实时三维超声心动图评价左心室容积的临床应用:与二维超声心动图的对比研究

目的 评价实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)测量成人左室容积和射血分数(EF)的可行性,探讨RT-3DE与二维超声心动图(2DE)测量成人左室容积和EF的相关性.方法 选择健康及各类心脏疾病患者210例,用双平面Simpson法获得左室舒张末容积(EDV)、收缩末容积(ESV)和EF;于心尖四腔观获得左室"金字塔"形全容积三维数据库,脱机用Qlab分析软件,半自动分析获得EDV、ESV及EF值.对比分析两种方法测算左室容积和EF值的相关性.结果 所有受检者的左室RT-3DE图像均成功获取和分析,每位受检者RT-3DE和2DE图像获取和分析所需时间平均为(6±2)min和(5±1)min,图像质量好、良、差分别为70%与72%、23%与20%、6%与8%.2DE和RT-3DE获得的左室容积有明显的相关性,EDV分别为(81±31)ml,(85±35)ml,r=0.9i,P＜0.001;ESV分别为(32±22)ml,(35±25)ml,r=0.93,P＜0.001;EF分别为(63±11)%,(61±10)%,r=0.81,P＜0.001.结论 RT-3DE检测左室容积和功能简便、快捷、易行,对不同的心血管疾病,RT-3DE和2DE测算的容积和心功能有明显的相关性.     

实时三维超声心动图对左右心室容积测量的对比研究

目的　探讨实时三维超声心动图测量左心室与右心室容积的方法及其准确性。方法　应用实时三维超声诊断仪与后处理工作站对 3 5例健康成人进行三维成像及后处理分析。分别采用心尖长轴 2平面法、4平面法、8平面法及 16平面法测量左心室容积 ,并与二维Simpson法所测容积进行对照 ;以 8平面法分别测量左心室与右心室每搏量 ,并进行对照分析。结果　 2平面法与 4平面法的左心室容积测值间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;4平面法与 8平面法及 16平面法测值间差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。二维Simpson法与 4平面法所测左心室容积相关性好 (r =0 .90 ) ,但二维测值偏低 ,差异有显著性意义 (P<0 .0 5 )。 8平面法测得左心室每搏量与右心室每搏量相关性良好 (r =0 .98)。结论　实时三维超声心动图测量左心室与右心室容积的准确性高 ,可重复性好。对左心室容积测量建议临床采用长轴 4平面法。     

多层螺旋CT与超声对比定量评估左心功能

目的通过16层螺旋CT(MSCT)与超声左心容积数据的对比,初步探讨MSCT定量评估左心功能在心容积数据方面的准确性及可行性。方法选择22例8h内同时进行了MSCT冠状动脉造影及超声心动图检查的患者,对比MSCT自动测量与手工测量值的相关性,MSCT自动测量与超声测量值的相关性。结果MSCT左心容积各组数据自动与手动测量结果相关性高(r>0.98,P>0.05);MSCT自动测量与超声测量结果相关性良好(r>0.90,P>0.05)。结论MSCT冠状动脉造影检查所获得的自动与手动左心容积数据准确性高,可用于临床诊断。     

Anatomic validation of a novel method for left ventricular volume and mass measurements with use of real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography.

Assessment of left ventricular (LV) volumes and mass is a critical element in the evaluation of patients with cardiovascular disease. However, most non-invasive methods used for the quantitative measurements of LV volume and mass have important intrinsic limitations. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3D echo) is a new technique capable of acquiring volumetric images without cardiac or respiratory gating. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a system for rapid LV volume and mass measurements with the use of RT3D echo images. To this end, in 11 explanted sheep hearts, the left ventricle was instrumented with a latex balloon and filled with known volumes of saline solution. Two independent observers made volume calculations from images acquired with RT3D echo. In addition, 21 open-chest sheep were imaged with RT3D echo for LV mass calculation. Anatomic LV mass was determined after removing the heart. A strong correlation was observed between the actual LV volumes and those calculated from the RT3D echo images (r = 0.99; y = 1.31 + 0.98x; standard error of the estimate = 2.2 mL). An analysis of intraobserver and interobserver variabilities revealed high indexes of agreement. A strong correlation was observed between actual LV mass and that calculated from RT3D echo images (r = 0.94; y = 14.4 + 0.89x; standard error of the estimate = 8.5 gm). Thus RT3D echo images allow rapid and accurate measurements of LV volume and mass. This technique may expand the use of cardiac ultrasonography for the quantitative assessment of heart disease.     

