卡托普利肾动态显像对老年人动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的诊断价值

该文评估卡托普利肾动态显像对老年人动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的诊断价值。方法:经肾动脉造影证实的。肾动脉正常者22例(对照组)和28例老年ARAS 患者(ARAS 组)行卡托普利肾动态显像检查,评价卡托普利肾动态显像诊断 ARAS 的敏感性、特异     

卡托普利肾动态显像对老年人动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的诊断价值

该文评估卡托普利肾动态显像对老年人动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的诊断价值。方法：经肾动脉造影证实的肾动脉正常者22例（对照组）和28例老年ARAS患者（ARAS组）行卡托普利肾动态显像检查，评价卡托普利肾动态显像诊断ARAS的敏感性、特异性，并对其影响因素进行分析。     

卡托普利肾动态显像对肾动脉狭窄的诊断价值

目的探讨卡托普利肾动态显像(肾显像)对肾动脉狭窄的诊断价值.方法回顾分析1993年～2007年我院临床确诊大动脉炎且怀疑有肾动脉受累的110例患者的临床资料.110例患者中男性25例,女性85例,平均年龄为(30.2±10.7)岁.所有患者均进行了肾动脉造影和卡托普利肾显像,并将最终结果分为肾动脉造影正常组(肾动脉无狭窄者,n=33)及肾动脉造影异常组(肾动脉狭窄者,n=77)进行统计分析.结果肾动脉造影证实77例有肾动脉狭窄(≥50%),其中双侧肾动脉狭窄者40例,单侧肾动脉狭窄37例.肾动脉造影异常组的77例肾动脉狭窄患者,73例卡托普利肾显像阳性;肾动脉造影正常组的33例中30例卡托普利肾显像阴性.卡托普利肾显像诊断大动脉炎性肾动脉狭窄的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为94.8%、90.9%和93.6%.卡托普利肾显像诊断单侧肾动脉狭窄的敏感性为94.6%,诊断双侧肾动脉狭窄敏感性为95.0%.110例患者共220支肾动脉,117支肾动脉造影有狭窄病变,其中104支卡托普利肾显像阳性;103支无明显狭窄的肾动脉中,94支卡托普利肾显像阴性.卡托普利肾显像判断血管病变的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为88.9%、91.3%和90.0%.结论卡托普利肾显像与肾动脉造影比较对大动脉炎患者肾动脉狭窄有较高的诊断价值,卡托普利肾显像可作为大动脉炎是否累及肾动脉病变的一种无创性筛选诊断方法.     

彩色多普勒超声对老年动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄患者的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对老年动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(ARAS)患者的诊断价值。方法选择ARAS患者60例(89支)作为ARAS组,其中39例行肾动脉造影,选择肾功能正常患者60例(107支)作为对照组,二维超声观察肾脏大小,彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)观察肾动脉血流形态,多普勒血流频谱观察肾叶间动脉收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期流速、阻力指数、搏动指数、加速度、加速时间、肾动脉PSV、肾动脉与腹主动脉PSV比率(RAR)、肾动脉与叶间动脉PSV比率(RIR)。结果 ARAS组肾脏长径、宽径、厚径、实质厚度和实质/肾窦较对照组明显缩小(P0.01)。ARAS组39例(60支)患者肾动脉造影与经CDFI诊断的κ系数为0.688(P0.01),诊断一致性较好。对重度肾动脉狭窄患者,PSV21 6.5 cm/s、RAR3.1、RIR10.2的敏感性和特异性分别为100%和71.4%、75.0%和71.4%、73.1%和71.4%。结论彩色多普勒超声对于老年ARAS患者筛查诊断、狭窄程度判断和是否选择介入治疗具有重要临床价值。     

