不同分子遗传学方法用于自然流产绒毛细胞遗传分析的效果

目的 探讨多重连接探针扩增法(MLPA)+荧光原位杂交(FISH)和比较基因组杂交(CGH)+FISH的分子遗传学方法用于自然流产绒毛细胞遗传分析的效果.方法 收集29例自然流产绒毛组织以及6例选择性终止早期妊娠妇女的绒毛组织,采用CGH+FISH、MLPA+FISH方法进行遗传学分析,并与传统的绒毛细胞培养染色体核型分析结果进行比较.结果 MLPA+FISH检测时间为40 h,CGH+FISH检测时问为120 h,绒毛细胞培养染色体核型分析时间为(240±72)h,3者分别比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).CGH、MLPA、FISH和绒毛细胞培养染色体核型分析的标本成功获检率分别为97%(34/35)、100%(35/35)、100%(35/35)和91%(32/35),4者比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.01).除去CGH获检失败的1份样本外,MLPA+FISH与CGH+FISH的分析结果一致,CGH获检失败的1例标本经MLPA+FISH检测获得了结果.CGH+FISH或MLPA+FISH检测结果与绒毛细胞培养染色体核型分析结果的不一致率分别为13%(4/31)、12%(4/32),两者比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 MLPA+FISH检测耗时短,检测成功率高;MLPA+FISH检测用于自然流产绒毛细胞遗传分析是对绒毛细胞培养染色体核型分析方法的重要补充.     

早期自然流产绒毛组织SNP-array遗传学诊断研究

目的:初步探讨单核苷酸多态性阵列(SNP-array)在早期流产绒毛遗传学诊断中的临床应用价值。方法:选取临床诊断为早期自然流产的82例患者,刮宫术后获取绒毛组织,行常规绒毛细胞培养G显带核型分析,并同时提取绒毛组织DNA进行SNP-array检测,比较两者的检测结果。结果:常规绒毛细胞培养G显带核型诊断成功率87.8%(72/82),SNP-array诊断成功率为100%(82/82)。G显带分析获得结果 72例,核型正常35例,核型异常37例,异常率51.4%(37/72)。82例SNP-array分析结果中,核型正常30例,核型异常52例,异常率63.4%(52/82)。G显带分析失败的10例标本中,SNP-array检出6例异常;G显带与SNP-array结果不符的12例中,包括2例全基因组单亲二倍体(uniparental disomy,UPD),2例是部分染色体UPD。结论:SNP-array技术具有高准确性、高通量、快速检测等优点,在自然流产绒毛遗传学分析中具有较强的临床应用价值。     

荧光原位杂交技术在自然流产绒毛染色体核型检测中的应用

目的 探讨荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术在提高自然流产绒毛染色体核型分析准确性和异常核型检出率中的作用.方法 采用18、X、Y染色体着丝粒探针和13、21及16、22染色体单一序列探针,对100例自然流产绒毛标本同时进行FISH检测和常规染色体核型分析,比较并分析2种方法的一致性及差异.结果 (1)染色体核型分析:100例流产绒毛标本培养成功率为89.0％(89/100).检出异常核型51例,异常核型检出率为57.3％(51/89),其中常染色体非整倍体37例、性染色体非整倍体4例、三倍体2例、四倍体1例,还有1例核型为68,XX,结构异常6例.(2) FISH技术检测:100例流产绒毛标本均获得FISH结果,成功率为100.0％.共检出38例染色体异常,异常核型检出率为38.0％(38/100),其中常染色体非整倍体25例、性染色体非整倍体5例、三倍体3例,还有1例13、16、18、21、22号染色体均为三倍体,嵌合体4例.(3)核型分析与FISH结果的异同:在绒毛标本培养失败的11例中,FISH检测出染色体异常2例,占18.2％(2/11);核型为46,XY者中FISH检测出3例非整倍体嵌合体;核型为46,XX者中FISH检测出染色体异常2例.FISH能检测出的染色体异常占所有染色体异常核型的65.5％(38/58).结论 FISH技术能简便、快速的检测自然流产绒毛染色体非整倍体数目异常,联合常规染色体核型分析能提高染色体核型分析的准确性和异常核型的检出率.     