The validation of volumetric real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for the determination of left ventricular function.

The objective of this study was to validate a real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) technique for the determination of left ventricular (LV) volume and ejection fraction (EF). In 10 mongrel dogs, an electromagnetic flow (EMF) probe was placed on the aorta, and the thorax was closed. Transthoracic imaging was performed during multiple hemodynamic conditions (n = 58) with simultaneous measurement of stroke volume (SV) with the use of EMF. From the volumetric data set, LV volumes were manually traced off-line by 2 independent observers with an apical rotation method (6 planes) and a conventional method (biplane) in a subset of conditions. This tracing technique was also evaluated in 18 human subjects in whom the calculated EF values were compared with values derived by multigated radionuclide angiography (MUGA). Excellent correlation and close limits of agreement were noted between SV measured by 3DE and EMF (r = 0.93) in dogs. In comparison with EMF-derived SV, 3DE provided better correlation than the biplane method (r = 0.93 versus r = 0.61). Interobserver and intraobserver variabilities were comparable (r = 0.94 and r = 0.94, respectively). In a comparison of MUGA-derived EF values and those obtained by 3DE in human subjects, 3DE provided better correlation than the biplane method (r = 0.94 versus r = 0.85). Real-time 3DE accurately measures left ventricular volumes transthoracically over a wide range of hemodynamic conditions in dogs and accurately determines EF in humans.     

Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for quantification of the difference in left ventricular versus right ventricular stroke volume in a chronic animal model study: Improved results using C-scans for quantifying aortic regurgitation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to test the applicability of calculating the difference between left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) stroke volume (SV) for assessing the severity of aortic (Ao) regurgitation (AR) using a real-time 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic (RT3DE) imaging system. METHODS: The Ao valve was incised in 5 juvenile sheep, 6 to 10 weeks before the study, to produce AR (mean regurgitant fraction = 0.50). Simultaneous hemodynamic and RT3DE images were obtained on open-chest animals with Ao and pulmonary flows derived by Ao and pulmonary electromagnetic flowmeters balanced against each other. Four stages (baseline, volume loading, sodium nitroprusside, and angiotensin infusion) were used to produce a total of 16 different hemodynamic states. Epicardial scanning was done with a 2.5-MHz probe to sequentially record first the RV and then the LV cavities. Cavity volumes from the 3D echocardiography data were determined from angled sector planes (B-scans) and parallel cutting planes (C-scans, which are planes perpendicular to the direction of the volume interrogation). AR volumes were determined from 3D images by computing and then subtracting RV SVs from LV SVs and then these were compared with electromagnetic flowmeter-derived SV and regurgitant volumes. RESULTS: There was close correlation between RV and LV SVs of the RT3DE and electromagnetic methods (C-scans: LV, r = 0.98, standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 2.62 mL, P =.0001; RV, r = 0.89, SEE = 2.67 mL, P <.0001; and B-scans: LV, r = 0.95, SEE = 3.55 mL, P =.0001; RV, r = 0.77, SEE = 2.78 mL, P =.0003). Because of the small size of the RV in this model, the correlation was closer for C-scans than B-scans for RV SV. AR volume estimation also showed that C-scan (r = 0.93, SEE = 4.23 mL, P <.0001) had closer correlation than B-scan (r = 0.89, SEE = 4.87 mL, P <.0001). However, B-scan-derived AR fraction showed closer correlation than did C-scan (r = 0.82 vs r = 0.85, respectively). CONCLUSION: In this animal model, RT3DE imaging had the ability to reliably quantify both LV (B- and C-scans) and RV SVs and to assess the severity of AR.     

Rapid full volume data acquisition by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for assessment of left ventricular indexes in children: a validation study compared with magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the feasibility, accuracy, and reproducibility of a rapid full volume acquisition strategy using real-time (RT) 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (3DE) for measurement of left ventricular (LV) volumes, mass, stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF) in children. METHODS: A total of 19 healthy children (mean 10.6 +/- 2.8 years, 11 male and 9 female) were prospectively enrolled in this study. RT 3DE was performed using an ultrasound system to acquire full volume 3D dataset from the apical window with electrocardiographic triggering in 8 s/dataset. The images were processed offline using software. The LV endocardial and epicardial borders were traced manually to derive LV end-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume, mass, SV, and EF. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were performed on a 1.5-T scanner using a breath hold 2-dimensional cine-FIESTA (fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition) sequence. RESULTS: All RT 3DE and MRI data were acquired successfully for analysis. Measurements of LV end-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume, mass, SV, and EF by RT 3DE correlated well by Pearson regression ( r = 0.86-0.97, P < .001) and agreed well by Bland-Altman analysis with MRI. The interobserver and intraobserver variability of RT 3DE measurements were less than 5%. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study demonstrated that RT 3DE measurements of LV end-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume, mass, SV, and EF in children using rapid full volume acquisition strategy are feasible, accurate, and reproducible and are comparable with MRI measurements.     

