Risks for HIV Infection Among Male Street Laborers in Urban Vietnam

Risks for HIV infection remain unknown in male street laborers. This research investigates patterns of self-reported risk behaviors among these men in urban Vietnam. In a cross-sectional survey using a social mapping technique, 450 men, mostly low-skilled and unregistered migrant laborers across 13 districts in Hanoi were approached for interviews. The study revealed that male street laborers were at high risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV. One in every 12 men reported homosexual or bisexual behavior. These men on average had three sexual partners within the preceding year, and condom use was inconsistent. Close to 95 % of the men had reported sexual encounters with regular partners. One-third with commercial sex workers (CSW) and 24.2 % with casual partners, but just under one-third had ever used condoms with regular partners and CSWs and very few (17.6 %) with casual partners at their last sexual encounter. 17.11 % used illicit drugs sometimes, with 66.7 % of them frequently sharing injecting equipment with peers. These men had limited HIV knowledge; 51.4 % incorrectly believed that, once you trust your partner, you no longer need to use condoms and 42.4 % believed that you can tell by looking at someone if they have HIV. Access to HIV prevention was also limited; only 19.8 % of men had been tested for HIV during the previous 12 months, almost 10 % of whom neither returned for the result nor knew their HIV status. The study provides interesting directions for future research and suggests ways to effectively design prevention strategies for these men.     

HIV/AIDS risk perception and behavior of college students of the Metekel Zone,Benishangul Gumuz regional state,Ethiopia

Sexual and reproductive health problems are the main causes of death, disability and disease among young people in the world, particularly in Africa. The objective of this study was to assess human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) risk perception and behavior, and factors associated with risk perception, among college students of the Metekel Zone, Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was used. The data were collected using a pretested and self-administered questionnaire, were entered into EPI INFO version 6 and exported into Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 for analysis. Variables with p < 0.02 in the bivariate logistic regression were entered to multivariate logistic regression and variables with p < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Three hundred and eighty-eight students were participated. Total 43% of respondents (50.70% males and 34.10% females) had had sex. About 48.81% of the sexually active respondents reported that they had had sexual intercourse with two or more partners. About 16.49% of study participants perceived themselves at risk of getting HIV/AIDS and the most frequently, cited reasons for perceiving oneself at risk were having sex without a condom, having multiple sexual partners and having sex with commercial sex workers (CSW). Chewing khat (adjusted OR = 3.54, 95% CI: 1.45?8.63); being willing to undergo voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) (adjusted OR = 4. 30, 95% CI: 1.09?16.88); having seen a person infected/dead of HIV (adjusted OR = 4.23, 95% CI: 1.36?13.13) and having multiple sexual partners (adjusted OR = 6.10, 95% CI: 2.40?15.44) were significantly associated with HIV risk perception. The risk perception of HIV/AIDS among the college students was low despite their involvement in different risky sexual behaviors. The government should use mass media techniques, such as television, radio, mobile services and posters to spread information on HIV transmission prevention among college students, especially information on the importance of condom use, minimizing the number of sexual partners and VCT. College administrations need to disseminate information through special lectures, and group discussions about khat chewing, HIV/AIDS and VCT.     

Collective Efficacy and HIV Prevention in South African Townships

South African townships have high HIV prevalence and a strong need for collective action to change normative sexual risk behaviors. This study investigated the relationship between perceptions of individuals about collective efficacy in the community’s ability to prevent HIV and their personal HIV risk behaviors. Men (n = 1,581) and women (n = 718) completed anonymous surveys within four Black African Townships in Cape Town, South Africa from June 2008 to December 2010. Measures included demographics, alcohol use, attitudinal and behavioral norms, sexual health communications, and sexual risk behaviors. In multivariate logistic regressions, men were more likely to endorse collective efficacy if they were married, drank less often in alcohol serving establishments, believed that fewer men approve of HIV risk behaviors, talk more with others about HIV/AIDS, and had more sex partners in the past month. Women were more likely to endorse collective efficacy if they drank alcohol less often, talked more with others about HIV/AIDS, had more sex partners in the past month, but reported fewer unprotected sex acts in the past month. Community level interventions that strengthen collective efficacy beliefs will have to consider both protective and risk behaviors associated with believing that the community is ready and capable of preventing HIV.     

