胶囊内镜对不明原因消化道出血诊断的相关影响因素探讨

目的 分析在不同情况下胶囊内镜(CE)对于不明原因消化道出血(OGIB)患者的小肠疾病检出率,以探讨CE检查时机、OGIB出血类型、出血量等因素对于OGIB诊断率的影响.方法 收集北京军区总医院2005年7月-2012年5月209例因OGIB行CE检查患者的临床资料进行分析,将全部入选者分为显性出血组与隐性出血组及轻、中、重出血组;根据患者出血时间与胶囊内镜检查间隔时间将各组患者分别分为3组(A组:72 h内检查组;B组:2周内检查组;C组:2周后检查组).对各组小肠疾病检出情况进行记录并对各组间小肠疾病检出率进行比较.结果 显性出血组中小肠病变检出率58.0％,隐性出血组中小肠病变检出率37.9％,两组比较差异有统计学意义.轻、中、重出血3组小肠疾病检出率分别为30.6％、57.4％、61.3％.显性出血组中A组患者与B组患者小肠疾病检出率差异无统计学意义,A组及B组患者小肠疾病检出率明显高于C组患者.隐性出血组中B组小肠疾病检出率高于A组及C组患者.结论 CE对于OGIB的小肠疾病检出率与显性出血、出血量及CE检查时间等因素相关.对于显性出血患者来说,出血2周内行CE检查小肠疾病检出率明显高于出血2周后进行CE检查;选择显性出血时及中、重度出血患者可获得较高CE小肠疾病检出率.OGIB最常见病因为小肠血管发育异常.     

Detection of bleeding disorders in Lebanon: outcomes of a pilot programme

To promote management and awareness of bleeding disorders in Lebanon, a pilot programme was launched in 2009 by the Lebanese Hemophilia Association assisted by World Federation of Hemophilia. The aim of this study was to diagnose patients with bleeding disorders and to assess the potential challenges in implementing a screening programme. The pilot project was launched in 26 social health centres in the Bekaa valley. The study tools included the evaluation of the Tossetto Bleeding Score and the Pictorial Bleeding Assessment Chart (PBAC) for menstruation. Persons with a bleeding score higher than 2 and PBAC higher than 185 were eligible for further blood tests including the prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, complete blood count, bleeding time and von Willebrand ristocetin cofactor activity. 643 patients were enrolled, of whom 60.6% were women. Overall, 91 persons had an abnormal score. 50 eligible patients were tested: 32 had normal tests, nine new patients with severe Von Willebrand were discovered, 4 had VW:RiCo of 40, 3 prolonged APTT and 2 thrombocytopaenia. There was a clear correlation between the severity of the score and the willingness to perform the tests (P = 0.02). Women were reluctant to participate fully when investigators were men. The probability of adherence to the screening protocol is significantly increased when directed by women health care professional. For patients with milder forms, global screening programmes were neither feasible nor acceptable but those more severely affected have to be identified. Providers are crucial in preselecting patients with blood problems who are not coping well.     

The accuracy of a patient or parent‐administered bleeding assessment tool administered in a paediatric haematology clinic

Classifying and describing bleeding symptoms is essential in the diagnosis and management of patients with mild bleeding disorders (MBDs). There has been increased interest in the use of bleeding assessment tools (BATs) to more objectively quantify the presence and severity of bleeding symptoms. To date, the administration of BATs has been performed almost exclusively by clinicians; the accuracy of a parent‐proxy BAT has not been studied. Our objective was to determine the accuracy of a parent‐administered BAT by measuring the level of agreement between parent and clinician responses to the Condensed MCMDM‐1VWD Bleeding Questionnaire. Our cross‐sectional study included children 0–21 years presenting to a haematology clinic for initial evaluation of a suspected MBD or follow‐up evaluation of a previously diagnosed MBD. The parent/caregiver completed a modified version of the BAT; the clinician separately completed the BAT through interview. The mean parent‐report bleeding score (BS) was 6.09 (range: ?2 to 25); the mean clinician report BS was 4.54 (range: ?1 to 17). The mean percentage of agreement across all bleeding symptoms was 78% (mean κ = 0.40; Gwet's AC1 = 0.74). Eighty percent of the population had an abnormal BS (defined as ≥2) when rated by parents and 76% had an abnormal score when rated by clinicians (86% agreement, κ = 0.59, Gwet's AC1 = 0.79). While parents tended to over‐report bleeding as compared to clinicians, overall, BSs were similar between groups. These results lend support for further study of a modified proxy‐report BAT as a clinical and research tool.     

Bleeding time in uremia: a useful test to assess clinical bleeding

Modified Ivy bleeding time (template) and platelet aggregation to ADP, epinephrine, and collagen were studied in 26 uremic patients who had not recently ingested anti-platelet drugs. Regardless of the aggregating agent used, the abnormalities in platelet aggregation were often mild, even with advanced uremia, and frequently less severe than the effects of common anti-platelet drugs. The inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation was significantly correlated with both increased bleeding time and blood urea nitrogen. Platelet aggregation was not discriminative between clinically bleeding and non-bleeding groups of patients, but the bleeding time was helpful in this regard. In certain cases, the aggregometric patterns differed between drug-induced and uremic thrombocytopathies. Platelet aggregometry appears to be of little help clinically in assessing the severity of the uremic bleeding diathesis.     