Impact of on-line endocardial border detection on determination of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction by transthoracic 3-dimensional echocardiography.

This study was performed to determine whether use of on-line automated border detection (ABD) could reduce data analysis time for 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) while maintaining accuracy of 3DE in measures of left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF). The study proceeded in 2 phases. In the validation phase, 20 subjects were examined with the use of 3DE and of monoplane 2-dimensional (2D) ABD. Results were compared with the reference standard of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the test phase, 20 subjects underwent two 3DE studies (once with images optimized for visual border definition and once with images optimized for ABD border tracking) and a conventionally used 2D ABD study. For 3DE, volumes and EF were determined with the use of manually traced borders and ABD. Analysis times were recorded with a digital stopwatch. In the validation phase, 3DE and MRI results correlated very well (r = 0.99) without systematic differences. Comparison of 2D ABD with MRI showed good correlation for LV volumes (r >/= 0.90) and EF (r = 0.85) despite significant underestimation. For the test phase, Acoustic Quantification-optimized 3-dimensional datasets underestimated end-diastolic volume and EF relative to visually optimized 3-dimensional datasets regardless of whether borders were hand-traced or ABD was used. However, correlations ranged from r = 0.96 to r = 0.98 for LV volumes and 0.88 to 0.91 for LV EF and were superior to those for 2D ABD. Data analysis times decreased moderately with the use of ABD, but scan times increased; total study times were unchanged. Use of on-line ABD with 3DE reduces data analysis time and is more accurate than conventional monoplane 2D ABD but results in underestimation of LV volumes and EF. Additional automated postprocessing techniques may be required to obtain accurate measures, consistently using 3DE in conjunction with on-line ABD.     

Assessment of left ventricular function by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography compared with conventional noninvasive methods.

Quantitative assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction is an essential component of cardiac evaluation. We performed real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography in 56 consecutive patients who underwent multigated radionuclide angiography. Thirteen patients were excluded for the following reasons: 5 for large size of left ventricle required for image acquisition, 5 for suboptimal image quality in real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography, and 3 for atrial fibrillation. Finally, we compared left ventricular ejection fraction assessed by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography and conventional 2-dimensional echocardiography with that obtained by multigated radionuclide angiography in 43 patients. Left ventricular ejection fraction was determined by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography with the use of parallel plane-disks and sector plane-disks summation methods. A good correlation was obtained between both real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography methods and multigated radionuclide angiography (r = 0.87 and 0.90, standard error of estimate = 3.7% and 4.2%), whereas the relation between the 2-dimensional echocardiography method and radionuclide angiography demonstrated a significant departure from the line of identity (P <.001). In addition, interobserver variability was significantly lower (P <.05) for the real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography methods than that by the 2-dimensional echocardiography method. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography may be used for quantification of left ventricular function as an alternative to conventional methods in patients with adequate image quality.     