淮南市男男性行为者艾滋病相关高危行为及影响因素分析

目的了解男男性行为者(MSM)高危行为特征及其影响因素,为制定艾滋病防治措施提供参考依据。方法采用"滚雪球"方法在淮南市招募279名MSM为研究对象,通过问卷收集人口学、艾滋病知识、高危行为及干预服务接受情况等,对数据进行单因素及多因素logistic回归分析。结果 279名调查对象绝大部分为青壮年,平均年龄28岁,未婚居多、文化程度以高中及以上为主,AIDS知识知晓率为89.90%。最近6个月,应答者中100%的调查对象发生过同性肛交,7.72%发生过同性商业性行为,31.05%MSM曾经和异性发生性接触;过去6个月同性非商业性无保护肛交的发生率为62.36%,同性无保护商业性性行为发生率为38.10%,与异性发生无保护性行为发生率为83.53%。多因素logistic回归分析发现,来自县城的招募对象、最近一周同性肛交多于1次、最近六个月有异性性行为、最近一年患过性病、高艾滋病知识得分、最近一年检测过HIV与MSM最近6个月同性肛交安全套坚持使用率的关系有统计学意义。结论淮南市MSM人群艾滋病相关的高危行为普遍存在,亟需采取针对性的干预措施。     

Use of the Internet to Meet Sexual Partners,Sexual Risk Behavior,and Mental Health in Transgender Adults

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of the internet to meet sexual partners among transgender individuals and examine correlates of this use, including sexual risk behavior, discrimination experiences, and mental health. A sample of 166 transgender adults (112 male-to-female transgender women and 54 female-to-male transgender men) were recruited in community venues and anonymously completed measures assessing these variables. Most participants (64.5 %) were HIV-negative, 25.2 % were HIV-positive, and 10.3 % did not know their HIV status. Overall, 33.7 % of participants reported having met a sexual partner over the internet, which did not differ significantly between transgender women and men. Among these individuals, transgender women reported significantly more lifetime internet sexual partners (median = 3) than transgender men (median = 1). Use of the internet to meet sexual partners was associated with lower self-esteem but not with depression, anxiety, somatic distress or discrimination experiences. Among transgender women, use of the internet to meet sexual partners was associated with each of the 11 sexual risk behaviors examined, including having multiple partners, sex under the influence of drugs, number of unprotected anal or vaginal sex acts, and history of commercial sex work. The use of the internet to meet partners was not associated with sexual risk behavior among transgender men (0/11 variables assessed). Although the internet is a common mode of meeting sexual partners among some transgender adults, it may also be a potential venue for prevention interventions targeting transgender individuals at particularly high risk for HIV acquisition.     

Men Who Report Recent Male and Female Sex Partners in Cape Town, South Africa: An Understudied and Underserved Population

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa has largely focused on the needs of heterosexual men and women. However, little is known about the sexual risk histories of men who have sex with both men and women (MSMW). Furthermore, we know very little about the psychosocial health needs or of the possibility of a syndemic (numerous interrelated epidemics) among MSMW. We surveyed 1,203 men attending drinking establishments in a township located in Cape Town, South Africa. We compared the behaviors and experiences of MSMW to men reporting only having sex with women (MSW). Twelve percent of the sample reported having sex with both men and women in the past 4 months. MSMW were twice as likely as MSW to report being HIV positive (10.5 vs. 4.6 %). MSW were more likely to be married than MSMW but reported similar numbers of female sex partners. MSMW were more likely to report a history of childhood sexual abuse, recent experienced and perpetrated physical and sexual partner violence, both receiving and giving sex for money, drugs, or shelter, and a recent STI. These factors were found to be interrelated among MSW but not MSMW. Although MSMW demonstrate considerable risk taking and report higher rates of HIV infection than MSW, their needs are largely unmet and underemphasized. Findings suggest the need to better understand factors contributing to sexual risk taking among MSMW. HIV prevention interventions should consider psychosocial health problems unique to MSMW residing in South African townships.     