FISH技术在检测自然流产绒毛组织非整倍体异常中的应用研究

目的:探讨运用荧光原位杂交(FISH)检测自然流产绒毛组织的临床价值,评价它与传统经典的核型分析方法的关系。方法:对157例孕早期自然流产的绒毛组织进行FISH检测,均采用16、22、13、21、18、X、Y号染色体荧光探针检测,判断染色体非整倍体异常情况。同时进行绒毛细胞培养染色体核型分析,作为对照诊断标准。结果:核型分析成功率为48.4%,FISH检测成功率为100%。核型分析成功的76例样本中,64例结果与核型分析结果相一致,以细胞遗传学作为诊断标准,诊断的符合率为84.2%。结论:FISH技术与传统的绒毛细胞培养染色体核型分析相比,过程迅速,方法简单,提高了诊断的成功率,但无法完全取代传统的染色体核型分析,应两者结合应用于临床。     

自然流产绒毛染色体核型分析的研究现状

自然流产的发病率日趋升高,其主要原因为染色体异常,分析胚胎染色体的核型对寻找自然流产的原因具有重要意义。绒毛细胞染色体制片的培养法成功率高于直接法,但培养法的操作难度及成本亦高于直接法;自然流产的绒毛染色体异常核型中以非整倍体的发生最多见,其中16三体约占三体的1/3;自然流产、辅助妊娠后流产的绒毛染色体异常率分别都高于人工流产的绒毛染色体异常率;对于自然流产绒毛染色体异常与支原体、衣原体感染相关性及自然流产次数、年龄、孕周及胚胎性别与绒毛染色体核型的关系均尚无明确结论。目前类似以上通过绒毛染色体分析寻找自然流产原因的研究很多,但可以治疗的原因并不多见,故还需结合临床的实验指标,寻找与绒毛染色体的相关性,进一步提高染色体分析的意义。     

不同受精方式早期自然流产物染色体异常分析

目的探讨不同受精方式对临床早期自然流产组织的染色体异常分布的影响。方法回顾性分析102例早期流产患者的临床资料,应用微阵列比较基因组杂交技术(array-based comparative genomic hybridization,a CGH)比较体外受精(IVF)组(35例)、卵胞质内单精子注射(ICSI)组(31例)、对照组(自然妊娠及夫精人工授精组,36例)流产组织染色体异常率及拷贝数变异(copy number variants,CNVs)。结果流产组织染色体异常率3组间比较差异无显著统计学意义,其中三倍体最常见,其次为微重复/微缺失、单体等。IVF/ICSI微刺激促排卵患者流产组织核型异常比例最高,随着流产次数增加,正常核型胚胎比例增加。共检测出20个CNVs,9个CNVs为基因组微重复,11个CNVs为基因组微缺失。结论不同受精方式不影响其自然流产妊娠物染色体异常率及异常分布,有意义的CNVs及其包含的流产相关候选基因将为进一步揭示自然流产原因提供研究方向。     

G显带和aCGH技术联合检测92例早期自然流产妊娠物核型分析

目的:探讨影响早期自然流产妊娠物染色体异常的因素以及微阵列比较基因组杂交技术(aCGH)在流产妊娠物核型检测中的应用价值.方法:收集在我院妇产科门诊确诊为“胚胎停育”的病例共92例,对清宫后获得的妊娠物进行绒毛染色体G显带核型分析,绒毛体外培养或G显带分析失败的进行aCGH检测.结果:本实验对92例自然流产妊娠物的绒毛组织进行体外培养,85例(92.4％)G显带染色体核型分析成功,失败的7例进行aCGH检测,两种方法联合分析的成功率100％.其中异常核型50例(异常率54.3％),非整倍体40例(非整倍体率43.5％).复发性流产和偶发性流产患者的异常率分别是50.0％和58.3％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).年龄≥35岁患者妊娠物核型为非整倍体的概率(61.5％)大于年龄＜35岁的患者(36.4％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).流产儿男女性别比约为1∶1.2,男性胚胎核型异常率(42.9％)小于女性(64.0％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).超声检查示妊娠囊内无胎芽和有胎芽患者的核型异常率分别为53.3％和54.8％ (P ＞0.05);曾见胎心和从未见胎心患者的异常率分别为58.7％和50.0％,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:自然流产妊娠物核型异常的风险与流产次数以及有无胎芽或胎心无关,非整倍体妊娠的风险随母体年龄增大,女性胚胎在早孕期更易发生染色体异常.aCGH技术在检测流产妊娠物核型中有优越性.     