Optimal rotational interval for 3-dimensional echocardiography data acquisition for rapid and accurate measurement of left ventricular function.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) acquisition time currently limits its routine use for calculating left ventricular volume (LVV) and ejection fraction (EF). Our goal was to reduce the acquisition time by defining the largest rotational acquisition interval that still allows 3DE reconstruction for accurate and reproducible LVV and EF calculation. METHODS: Twenty-one subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging and precordial 3DE with 2 degrees acquisition intervals. Images were processed to result in data sets containing images at 2 degrees, 4 degrees, 8 degrees, 16 degrees, 32 degrees, and 64 degrees intervals by excluding images in between. With use of the paraplane feature, 8 equidistant short-axis slices were generated from each data set. The suitability of these short-axis slices for manual endocardial tracing was scored visually by 4 independent experienced observers. The LVV and EF were calculated by using Simpson's rule from 3DE data sets with 2 degrees, 8 degrees, and 16 degrees intervals, and the results were compared with values obtained from magnetic resonance imaging. The probability of 3DE to detect LVV and EF differences was calculated. RESULTS: All patients were in sinus rhythm with a mean heart rate of 72 bpm (SD + or - 12). The LV short-axis images obtained with 16 degrees rotational scanning intervals allowed LV endocardial tracing in all subjects. Good correlation, close limits of agreement, and nonsignificant differences were found between values of LVV and EF calculated with 3DE at 2 degrees, 8 degrees, and 16 degrees rotational intervals and those obtained with magnetic resonance imaging. At steps of 16 degrees, 3DE had excellent correlation (r = 98, 99, and 99), close limits of agreement (+ or - 38, + or - 28.6, and + or - 4.8), and nonsignificant differences (P =.5,.8, and.2) with values obtained from magnetic resonance imaging for calculating end-diastolic LVV, end-systolic LVV, and EF, respectively. Three-dimensional echocardiography with use of 16 degrees rotational intervals could detect 15-mL differences in end-diastolic volume with a probability of 95%, 11-mL differences in end-systolic volume with a probability of 92%, and 0.02 differences in EF with a probability of 95%. CONCLUSIONS: The 3DE data sets reconstructed with images selected at 16 degrees intervals from data sets obtained at 2 degrees precordial rotational acquisition intervals allowed the generation of LV short-axis images with adequate quality for endocardial border tracing. Therefore precordial acquisition at 16 degrees intervals would be sufficient for the reconstruction of 3DE data sets for LV function measurement. This would reduce the acquisition time while maintaining enough accuracy for clinical decision making and would thus make 3DE more practical as a routine method.     

Anatomic correlation of left atrial appendage by 3-dimensional echocardiography.

The adequate study of the left atrial appendage is an echocardiographic challenge. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of 3-dimensional echocardiography in reconstructing this potentially complex structure.     

Transesophageal 3-dimensional echocardiography: in vivo determination of left ventricular mass in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging.

The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of transesophageal 3-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the in vivo calculation of left ventricular mass (LVM). In addition, mass values obtained by M-mode echocardiography were compared with those calculated by MRI. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricle was performed from a transesophageal and transgastric transducer position with a multiplane transducer in 20 patients. Left ventricular mass was calculated from both transducer positions by using slices of various thicknesses, ranging from 5 to 20 mm. Reproducibility was determined by 5 repeated measurements of mass in each of 5 randomly selected left ventricles. M-mode echocardiography was performed according to the method described by Devereux. For MRI, multiple short-axis views with 10-mm slice thickness were acquired in inspiration hold. Correlation was high for mass determined by 3DE and MRI (for 10-mm slice thickness: r = 0.99; y = 0.99 x - 0.7 g; standard error of estimate = 8.5 g; P <.001). There was no statistical bias, and the limits of agreement ranged from +/-16.4 g to +/-27.2 g, depending on the slice thickness. Variability was lowest for a slice thickness of 10 mm (SD +/- 8.2 g). The reproducibility of mass determination was excellent (mean width of the 95% CI 12.8 g). Left ventricular mass values calculated from the transgastric and transesophageal transducer position were not different from each other (mean bias 0.6 +/- 9.1 g; P = ns). M-mode-based LVM calculations showed systematic overestimation and large measurement variability (bias 23.7 g; 95% CI +/- 92.8 g). Compared with MRI, transesophageal 3DE is an accurate and reproducible method for the determination of LVM and clearly superior to M-mode echocardiography.     