比较开搏通与氯沙坦在同位素肾显像中诊断肾动脉狭窄的作用

目的比较开搏通肾显像和氯沙坦肾显像诊断肾动脉狭窄的作用.病例和方法 2000年10月至2001年12月,共46例疑诊肾血管性高血压的住院患者,先行开搏通肾同位素显像,24小时后行氯沙坦同位素肾显像.所有可疑肾动脉狭窄患者在肾显像后7天内行肾动脉造影.结果肾动脉造影显示共92个肾脏中67个肾脏的肾动脉无明显狭窄,另25个肾脏的肾动脉直径狭窄≥50%.开搏通肾显像和氯沙坦肾显像诊断肾动脉狭窄的敏感性分别为60.0%和84.0%,特异性分别为95.5%和97.0%,准确性分别为85.8%和93.4%.后者诊断的敏感性和准确性显著高于前者(P<0.05).结论氯沙坦肾显像诊断肾动脉狭窄的敏感性和准确性明显高于开搏通肾显像.     

99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像在支架置入治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄中的预测评估价值

目的探讨利用99m Tc-DTPA肾动态显像肾小球滤过率(GFR)指标对成功进行经皮腔内肾动脉支架置入术(PTRAS)治疗的单侧脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(ARAS)患者的疗效。方法成功进行PTRAS治疗的单侧ARAS患者,在进行PTRAS治疗前2周及术后6个月进行99m TDTPA肾动态显像;根据患者肾动脉造影狭窄程度,狭窄程度50%~69%为轻度组(24例),70%~89%为中度组(25例)及≥90%为重度组(38例);根据GFR测定结果将患者分为三级:GFR≥30 ml/min为1级;15~30 ml/min为2级;GRF15 ml/min为3级;通过比较ARAS患者治疗前后GFR与血压变化情况,分析其对PTRAS疗效的评价作用。结果肾动脉造影结果显示,轻度和中度组GFR显著高于重度组(t=-2.510,P=0.007);术后1级和2级患者的高血压改善率显著高于3级患者(P0.005);Logistics回归分析显示,肾功能分级是影响患者血压改善的唯一影响因素(OR=1.623,P=0.021)。结论 99m Tc-DTPA肾动态显像可以客观评价单侧ARAS患者PTRAS术后患肾GFR变化,并可预测术后血压改善情况,具有重要价值。     

老年糖尿病肾病肾内动脉阻力指数异常与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的探讨老年糖尿病肾病(DN)患者肾内动脉阻力指数(RI)的异常改变与颈动脉粥样硬化之间的关系。方法选取该院2013年3月至2014年9月收治2型糖尿病(T2DM)DN患者116例,根据患者肾小球滤过率(e GFR)分组,e GFR60 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2为A组(40例),60 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2≤e GFR90 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2为B组(35例),e GFR≥90 ml·min-1·1.73 m-2为C组(41例),选择同期在我院进行健康体检者40例作为对照组(D组),分析各组之间RI以及颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、e GFR的关系,采用ROC获得诊断DN患者肾功能严重损害的RI截断参考值。结果四组RI和IMT呈正相关(r=0.55,P0.05),RI与e GFR呈负相关(r=-0.42,P0.05);四组间血管重构率比较存在差异(F=31.12,P0.05),两两比较发现A组高于其他三组,B组高于C和D两组(P0.05);血管重构类型比较发现负性重构中随e GFR降低出现增加趋势,但仅有A、B两组分别与D组间差异存在统计学意义(P0.05);ROC结果显示,RI0.726作为判定DN患者肾功能严重受损的阶段参考值,其敏感性为84.21%,特异性为89.43%。结论彩色多普勒超声获取肾内动脉RI能够反映DN患者肾脏局部微血管病变、颈动脉粥样硬化和血管重构程度,对患者病情的预测、肾脏损伤的早期诊断以及颈动脉粥样硬化的防治均有重要价值。     

