001). Conclusion: Elevated CS WF6 epitope levels in GCF are associated with severity of periodontitis. The WF6 antibody may therefore be clinically applied to monitor disease severity and progression.     

Total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity levels in serum and gingival crevicular fluid in post-menopausal women with chronic periodontitis

OBJECTIVES: Menopause has been linked with oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant (AO) defence. A connection has been established between menopause and certain periodontal conditions. The objective of this study is to compare serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations in post-menopausal patients with chronic periodontitis (PMCP) with those of pre-menopausal chronic periodontitis patients (CP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-two PMCP patients, 31 CP patients, 25 post-menopausal periodontally healthy controls (PMPH) and 26 pre-menopausal controls (PH) were studied. After clinical measurements and samplings, serum and GCF TAOC and SOD concentrations were established in turn using an automated TAOC assay and spectrophotometric end point measurement. The results were analysed statistically. RESULTS: Serum and GCF TAOC and SOD concentrations were significantly lower in menopause and periodontitis (p<0.05). The lowest values were in the PMCP group, whereas the highest values were in the PH group. While the effect of menopause was more evident in serum antioxidant analysis, the effect of periodontitis was observed to be more apparent in GCF. CONCLUSIONS: A decrease in systemic and local AO defence was observed owing to both menopause and periodontitis. The lowest AO values in the PMCP group suggest that menopause may be a risk factor for periodontitis.     

Intracytoplasmic enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with aggressive periodontitis

Castro CE, Koss MA, López ME. Intracytoplasmic enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with aggressive periodontitis. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 522–527. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective: Biochemical parameters of crevicular fluid could provide evidence of periodontal tissue disease. The aim of this study was to analyze enzymes in crevicular fluid in aggressive localized and generalized periodontitis. Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty‐four subjects were classified as having localized (n = 36) or generalized aggressive periodontitis (n = 38) and subclassified into moderate and severe groups. Controls were 50 periodontitis‐free subjects. Activities of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, neutrophil elastase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase were determined. Data were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: Among the subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis, values of lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase increased notably in moderate and severe periodontitis compared with control subjects. Values for aspartate aminotransferase increased with the severity of the disease, and neutrophil elastase was increased in the moderate and severe states. In generalized aggressive periodontitis, lactate dehydrogenase showed higher values than in control subjects in both periodontal subgroups. Alkaline phosphatase and neutrophil elastase showed higher significant differences between moderate and severe periodontitis compared with the control group. Aspartate aminotransferase showed differences between the severe and moderate periodontitis groups compared with the control group. Of all the enzymes analyzed, only lactate dehydrogenase showed higher values in localized than in generalized aggressive periodontitis. Conclusion: Lactate dehydrogenase may distinguish localized and generalized aggressive periodontitis. Alkaline phosphatase increases from moderate to severe states in both types of periodontitis. Aspartate aminotransferase and neutrophil elastase only increase with strong evidence of periodontal destruction.