Relationship Characteristics and HIV Transmission Risk in Same-Sex Male Couples in HIV Serodiscordant Relationships

Unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) remains a main risk factor for HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) and this is of particular concern for partners of HIV serodiscordant status. However, HIV transmission risk has been demonstrated to vary by the sexual position adopted among partners. Guided by interdependence theory, this study examined how relational factors were differentially associated with risk taking (HIV-positive/insertive and HIV-negative/receptive) and strategic positioning (HIV-positive/receptive and HIV-negative/insertive) UAI within serodiscordant same-sex male couples. HIV-positive men and their HIV-negative partners (n _couples = 91; n _individuals = 182) simultaneously but independently completed computerized questionnaires and HIV-positive men had blood drawn for viral load. A minority of couples (30 %) engaged in risk taking and/or strategic positioning unprotected anal sex. Results of multinomial logistic regression indicated that HIV-negative partners’ levels of relationship commitment were positively associated with the odds of engaging in strategic positioning sexual behaviors. For HIV-negative partners, reports of relationship intimacy, and sexual satisfaction were negatively associated with odds of reporting risk taking behavior. In contrast, HIV-positive partners’ reported sexual satisfaction was positively associated with odds of engaging in risk taking behavior. Findings suggested that aspects of relational quality may be differentially associated with sexual decision making for same-sex male couples in serodiscordant relationships. Study findings lend support for the incorporation of discussions of HIV risk reduction strategies, enhancing communication between partners, and support for general relationship functioning in HIV care.     

男男性行为人群同性恋身份自我认同与艾滋病危险因素的相关性

[目的]探索男男性接触者（MSM）对自己同性恋身份的认同及其与艾滋病相关危险因素的关系。[方法]使用统一设计的调查问卷,对利用＂滚雪球＂、＂网络动员＂等途径招募的151名MSM采用匿名面对面询问方式调查其自我认同、性行为、性伴网络、吸毒史和健康相关行为。[结果]消极自我认同的比例为56.29%（85/151）。文化程度与自我认同有关联性（χ2=8.022,P〈0.05）。自认性取向为同性恋的积极自我认同比例高于自认性取向为双性恋和异性恋者（χ2=5.108,P〈0.05）。不同自我认同和与男性首次性行为年龄、与异性结婚可能性、人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）抗体检测率、过去6个月有异性性伴/固定男性伴/多次男性伴等因素的关联有统计学意义（P值均〈0.05）,其中积极自我认同的MSM与男性首次性行为更多发生在20岁以前、与异性结婚可能性小、更易接受HIV检测服务、拥有固定男性伴比例高、拥有异性性伴和多次男性伴的比例小。[结论]MSM人群消极自我认同的比例较高,其无保护性交和多性伴较广泛地存在,主动求医进行HIV抗体检测率较低,感染HIV危险性和传播桥梁作用也更大。应广泛开展社会反歧视宣传,促进MSM积极自我认同,增进艾滋病预防服务利用,有效降低艾滋病传播的风险。     

Patterns of Exchange Sex and HIV Infection in High-Risk Heterosexual Men and Women

Heterosexual partnerships involving the trade of money or goods for sex are a well-described HIV risk factor in Africa and Southeast Asia, but less research has been conducted on exchange partnerships and their impact on HIV infection in the United States. In our study, men and women were recruited from high-risk risk neighborhoods in New York City through respondent-driven sampling in 2006–2007. We examined the factors associated with having an exchange partner in the past year, the relationship between exchange partnerships and HIV infection, and the risk characteristics of those with exchange partners by the directionality of payment. Overall, 28% of men and 41% of women had a past-year exchange partner. For men, factors independently associated with exchange partnerships were older age, more total sexual partners, male partners, and frequent non-injection drug use. For women, factors were homelessness, more total sexual partners, more unprotected sex partners, and frequent non-injection drug use. Exchange partnerships were associated with HIV infection for both men and women, although the relationships were substantially confounded by other behavioral risks. Those who both bought and sold sex exhibited the highest levels of risk with their exchange and non-exchange partners. Exchange partnerships may be an HIV risk both directly and indirectly, given the overlap of this phenomenon with other risk factors that occur with both exchange and non-exchange partners.     