FISH快速检测自然流产绒毛染色体非整倍体异常的临床价值

目的:探讨应用荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)对早期自然流产绒毛染色体非整倍体检测的临床价值。方法:对30例因自然流产行清宫术的绒毛组织行FISH分析,使用7种探针对13、16、18、21、22号和X、Y染色体进行了检测,并对这30例流产夫妇行外周血淋巴细胞染色体常规核型分析。结果:FISH分析的30例自然流产的绒毛组织中,有17例检测出了异常信号,检出率为57%,其中8例16-三体、2例22-三体、2例13-三体和5例三倍体。30例自然流产夫妇外周血淋巴细胞染色体核型未见异常。结论:FISH技术可以快速、简便地检测出流产物绒毛组织染色体非整倍体的异常,FISH技术的应用可以为自然流产夫妇遗传咨询提供重要的信息。     

复发性流产染色体异常及影响因素分析

目的探讨复发性流产染色体异常及影响因素。方法选取2015年1月至2017年11月在郑州大学第二附属医院就诊的复发性流产患者73例,其中52例清宫术后新鲜绒毛组织同时行G显带染色体核型分析和高通量测序(NGS)检测;21例因自然流产或药物流产后绒毛组织行NGS检测,其父母均行外周血染色体核型分析。结果 (1)52例清宫术后绒毛染色体核型正常37例,数目异常15例;NGS检测正常14例(26.9%),数目异常7例,数目异常且存在拷贝数变异(CNV)7例,仅存在CNV10 Mb的重复或缺失24例;1例染色体核型分析为45,XO,NGS结果为正常。21例自然流产后绒毛仅行NGS患者中,数目异常5例,CNV10 Mb的重复或缺失2例,正常14例。73例患者中,父方染色体均正常,母方染色体异常4例(5.5%),其中2例染色体平衡易位者胚胎染色体分别为14-三体合并CNV和7-三体,1例染色体平衡易位和1例10号染色体长臂内倒位者胚胎染色体正常。(2)73例患者中,年龄≥35岁者绒毛染色体异常发生率(76.7%,23/30)高于年龄35岁者(53.5%,23/43)(P=0.044)。自然流产3次者绒毛染色体异常发生率(73.3%,33/45)高于自然流产≥4次者(46.4%,13/28)(P=0.021);排除胚胎染色体异常因素后,自然流产≥4次者自身免疫抗体阳性率(60.0%,9/15)高于自然流产3次者(8.3%,1/12)(P=0.006)。结论高通量测序技术可检测染色体微粒缺失,高龄是引起复发性流产胚胎染色体异常的高危因素,自然流产≥4次者自身免疫抗体阳性率增加。     

高通量基因测序检测稽留流产绒毛染色体异常的价值分析

目的分析高通量基因测序技术和细胞培养染色体核型分析技术检测稽留流产绒毛染色体的差别。方法选取53例稽留流产刮宫患者对其绒毛组织分别进行细胞培养核型检测和高通量测序检测。结果 (1)细胞核型分析技术:培养失败2例,培养成功的患者中染色体未见异常23例,染色体数目异常27例,染色体结构异常1例;(2)高通量基因测序技术:所有均检测成功,19例染色体未见异常,染色体数目异常27例,染色体结构异常7例。结论高通量基因测序能发现稽留流产绒毛染色体微小结构异常。     

Array comparative genomic hybridization profiling of first-trimester spontaneous abortions that fail to grow in vitro

OBJECTIVES: Cytogenetic analysis of spontaneous abortion samples can be limited by culture failure. Failure to grow in vitro has traditionally been suspected to be due to in vivo death of tissue associated with spontaneous abortion (SAB) or simply technical factors of growth in culture. METHOD: We used array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) to investigate chromosomal imbalances in products of conception that failed to grow in vitro. RESULTS: Our data on 26 cases of SABs that failed to grow in culture are compared and contrasted with published data on cytogenetic findings following in vitro culture. The results revealed abnormalities uncommonly seen by classic cytogenetic methods. These abnormalities include high rates of double aneuploidy and autosomal monosomy. The data taken together suggest that classic cytogenetics of spontaneous abortion may yield normal karyotypes or selected abnormal karyotypes that permit cell proliferation in vitro while Array CGH detects other abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Array CGH is becoming an important clinical assay for unbalanced chromosome abnormalities whether cells grow in culture or not and in cases of analysis on one or few cells.     

Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of spontaneous abortion.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility and superiority of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in the genetic analysis of spontaneously aborted tissues. METHODS: 38 conceptuses from early failed pregnancies were studied, of which, 27 samples were fresh and 11 were old. Each sample was divided into two parts, one part for conventional cytogenetic analysis and the other for CGH analysis. RESULTS: All 38 spontaneously aborted tissues were analyzed successfully by the CGH approach, but only 31 samples received results from the cytogenetic karyotype analysis, while 7 other tissues failed to get data due to failure in tissue culturing. Among the specimen successfully analyzed by both approaches, 90% (28 out of 31) obtained identical results, and 14 aneuploidies were found. The only structural chromosome aberration in this series, 46, XY, del(3) (q22-24), was found using the CGH approach, which appeared as a normal male karyotype on the chromosomal metaphase spread. Also, two cases indicated triploidies under cytogenetic analysis but appeared to be normal on the CGH profile. In addition, among the seven samples of tissue culture failure, CGH identified three to be aneuploidies. CONCLUSION: The CGH analysis accurately identifies chromosomal unbalanced abnormalities related to spontaneous abortions with low failure rate.     

Cytogenetic analysis of trophoblasts by comparative genomic hybridization in embryo-fetal development anomalies

Cytogenetic studies of spontaneous abortions or intrauterine fetal death depend on conventional tissue culturing and karyotyping. This technique has limitations such as culture failure and selective growth of maternal cells. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using specific probes permits diagnosis of aneuploidies but is limited to one or a few chromosomal regions. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) provides an overview of chromosomal gains and losses in a single hybridization directly from DNA samples. In a prospective study, we analyzed by CGH trophoblast cells from 21 fetuses in cases of spontaneous abortions, intrauterine fetal death or polymalformed syndrome. Six numerical chromosomal abnormalities including one trisomy 7, one trisomy 10, three trisomies 18, one trisomy 21 and one monosomy X have been correctly identified by CGH. One structural abnormality of the long arm of chromosome 1 has been characterized by CGH. One triploidy and two balanced pericentromeric inversions of chromosome 9 have not been identified by CGH. Sexual chromosomal constitutions were concordant by both classical cytogenetic technique and CGH. Contribution of trophoblast analysis by CGH in embryo-fetal development anomalies is discussed.     

Cytogenetical diagnosis in paraffin-embedded fetoplacental tissue using comparative genomic hybridization

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a FISH-related technique used to assess global chromosomal aberrations in a variety of human tumours. Recently CGH has been applied to cytogenetic analysis of fresh frozen fetoplacental tissues. Here we report the application of CGH to paraffin-embedded placental samples. Ten samples from paraffin-embedded blocks of 6 control placentas and fetoplacental tissue from 10 aneuploidies, and 2 unbalanced aberrations were evaluated. Balanced karyotype profiles were obtained from samples of healthy placentas and all samples from the same placenta appeared to have similar confidence intervals. CGH analysis of four cases of trisomy 21, three cases of trisomy 18, one case of trisomy 13, one case of trisomy 15 and one case of trisomy 7 all showed overrepresentation of the respective trisomic chromosome. The CGH profile was also in accordance with the karyotyping of a case with isochromosome 21. The CGH profile of a case with der (2)t(2;6)(q37.3;q22.2) revealed partial trisomy for chromosome 6 between q21 and q27. CGH may be a useful adjunct in prenatal genetic diagnosis when retrospective diagnosis is needed from archival samples.     

Comparative genomic hybridization-assisted prenatal diagnosis of a de novo inverted duplication of chromosome 10q. A case report

BACKGROUND: Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) can detect chromosomal imbalance using genomic DNA extracted from tissue without culture and or metaphase spread preparation. It remains a powerful adjunct to conventional karyotyping to help solve clinical cytogenetic cases of intricate unbalanced aberrations. CASE: A 30-year-old, pregnant woman underwent amniocentesis at 16 weeks of gestational age. She had received radioiodine treatment for thyroid disease 4 years earlier and had delivered a healthy infant after treatment. Conventional chromosomal analysis from cultured amniotic fluid cells revealed additional material added to the end of the long arm of 1 chromosome 10. With the aid of CGH, a cytogenetic diagnosis of 46, XY, inv dup(10)(q26q22) was made. CONCLUSION: Though little evidence exists that genetic change on meiosis of oocytes could result from radioiodine treatment, attention should still be paid to pregnant women who have received it. In the case of doubtful results on conventional cytogenetic studies, comparative genomic hybridization could play a role.     