Epidemiology of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is an important emergency situation. Population-based epidemiology data are important to get insight in the actual healthcare problem. There are only few recent epidemiological surveys regarding acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Several surveys focusing on peptic ulcer disease showed a significant decrease in admission and mortality of peptic ulcer disease. Several more recent epidemiological surveys show a decrease in incidence of all cause upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The incidence of peptic ulcer bleeding remained stable. Peptic ulcer bleeding is the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, responsible for about 50% of all cases, followed by oesophagitis and erosive disease. Variceal bleeding is the cause of bleeding in cirrhotic patients in 50-60%. Rebleeding in upper gastrointestinal bleeding occurs in 7-16%, despite endoscopic therapy. Rebleeding is especially high in variceal bleeding and peptic ulcer bleeding. Mortality ranges between 3 and 14% and did not change in the past 10 years. Mortality is increasing with increasing age and is significantly higher in patients who are already admitted in hospital for co-morbidity. Risk factors for peptic ulcer bleeding are NSAIDs use and H. pylori infection. In patients at risk for gastrointestinal bleeding and using NSAIDs, a protective drug was only used in 10%. COX-2 selective inhibitors do cause less gastroduodenal ulcers compared to non-selective NSAIDs, however, more cardiovascular adverse events are reported. H. pylori infection is found in about 50% of peptic ulcer bleeding patients. H. pylori should be tested for in all ulcer patients and eradication should be given.     

Collagen and Bleeding Diathesis in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Financial support was obtained from the Herman Järnhardt's Foundation. There are at least 7 variants of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). One family with type 1, one with type 3 and one isolated case with an undefined type of EDS are described. They all had bleeding symptoms, but surgery had been performed without complications. Collagen is believed to be defective in EDS. However, in our cases the platelet aggregating power of the collagen was normal. The bleeding time (Ivy) was slightly prolonged. Extensive examination of the haemostatic process revealed a decreased platelet adhesiveness in only 2 of the patients, a finding believed to be coincidental. The history of former operations on the patients and on affected relatives is considered to be the best guide in determining the risk of an operation, but preoperative estimation of the bleeding time is recommended.     

Clinical manifestations and management of labor and delivery in women with factor IX deficiency.

Haemophilia is uncommon in females and little is known about the clinical manifestations and postpartum management of women with this disorder. Clinical characteristics of postpartum bleeding were evaluated in women with factor IX deficiency (FIX:C < 0.20 U mL(-1)), including two with haemophilia B and three carriers of haemophilia B, undergoing labour and delivery. Data were collected prospectively during routine outpatient comprehensive haemophilia care at the haemophilia Center of Western Pennsylvania and during inpatient management. Four of five women experienced postpartum bleeding, during six of 16 deliveries: the median haemoglobin was 10.7 g% and two required blood transfusion. Postpartum bleeding was significantly more common among those receiving fewer than 4 days of FIX replacement: six of 13 (46.1%) receiving fewer three or fewer days bled vs. none of three (0%) receiving six or more days treatment [P < 01 (Wilcoxon)]. Postpartum bleeding was not related to the route of delivery (P = 0.525), vaginal vs. Caesarean, nor the FIX level (P = 0.371; FIX > 0.05 U mL(-1) vs. < or =0.05 U mL(-1)). Compared with females with von Willebrand disease or FXI deficiency, females with FIX deficiency were more likely to experience postpartum bleeding (P = 0.008) and anaemia (P = 0.045); and they were less likely to experience menorrhagia (P = 0.065), but the latter did not reach significance. Postpartum bleeding is common in women with haemophilia B or carriers of haemophilia B, and treatment with factor replacement for at least 4 days of postpartum may prevent bleeding following delivery in such women.     

Prophylaxis in severe forms of von Willebrand's disease: results from the von Willebrand Disease Prophylaxis Network (VWD PN)

The bleeding patterns of severe von Willebrand's disease (VWD) adversely affect quality of life, and may be life threatening. There is a presumed role for prophylaxis with VWF‐containing concentrates, but data are scarce. The von Willebrand Disease Prophylaxis Network (VWD PN) was formed to investigate the role of prophylaxis in clinically severe VWD that is not responsive to other treatment(s).Using a retrospective design, the effect of prophylaxis was studied. Availability of records to document, or reliably assess, the type and frequency of bleeding episodes prior to, and after, the initiation of prophylaxis was required. Annualized bleeding rates were calculated for the period prior to prophylaxis, during prophylaxis and by primary bleeding indication defined as the site accounting for more than half of all bleeding symptoms. The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test of differences in the medians was used. Sixty‐one subjects from 20 centres in 10 countries were enrolled. Data for 59 were used in the analysis. The median age at onset of prophylaxis was 22.4 years. Type 3 VWD accounted for the largest number (N = 34, 57.6%). Differences in bleeding rates within individuals during compared with before prophylaxis were significant for the total group (P < 0.0001), and for those with primary bleeding indications of epistaxis (P = 0.0005), joint bleeding (P = 0.002) and GI bleeding (P = 0.001). The effect of prophylaxis was similar among those age < 18 years and those ≥18. One person developed an inhibitor during treatment. We conclude that prophylactic treatment of VWD is efficacious.     