Epidemiology, Sexual Risk Behavior, and HIV Prevention Practices of Men who Have Sex with Men Using GRINDR in Los Angeles, California

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are at alarming risk for HIV acquisition, demonstrating the highest rates of incident infection of any age-risk group. GRINDR is a global positioning service-based social networking application popular with YMSM for sexual partnering. To assess the characteristics of YMSM who use GRINDR, we conducted a computer-assisted self-interview-based survey of 375 YMSM using GRINDR in metropolitan Los Angeles, recruited using the GRINDR platform. The median age was 25 (interquartile range, 22–27) years old, 42.4 % caucasian, 6.4 % African American, 33.6 % Latino, and 14.1 % Asian/Pacific Islander. Participants reported high rates of sexual partnering and unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). The majority (70 %) of those reporting unprotected anal intercourse reported low perception of HIV-acquisition risk. Of the participants, 83.1 % reported HIV testing within the past 12 months; 4.3 % had never been HIV tested. Of the participants, 4.5 % reported HIV-positive serostatus; 51.7 % indicated that they would be interested in participating in a future HIV prevention trial. Latinos were more likely than either caucasians or African Americans to endorse trial participation interest (odds ratio, 1.9; 95 % confidence interval [1.1–3.3]). HIV-positive test results were associated with increased number of anal sex partners in the past 3 months (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 1.53 [0.97–2.40]), inconsistent inquiry about partners’ serostatus (AOR, 3.63 [1.37–9.64]), reporting the purpose for GRINDR use including “friendship” (AOR, 0.17 [0.03–1.06), and meeting a sexual partner in a bookstore in the past 3 months (AOR, 33.84 [0.99–1152]). Men recruited via GRINDR were high risk for HIV acquisition or transmission and interested in clinical trial participation, suggesting potential for this method to be used for recruitment of YMSM to HIV prevention trials.     

温州市农村地区≥60岁老年男性嫖客艾滋病知识及性行为特征调查

目的 了解温州市农村地区60岁及以上老年男性嫖客艾滋病知识知晓、性行为、HIV检测行为和社会心理等特征,为制定针对性的干预措施提供科学依据。 方法 于2018年7—9月对居住在温州农村地区,过去1年有过商业性行为的60岁及以上男性老年人进行问卷调查,并采集静脉血进行HIV抗体、梅毒抗体检测。 结果 共调查60岁及以上老年男性嫖客77名,平均年龄为(69.57±6.53)岁,已婚有配偶占64.94%,文盲占51.95%,艾滋病知识知晓率偏低,最近1年性欲得到满足的占27.27%,最近半年发生性行为占76.62%,与暗娼、临时性伴发生性行为比例分别为63.64%、70.13%,每次安全套使用率分别为20.41%、18.52%,不使用安全套的最主要原因为不舒服不用,占65.31%,寻找暗娼主要场所是路边店,占34.69%,发生性行为前使用壮阳药者占11.86%。15.58%曾经做过HIV抗体检测,愿意接受HIV抗体检测的占89.61%。未检出HIV抗体阳性者,梅毒抗体阳性检出率为9.09%。 结论 温州市农村地区老年男性嫖客艾滋病知识知晓率和安全套使用率均偏低,梅毒感染率较高,存在感染艾滋病的风险,需根据该人群特点开展针对性的艾滋病宣传教育工作。     

HIV Infection and Sexual Behaviors Among Non-Commercial Men Who Have Sex with Men at Different Venues