心脏超声造影评价恶性肿瘤化疗患者左心室射血分数与左心室容积

目的比较心脏超声造影与常规超声心动图测量恶性肿瘤化疗患者左心室射血分数（LVEF）与左心室容积的可重复性,探讨心脏超声造影评估恶性肿瘤化疗患者左心功能的价值。 方法选择2016年7至12月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院119例接受了常规超声心动图检查的恶性肿瘤化疗患者。其中图像清晰者42例,图像欠佳者77例。采集所有患者的胸骨旁左心室长轴、心尖四腔、二腔、左心长轴观以及三维动态图像,对于图像欠佳组患者还需采集心脏超声造影状态下的胸骨旁左心室长轴、心尖四腔、二腔、左心长轴观以及三维动态图像。两位资历相当的检查者分别运用EchoPac工作站测得所有患者不同测量方法的LVEF与左心室容积。 结果图像清晰组双平面Simpson法与三维全容积法测量的LVEF差异有统计学意义（t=4.224,P<0.01）,而左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、左心室收缩末期容积（LVESV）差异均无统计学意义;但图像欠佳组双平面Simpson法与三维全容积法测量的LVEF、LVEDV差异均有统计学意义（t=8.650、6.207,P<0.01）,而LVESV差异无统计学意义。对于图像清晰组,无论采用双平面Simpson法还是三维全容积法,2位检查者间测量的LVEF、LVEDV、LVESV差异均无统计学意义。而对于图像欠佳组,无论采用双平面Simpson法还是三维全容积法,2位检查者间测量的LVEF、LVEDV差异均有统计学意义（t=4.286、3.645、3.308、4.189,P<0.01）,而LVESV差异均无统计学意义;行心脏超声造影后,对于图像欠佳组,无论采用双平面Simpson法还是三维全容积法,2位检查者间测量的LVEF、LVEDV、LVESV差异均无统计学意义。组内相关系数（ICC）显示,图像清晰组、图像欠佳组造影前后双平面Simpson法、三维全容积法测量LVESV的可重复性均较好（ICC=0.901、0.858、0.935、0.920、0.884、0.952）。图像清晰组双平面Simpson法、三维全容积法测量LVEF、LVEDV的可重复性均较好（ICC=0.946、0.895、0.776、0.815）。对于图像欠佳组,双平面Simpson法测量LVEF的可重复性较差（ICC=0.625）,但行心脏超声造影后有明显提高（ICC=0.858）;双平面Simpson法、三维全容积法测量LVEDV的可重复性均较差（ICC=0.630、0.712）,但行心脏超声造影后均有明显改善（ICC=0.863、0.914）。 结论心脏超声造影能明显改善图像显示欠佳的化疗患者LVEF与左心室容积测量的可重复性。     

实时三维超声心动图测量左心室容积的实验研究

目的　探讨实时三维超声心动图 (RT 3DE)检测体外模拟左心室室壁瘤条件下的左心室容积的可行性与准确性。方法　使用RT 3DE系统采集 1 5个模拟左心室室壁瘤的橡胶水囊 (对称性 7个 ,非对称性 8个 )以及 1 0只犬离体心脏 ( 6只有左心室室壁瘤形成 ,4只对照 )的“金字塔”形数据库 ,结合容积分析软件 ,分别用 2、4、8、1 6平面法勾画水囊及左心室内膜面 ,计算水囊与左心室容积。同时用二维超声Simpson法测量水囊与左心室容积 ;以注水法测量水囊及左心室实际容积作为参照 ,分别将不同平面法的RT 3DE容积测量值、2DE测值与之相比较。结果　在对称性橡胶水囊容积测量 ,RT 3DE各平面法与实际值均呈正相关 (r =0 .795～ 0 .994) ;2DE亦与实际值正相关 (r =0 .71 5 ) ;RT 3DE、2DE与实际值差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。在非对称性橡胶水囊容积测量 ,RT 3DE各平面法测量的左心室容积与实际值均呈正相关 (r =0 .775～ 0 .988) ,两者差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;2DE与实际值r =0 .5 92 ,两者差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。离体犬左心室室壁瘤组RT 3DE各平面法测量的左心室容积与实际值均呈正相关 (r =0 .765～ 0 .91 4) ,两者差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;2DE与实际值亦呈正相关 (r =0 .61 5 ) ,两者差     

二维斑点追踪技术定量测定左心室容积及整体收缩功能

目的 探讨采用二维斑点追踪超声心动图(STE)定量测定左心室容积及左心室整体收缩功能的可行性。 方法 采用STE在心尖四腔切面测定118人左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)、左心室射血分数(LVEF),并与二维超声心动图(2DE)Simpson双平面法及实时三维超声心动图(RT3DE)测定的LVEDV、LVESV和LVEF进行对比及相关性分析。进行STE测量的重复性分析。 结果 STE测定的LVEDV与2DE差异无统计学意义,低于RT3DE(P<0.05);STE测定的LVESV与RT3DE差异无统计学意义,高于2DE(P<0.05);STE测定的LVEF低于2DE和RT3DE的测定结果(P<0.001)。STE与2DE及RT3DE测定的LVEDV、LVESV、LVEF具有良好相关性(P均<0.001)。STE测定左心室容积的同一观察者和观察者间变异分别为6.94%、8.31%,测定LVEF的同一观察者和观察者间的变异分别为9.12%、9.87%。 结论 STE测定的左心室容积和LVEF与2DE及RT3DE的测定值具有良好的相关性及重复性;STE可用于评价左心室容积及整体收缩功能。     