比较开搏通与氯沙坦在同位素肾显像中诊断肾动脉狭窄的作用

目的　比较开搏通肾显像和氯沙坦肾显像诊断肾动脉狭窄的作用。病例和方法　 2 0 0 0年 10月至 2 0 0 1年 12月 ,共 4 6例疑诊肾血管性高血压的住院患者 ,先行开搏通肾同位素显像 ,2 4小时后行氯沙坦同位素肾显像。所有可疑肾动脉狭窄患者在肾显像后 7天内行肾动脉造影。结果　肾动脉造影显示共 92个肾脏中 6 7个肾脏的肾动脉无明显狭窄 ,另 2 5个肾脏的肾动脉直径狭窄≥ 5 0 %。开搏通肾显像和氯沙坦肾显像诊断肾动脉狭窄的敏感性分别为6 0 0 %和 84 0 % ,特异性分别为 95 5 %和 97 0 % ,准确性分别为 85 8%和 93 4 %。后者诊断的敏感性和准确性显著高于前者 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　氯沙坦肾显像诊断肾动脉狭窄的敏感性和准确性明显高于开搏通肾显像。     

卡托普利-肾图诊断肾动脉狭窄的准确性与局限性

目的本文旨在确定卡托普利-肾图诊断骨动脉狭窄的敏感性、特异性和临床价值。病人和方法 55例疑及肾动脉狭窄者于肾血管造影前作卡托普利-肾图。连续二天用~(99m)锝二乙三胺工乙酸(DTPA)测定肾小球滤过率,以~(131)碘邻马尿酸(OIH)测定肾血流量。于第二次测定前一小时口服压碎的卡托普利片剂25mg。肾动脉造影显示狭窄>70％者可确诊为肾动脉狭窄。再回顾性地建立鉴别肾动脉狭窄和原发性高血压的肾图标准:(1)两侧功能不对称;(2)出现卡托普利所致改变。结果 55例患者中35例肾动脉狭窄(21例单侧,14例双侧)。标准有三:(1)患侧     

肾功能与急性冠状动脉综合征患者住院期间不良事件相关性的研究

目的:探讨急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者,不同程度的肾功能降低与住院期间不良事件的关系。方法:对连续入选的629例ACS患者进行回顾性分析,依据适合中国人的改良MDRD方程估算的肾小球滤过率(e GFR)水平,将患者分为肾功能正常(90 m L·min-1·1.73m-2)轻度降低(60~89 m L·min-1·1.73m-2)、中度降低(30~59 m L·min-1·1.73m-2)和重度降低(29 m L·min-1·1.73m-2)四组,分析不同程度肾功能损害患者住院期间不良事件发生率。结果:肾功能降低组(e GFR90 m L·min-1·1.73m-2)较肾功能正常组年龄偏大,多合并高血压、糖尿病,住院期间发生不良事件的比例明显高于正常组,两组比较差异有统计学意义。肾功能正常组与轻度、中度、重度降低组患者住院期间不良事件发生率分别为14.5%、25.8%、45.6%及44.4%,不良事件发生率随肾功能降低而呈逐渐增高趋势(P0.001)。Logistic回归分析证实肾功能降低是住院期间不良事件的独立危险因素(OR=2.224,95%CI:1.445~3.423,P0.001)。结论:肾功能降低ACS患者住院期间不良事件的发生率明显升高,且肾功能降低越显著,则不良事件的发生率越高;肾功能降低是住院期间不良事件的独立危险因素。     