The prevalence of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) has increased rapidly in China. Previous studies suggested that some venue-specific characteristics could significantly affect MSM’s sexual behaviors that were related to HIV transmission. Thus, to compare the HIV infection rates and related risky sexual behaviors among MSM at different venues, we conducted a cross-sectional study with time-location sampling in Shenzhen, China. Among the 801 MSM recruited in the study, 7.0 % (n = 56) were found to be HIV positive, with 0.9 % of MSM at bars (BMSM), 3.5 % of MSM at suburban recreational centers (RMSM), 8.1 % of MSM at saunas (SMSM), 9.3 % of MSM at parks (PMSM), and 10.1 % of MSM at dorm-based venues (DMSM). HIV infection was significantly more prevalent in MSM in dorm-based venues, parks, and saunas than in other venues. Compared to MSM in other venues, BMSM were more likely to be single, drug and alcohol users, but less likely to be HIV and syphilis positive. More PMSM reported having unprotected anal intercourse with other men while more SMSM reported having multiple male sex partners and more RMSM had a low level of HIV-related knowledge. The results indicated that MSM frequenting different venues were inconsistent with regards to demographic characteristics, HIV and syphilis infection rates, and risky sexual behaviors. Greater efforts are needed to develop intervention strategies that target specific venues and risky behaviors.     

应用同伴推动抽样法对深圳地区男男性接触者AIDS相关知识和危险行为调查

目的用同伴推动抽样（RDS）方法了解深圳地区男男性接触者（MSM）的AIDS相关知识和危险行为。方法2007年10—12月在深圳地区应用RDS方法招募MSM为研究对象，利用结构式问卷调查分析其HIV／AIDS知识、HIV风险感知、吸毒及性行为等。结果共招募351例MSM，平均年龄（27±6）岁，汉族占92．3％，未婚占78．1％，大专及以上文化程度占16．5％，非娱乐场所从业人员占61．5％。最近6个月，92．9％MSM和男性有肛交性行为，86．9％有口交性行为；68．5％有多个肛交性伴，每次使用安全套比例仅为57．0％；74．1％有多个口交性伴，每次使用安全套比例仅为13．1％；9．7％曾与男男性工作者发生性行为，其中24．2％不是每次使用安全套；28．5％MSM曾和女性（包括女性性工作者）发生性接触，其中仅36．8％每次使用安全套。13．7％MSM曾吸食过毒品。82．3％MSM艾滋病知识得分在7分以上（应得分为11分），但仅6．0％认为很可能感染HIV。结论深圳地区被调查的MSM的艾滋病风险感知认识程度低，且危险行为发生率较高。应加强MSM人群健康教育和行为干预，促进行为改变，降低艾滋病性病传播危险。     

泰安市男男性行为大学生艾滋病感染及相关行为状况

了解泰安市大中专院校大学生男男性行为者(men sho have sex with men,MSM)的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况及其相关危险行为,为制定适宜的健康干预措施提供依据.方法 采用横断面调查研究,对泰安市大中专院校在校MSM人群通过自愿咨询检测(VCT)的方式获得方便样本,采用自填式问卷调查收集人口学特征和行为学信息,并采集血液样本进行HIV、梅毒和单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(HSV-Ⅱ)的血清学检测.结果 共有127例男男性行为者参与研究.性行为角色以“肛交性行为的被插入方”为主的占42.5%.最常用的寻找性伴的方式是网络(89.0%),其中69人通过男同交友软件Blued,占54.3%.有79.4%的被试存在多性伴,近6个月与固定性伴、临时性伴发生无保护肛交的比例分别为60.4%(55/91),50.7%(37/73).最近一次肛交的安全套使用率仅为61.4%,未使用安全套的原因主要是认为和性伴彼此忠诚(18.4%)、身边没有(18.4%)、认为自己不会感染HIV(16.3%).大学生艾滋病知识知晓率为96.1%,但8题全部答对的比例仅为58.3%.大学生HIV感染率为3.1%,4.7%曾感染过梅毒,HSV-Ⅱ血清阳性率为3.1%.单因素分析显示,主要性行为方式以“肛交性行为的插入方”角色为主、使用Blued软件作为寻找性伴的主要方式、与固定性伴发生无保护性行为是HIV感染的危险因素,但Logistic回归分析均无统计学意义.结论 泰安市大中专院校学生MSM艾滋病流行已经显现.急需采取针对性措施提高感染风险意识,改变普遍存在的高危性行为.     