实时三维超声心动图评价犬多巴酚丁胺负荷试验中左心室容积的变化

目的应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)定量评价犬多巴酚丁胺(Dob)负荷试验(DSE)中左心室容积的变化。方法健康杂种犬32条,随机分为3组:心肌顿抑组8条(冠状动脉结扎15min,再灌注30min),心肌梗死组16条(冠状动脉结扎180min,再灌注30min),正常对照组8条。按照心脏负荷5min阶段程序行DSE。应用RT-3DE获取犬静息状态及输注Dob5、10、20、30、40μg.kg-1.min-1及终止后5min的RT-3DE容积数据库,根据心尖长轴观8平面法勾画左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)及收缩末期容积(LVESV)。比较三组实验犬DSE过程中LVEDV及LVESV的变化。结果正常对照组:随Dob剂量的逐级增加,平均LVEDV和LVESV明显减小;心肌顿抑组:平均LVEDV和LVESV在Dob<20μg.kg-1.min-1时呈减小趋势,在Dob≥20μg.kg-1.min-1时呈增大趋势;心肌梗死组:平均LVEDV和LVESV在Dob<20μg.kg-1.min-1时也呈减小趋势,但在Dob≥20μg.kg-1.min-1时则明显增大。三组实验犬LVEDV及LVESV呈不同的变化趋势。结论应用RT-3DE定量分析DSE过程中左室容积的变化,可以区分心肌顿抑和心肌梗死。RT-3DE有望为临床定量评价心肌顿抑和心肌梗死提供一项有效手段。     

实时三维超声心动图估测左心室容量的实验研究

目的初探实时三维超声心动图(3DE)估测心室容量的可行性和准确性.方法应用Philips公司实时3DE系统采集19只离体猪心金字塔形数据库,结合相应测量软件用心尖长轴系列平面法分别测量左室容量,并与二维双平面Simpson法和猪心左室排水法实测值比较.结果从方差分析、SNK检验及直线相关分析看:实时3DE 16平面法(23.31±14.29)ml、8平面法(23.42±14.56)ml估测左室容量值与猪心左室排水法实测值(23.79±14.78)ml差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),实时3DE 2平面法(17.94±10.46)ml和二维超声双平面Simpson法(19.67±13.46)m1测值与排水法实测值差异则有统计学意义(P＜0.05).而且实时3DE 16平面和8平面法测值与排水法实测值高度相关(r=0.98,P＜0.0001),二维超声双平面Simpson法则较逊(r=0.89).结论实时3DE是心室容量准确估测的又一可靠手段.     

超声心动图实时三平面成像法测量左心室容积的研究

目的在心室腔变形情况下,以注水法实测值为“金标准”,探讨实时三平面成像法(Tri-plane)测量左心室容积的准确性。若Tri-plane法可以准确测量左心室容积,则以其测值为标准,检验双平面Simpson法(2DE-Simpson)测量左心室容积的准确性。方法①在8个模拟左心室室壁瘤的橡胶水囊中(A组),应用Tri-plane法同步采集其三个互成60°角的长轴观图像,手动勾画上述切面观内膜边界测量左心室容积。以注水法实测容积作为“金标准”,将Tri-plane法容积测值与之比较。②在16个存在左室节段性室壁运动异常(RWMA)冠心病患者中(B组),应用Tri-plane法同步采集其心尖四腔观、心尖二腔观及心尖左室长轴观图像,手动勾画上述三个切面观心内膜边界测量左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)和收缩末期容积(LVESV);同时应用2DE-Simpson法测量LVEDV和LVESV。以Tri-plane法所测容积值作为标准,将2DE-Simpson法容积测值与之比较。结果A组,Tri-plane法容积测值和实测左室容积呈高度正相关(r=0.982),且两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组,2DE-Simpson法所测LVEDV和LVESV均低于Tri-plane法测值,其差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论在心腔变形情况下,Tri-plane法可准确地测量左心室容积;而2DE-Simpson法测量左心室容积会造成容积的低估。Tri-plane法在容积测量方面较2DE-Simpson法更具优势。