Progression of renal insufficiency in the pre-end-stage renal disease setting

The rate of decline of renal function (RDRF) in the pre-end stage renal disease setting (pre-ESRD) is highly variable. Several factors have been involved as potential modifiers of renal failure progression. This retrospective study attempts to establish which were the main determinants of the RDRF in pre-ESRD patients followed in the predialysis consult. The study group consisted of 230 patients with pre-ESRD not yet on dialysis who were referred to the predialysis consult from January 1998 to July 2002. The mean follow-up time per patient was 356 days. RDRF was assessed as delta of the average of creatinine and urea clearances (CrCl-UCl). Data obtained at time of referral to the predialysis consult were analyzed as potential predictors of the subsequent RDRF. These independent variables included: demographics, comorbid conditions, main hematological and biochemical data, antihypertensive and statin treatment, mean blood pressure, and CrCl-UCl at time of referral. The predictors of delta CrCl-UCl were determined by multiple linear regression analysis. The determinants of the survival without dialysis were established by the Cox regression hazard model, adjusted to renal function at time of referral. Mean CrCl-UCl at time of referral was 10.98 +/- 2.58 ml/min/1.73 m2, and mean delta CrCl-UCl was -0.37 +/- 0.46 ml/min/1.73 m2/month. Patients with diabetic nephropathy and chronic glomerulonephritis had the fastest RDRF, while patients with ischemic nephropathy and chronic interstitial nephritis had the slowest RDRF. Seventy-five patients (46%) required EPO therapy. The best determinants of delta CrCl-UCl were: the 24-hour proteinuria (p < 0.0001), and the hematocrit at time of referral (p = 0.0024). The best determinants of the survival rate without dialysis during the study period were: the proteinuria (in g/24 hours) (R 1, 16; p < 0.0001), the hematocrit at time of referral (OR: 0.88; p < 0.0001), the treatment with EPO (OR: 0.59; p = 0.02), and the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.59; p = 0.01). In conclusion, apart from the rate of proteinuria, which could represent the best marker of the RDRF in chronic renal diseases, the development of anemia was associated with faster decline in renal function.     

老年肾衰患者透析与移植治疗的特点

透析人群正迅速老年化。据统计,全球一百多万接受肾脏替代疗法的尿毒症患者中,约50％年龄大于65岁。英国透析登记资料显示,大于65岁的老年人透析治疗接受率约为300pmp,而18～64岁组仅为72pmp。老年透析患者占总透析人群的比例也在迅速上升。欧洲透析移植协会（EDTA）统计资料显示,大于65岁老年人占总透析人群比例从1985年的22％增加至2001年的51％。总之,当今的血液净化医师应当不仅仅是一名肾脏科医师,同时也必须是一名老年病学医生,必须熟悉老年人肾脏替代疗法的一些特殊规律。     

Revascularization of the renal artery in renovascular hypertension with progressive renal insufficiency

Sixteen patients underwent surgical treatment for severe renovascular hypertension with rapidly progressive renal failure. These patients were assessed preoperatively with the measurement of serum creatinine and blood-urea levels (means 271 +/- 204 mumol/l and 15.6 +/- 10.3 mmol/l respectively), and renal clearances. 5 patients underwent aorto-renal bypass (bilateral in one case) and 11 patients were treated by autotransplantation of the kidney. Operative mortality was 6.2%. Early results were assessed at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. Renal function was normal in 8 patients, improved in 5 (p less than 0.05), unchanged in 1 and worse in 1 by aorto-renal bypass thrombosis. At long-term with a minimum follow-up of 12 months (mean 31 +/- 12 months), the initial improvement in renal function remained steady in 12 patients whilst 1 patient has gone on to hemodialysis. At middle and long-term, 81% of the patients were normotensive without medication or had improved blood pressure (p less than 0.001). These good results confirm the reversibility of renal ischemic lesions and support an aggressive attitude towards the use of revascularization in the surgical treatment of such patients with renovascular hypertension and renal failure.     

老年和儿童肾脏病理形态学的比较

经肾活检明确诊断的60岁以上老年性肾脏病者36例，与同期14岁以下的274例儿童肾活检病例比较，结果显示：老年组原发性肾小球疾病中膜性肾炎最多见，其闪为膜增殖性肾炎；相同病理类型的比较显示，老年组肾小球玻璃样变性、血管和小管间质损害均较儿童组更为明显。     

The role of the renal specialist nurse in prevention of renal failure

This article will investigate the care required for those with reduced renal function before renal replacement therapy (RRT) commences. Renal nurses are often involved with the technical, monitoring and evaluative aspects of RRT for those with end stage renal failure. However, many patients may experience reduced renal function many years before reaching the stage of needing RRT. Renal nurses are already involved in the preparation of patients for RRT, but are not presently exercising their specialist skills in the period before this time by contributing to the prevention of end stage renal failure (ESRF). Screening programmes carried out in various parts of the world demonstrate that many members of the population have undetected renal insufficiency, and may benefit from intervention from the nephrology team to prevent further renal dysfunction. It is for this group of patients that this article will consider the potential for the renal nurse to expand their scope of practice.