Cross-sectional study of sexual behaviour and knowledge about HIV among urban, rural, and minority residents in Viet Nam

OBJECTIVE: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in three districts of Quang Ninh province, Viet Nam, to find out what proportion of the people who lived there engaged in behaviour that put them at risk of becoming infected with HIV, and to measure their knowledge about HIV infection and AIDS. METHODS: The survey was conducted in a rural district, Yen Hung; a mountainous district inhabited primarily by ethnic minority groups, Binh Lieu; and an urban district, Ha Long. Participants aged 15-45 years were randomly selected from the general population to be interviewed. FINDINGS: A total of 630 people from 707 households were interviewed; 8% were not home despite repeated visits and 3% refused to participate. The prevalence of premarital intercourse ranged from 9% to 16% among married men and 4% to 7% among married women. Among single men the proportion who had ever had intercourse ranged from 6% to 16%. Fewer than 3% reported having ever had sex with a sex worker. The median number of extramarital sex partners was 1. Knowledge about HIV/AIDS was high in the urban and rural areas but low in the mountainous area. Being male and being 20-29 years old were associated with having multiple sex partners. CONCLUSION: The low prevalence of individuals reporting that they had had intercourse with sex workers and partners other than their spouse may explain the low rates of HIV infection among the heterosexual population; these rates are in contrast to the high rates of HIV infection found among injecting drug users. The association between having extramarital partners and being a younger man suggests that the tendency to have more sexual partners may increase in the future. If this happens, the potential for HIV to be spread through heterosexual sex will increase.     

男男性接触者中异性爱者与素质性同性爱者艾滋病高危性行为比较

目的探讨中国男男性接触者（MSM）中异性爱者与素质性同性爱者（gay）艾滋病高危性行为状况。方法采用定向抽样方法，对9城市2250例MSM进行匿名问卷调查，比较其中异性爱组与gay组的高危性行为。结果异性爱组累计同性性伴数（平均13．8个）、近6个月同性性伴数（平均3．8个）、累计同性口交性伴数（平均10．5个）和同性肛交性伴数（平均12．4个），均低于gay组；在婚异性爱组累计女性性伴数（平均4．9个）、近6个月女性性伴数（平均1．7个），均高于在婚gay组。异性爱组同性性交安全套使用率（68．8％）低于gay组；但最近1次同性肛交安全套使用率（91．3％）、与女性性交安全套使用率（63．7％）均高于gay组；两组最近1次同性肛交安全套使用率（分别为91．3％、71．0％）均高于最近1次同性口交安全套使用率。异性爱组最近1年曾参加群交百分率（9．9％）、性交时自己或对方出血过百分率（16．7％）、到外地并与当地男性性交百分率（11．4％），曾向同性买性百分率（4．6％）、16岁前遭遇过成年男性实施的强迫性交百分率（4．2％），均低于gay组。结论MSM中异性爱者与gay的高危性行为存在诸多差异，为有效阻断HIV传播，干预工作应选择重点亚人群进行。     

Risk Reduction Practices in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Switzerland: Serosorting, Strategic Positioning, and Withdrawal Before Ejaculation

The aim of this study was to identify predictors of intentional use of the HIV risk reduction practices of serosorting, strategic positioning, and withdrawal before ejaculation during unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with casual partners. A cross-sectional survey pertaining to the Swiss HIV behavioral surveillance system, using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire, was conducted in 2007 in a self-selected sample of men having sex with other men (MSM). Analysis was restricted to participants with UAI with casual partner(s) (N = 410). Logistic regression was used to estimate factors associated with intentional use of serosorting, strategic positioning, and withdrawal before ejaculation. In the previous 12 months, 71% of participants reported having UAI with a casual partner of different or unknown HIV-status. Of these, 47% reported practicing withdrawal, 38% serosorting, and 25% strategic positioning. In the 319 participants with known HIV-status, serosorting was associated with frequent Internet use to find partners (OR = 2.32), STI (OR = 2.07), and HIV testing in the past 12 months (OR = 1.81). Strategic positioning was associated with HIV-status (OR = 0.13) and having UAI with a partner of different or unknown HIV-status (OR = 3.57). Withdrawal was more frequently practiced by HIV-negative participants or participants reporting high numbers of sexual partners (OR = 2.48) and having UAI with a partner of unknown or different serostatus (OR = 2.08). Risk reduction practices are widely used by MSM, each practice having its own specificities. Further research is needed to determine the contextual factors surrounding harm reduction practices, particularly the strategic or opportunistic nature of their use.     