Application of double-balloon enteroscopy in jejunal diverticular bleeding

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic diagnosis and therapy for jejunal diverticular bleeding.METHODS:From January 2004 to September 2009,154 patients underwent double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.Ten consecutive patients with jejunal diverticula (5 males and 5 females) at the age of 68.7 ± 2.1 years (range 1995 years) at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital,Academic Tertiary Referral Center,were enrolled in this study.RESULTS:Of the 10 patients,5 had melena,2 had hematochezi...     

Hemoglobin Monitoring in Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Are We Monitoring Blood Counts Too Frequently?

BackgroundGastrointestinal hemorrhage is a common cause of hospital admission. However, there are little data to inform practice around blood count monitoring—a cornerstone of management. We hypothesized that more frequent testing leads to increased resource utilization without improvement in patient outcomes.MethodsThis retrospective observational cohort study examined all patients admitted to a large academic medical institution primarily for gastrointestinal bleeding between July 10, 2014, and January 1, 2018. We identified 1150 patients admitted for gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Patients under 18, who developed bleeding while hospitalized, or who were transferred were excluded. The primary outcome was the number of complete blood counts collected in the first 48 hours of admission. Propensity matched analysis was performed to assess blood transfusion, units of blood transfused, time-to-endoscopy, mortality, and 30-day readmission rate.ResultsOn average, 5.6 complete blood counts were collected in the first 48 hours; 67% of the cohort was transfused (average of 2.6 units of packed red blood cells). When matched for comorbidity, anticoagulant use, location (ward vs. intensive care unit), vital signs, hemoglobin level, and international normalized ratio, patients having more frequent monitoring had similar hospital length of stay and mortality rates, but were more likely to receive a blood transfusion (0.93 vs 0.76, P < .05), and if transfused, receive more blood (4 vs 2 units, P < .05).ConclusionsBlood count monitoring occurs more frequently than is likely necessary, is associated with a higher likelihood of blood transfusion, and does not affect patient outcomes, suggesting patient care may be improved by less frequent monitoring.     

结直肠息肉切除后并发出血的研究进展

随着我国经济社会的发展,结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率在我国呈现出逐年上升的趋势,目前是我国发病率第四位的肿瘤。结直肠镜检查及内镜下息肉切除术是降低结直肠癌发病率和死亡率的重要手段]。出血、术后电凝综合征、穿孔和腹部不适是内镜下结直肠息肉切除术的主要并发症,其中以出血最常见。结直肠息肉切除后出血会引起一系列不良事件,包括：病人急诊观察、再次入院、重复内镜检查、内镜下止血、输血、血管造影栓塞甚至外科手术结直肠切除,对医院及患者而言均是较大的负担,本文对结直肠息肉切除后并发出血的研究进展做一综述,重点讨论结肠息肉切除后出血的流行病学、出血相关危险因素、出血后处置方法及预防出血措施,以期加深临床医师对此种并发症的认识,从而更好的指导临床工作。     

Effectiveness of Clipping for Definitive Colonic Diverticular Bleeding in Preventing Early Recurrent Bleeding

Objective Clipping is a common technique for managing colonic diverticular bleeding (CDB), despite the lack of published evidence regarding its effectiveness. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of clipping for CDB in preventing early recurrent bleeding. Methods This dual-center retrospective study included 93 patients who underwent emergency hospitalization for bloody stool, diagnosed with definitive CDB, and treated with clipping or conservative treatment. The primary outcome was early recurrent bleeding. A logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between the occurrence of early recurrent bleeding and clipping with adjustment for propensity scores. Secondary outcomes included death, transfusion, length of hospitalization, need for transcatheter arterial embolization or surgery, and adverse events. Results The patient characteristics were similar between the clipping (n=85) and conservative treatment (n=8) groups. The rate of early recurrent bleeding was significantly lower in the clipping group than in the conservative treatment group [23.5% (20 cases) vs. 75% (6 cases), p=0.005]. In the propensity score-adjusted logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for early recurrent bleeding in the clipping group was 0.094 (95% confidence interval, 0.008-0.633, p=0.026). Secondary outcomes were not significantly different between the two groups. Stigmata of recent hemorrhage (SRH) at the time of recurrent bleeding was identified in 79.2% of patients (19/24). In the clipping group, recurrent bleeding was observed in 62.5% of cases (10/16) from the same diverticulum. However, early recurrent bleeding tended to be less likely with direct clipping (p=0.072). Conclusion Clipping for definite CDB was more effective in preventing early recurrent bleeding than conservative treatment.