上海市松江区男男性行为人群相关高危险性行为及态度调查

[目的]调查男男性行为人群（men who have sex with men,MSM）多性伴和高危险性行为的相关情况,为今后在该人群中开展有效的行为干预提供依据。[方法]采用＂滚雪球＂法对松江区150名MSM开展横断面匿名问卷调查,使用SPSS 18.0进行资料统计分析。[结果]调查对象平均年龄为（29.3±9.2）岁,首次同性性行为时平均年龄为（21.7±4.9）岁,过去6个月的平均性伴数为（3.0±4.1）人。近6个月内寻找同性性伴的主要途径为：网络占80.2%,同志酒吧占20.8%,浴室、桑拿占14.6%等。54.7%的对象目前有固定男性伴,安全套使用率较低。75.3%的对象接受过HIV检测,2年内平均检测次数为（2.8±3.0）次。[结论]HIV在该人群高度流行并向一般人群传播的可能性极大,在MSM人群中开展艾滋病干预工作是一项迫在眉睫的工作。     

Men Who Have Met Sex Partners via the Internet: Prevalence, Predictors, and Implications for HIV Prevention

This study examined the prevalence of Internet use for meeting sexual partners among men who have sex with men. The study also examined HIV risk behaviors among men who reported meeting a sexual partner via the Internet. A sample of 609 men was surveyed while attending a gay pride festival in Atlanta, GA. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing demographic information, Internet use, gay acculturation, AIDS knowledge, attitudes about condoms, global substance use, and sexual behavior. A substantial majority of men (75%) reported using the Internet to access gay-oriented web sites. One third of the sample (34%) reported having met a sexual partner via the Internet. Men meeting sex partners online reported higher rates of methamphetamine use. Men meeting sexual partners over the Internet reported having sex with more male partners in the previous 6 months (M = 8.38, it SD = 19.39) compared with men not meeting partners in this manner (M = 3.13, SD = 4.99, p < .001). Men meeting partners via the Internet also reported higher rates of sexual risk behaviors including unprotected anal receptive intercourse (p < .05) and unprotected anal insertive intercourse (p < .01). The high prevalence of Internet use as a method of meeting sexual partners suggests that sexual networks may be forming over the Internet. The Internet therefore provides opportunities for new HIV primary prevention interventions.     

Interactions between persons at risk for AIDS and the general population in Denmark.

A nationwide study of sexual behavior was undertaken among 4,680 randomly selected Danes aged 18-59 years. The median number of sexual partners (lifetime) was highest for men aged 30-34 years (eight partners) and for women aged 25-29 years (seven partners). After adjustment for age and sex, having had greater than or equal to 5 sexual partners in the past year was strongly associated with living in larger cities, intravenous drug use, and having sex with a prostitute, a bisexual man, an intravenous drug user, or a resident of sub-Saharan Africa. The frequency of ever having had anal intercourse was highest among women aged 20-34 years (range, 27%-36%) and was independently associated only with increasing number of sexual partners (lifetime). Overall, 2.7% of men reported any homosexual experience, among whom most (88%) had also had heterosexual intercourse. Prostitute contact (ever) was reported by 13% of all men and was associated with a high educational level, a history of travel, a greater number of sexual partners, and intravenous drug use. Overall, sexual contact with someone considered at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (a homosexual/bisexual man, intravenous drug user, prostitute, or sub-Saharan African resident) was reported by 15.9% of men and 4.8% of women. Among active blood donors (past year), 12.5% of men and 4.0% of women had engaged in potentially risky behavior. HIV testing was deliberately sought more often by respondents exposed to someone at increased risk of HIV infection (10.6%) than by those unexposed (6.5%, p less than 0.01). Exposure to persons at risk of HIV infection is considerable in Denmark. The majority of persons who have had potential exposure to HIV have not yet been tested for HIV.