多重连接依赖探针扩增技术在稽留流产绒毛组织染色体核型分析中的应用

目的 探讨多重连接依赖探针扩增(MLPA)技术在稽留流产绒毛组织染色体核型分析中的应用.方法 选择2008年2-10月于深圳市妇幼保健院就诊,经激素水平测定、B超和临床检查确诊为稽留流产患者91例为病例组;随机抽样方法选择同期20例经激素水平测定、B超和临床检查为正常妊娠,要求人工流产者为对照组.人工流产术中无菌条件下获取两组妇女的绒毛组织,培养后每份样本分别采用传统细胞遗传学G显带染色体核型分析方法、同时提取DNA采用MLPA技术分析染色体异常,并与传统染色体核型分析结果进行比较.结果 91例病例组样本中,有84例(92%)采用MLPA技术进行染色体核型分析的非整倍体结果与传统染色体核型分析方法的结果一致,其中包括正常核型40例、常染色体三体29例、常染色体双三体1例、X染色体单体合并常染色体三体1例、X染色体单体10例、嵌合性X染色体单体2例和1例结构异常46,XX,der(5)t(5;8)(p1.2;q1.2);其余结果不一致的7例中,采用传统染色体核型分析方法检测出2例三倍体和5例四倍体,而采用MLPA技术检测结果均为正常的二倍体.20例对照组样本两种技术的分析结果均一致.结论 MLPA技术分析染色体非整倍体异常是一种简单、快速且有效的方法,具有临床实际应用价值.     

Analysis of uncultured amniocytes by comparative genomic hybridization: a prospective prenatal study

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a new molecular cytogenetic technique which can detect and map whole and partial aneuploidies throughout a genomic specimen DNA without culturing specimen cells. Thus, CGH may be used as a comprehensive and rapid screening test in prenatal unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities detection. We report the results of the first prospective study to evaluate the use of the CGH technique on uncultured amniocytes. Seventy-one amniotic fluid samples, obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis between the 14th and 35th weeks of gestation, were simultaneously investigated using CGH and conventional cytogenetics. Amniocentesis were done for advanced maternal age (21.1%), fetal ultrasound anomalies (73.3%) and high level of biochemical markers in maternal serum (5.6%). Sixty-six (93%) informative results were generated on a total of 71 analysed specimens. Fifty-nine samples were reported as disomic for all autosomes with a normal sex chromosome constitution using CGH and conventional cytogenetics. Among them, three pericentromeric chromosomal inversions were undetected by CGH analysis. Seven numerical aberrations were characterized, including one case of trisomy 13, one case of trisomy 18 and five cases of trisomy 21. Advantages and limitations of CGH for a rapid prenatal screening of unbalanced chromosomal aberrations are discussed.     

Chromosomal copy number analysis of products of conception by conventional karyotyping and next-generation sequencing

PurposeChromosomal abnormalities are a major cause of spontaneous abortion, and conventional G‐banded karyotyping (G‐banding) is mainly utilized for chromosomal analysis. Recently, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has been introduced for chromosomal analysis. Here, we aimed to investigate the applicability and utility of NGS‐based chromosomal analysis of products of conception (POC) on chorionic villus samples from spontaneous abortion.MethodsThe results of chromosomal analysis of 7 chorionic villus samples from spontaneous abortion were compared between conventional G‐banding and NGS‐based chromosomal copy number analysis. Age dependency and frequency of each chromosomal aneuploidy were evaluated for 279 cases analyzed by NGS.ResultsExcluding two cases (culture failure and maternal cell contamination), the results were consistent between G‐banding and NGS. For cases analyzed by NGS, the rate of chromosomal abnormality increased in a maternal age‐dependent manner. The frequency of each chromosomal aneuploidy detected by NGS was almost the same as that previously reported. Finally, NGS analysis was possible for difficult cases by G‐banding analysis, such as culture failure, maternal cell contamination, long‐term storage cases, and low cell number.ConclusionsChromosome analysis using NGS not only obtains comparable results to conventional G‐banding, but also can analyze POC more accurately and efficiently.     

Cytogenetic analysis of azoospermic patients: karyotype comparison of peripheral blood lymphocytes and testicular tissue

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to compare the results of a complete chromosomal, genetic and histological investigation in 13 azoospermic men with the results of the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedure. STUDY DESIGN: Peripheral blood samples were used for the measurement of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, chromosomal analysis, microdeletions in the azoospermia factor (AZF) region of the Y chromosome and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutation analysis. Testicular tissue was used for histological scoring and cytogenetic evaluation. RESULTS: Peripheral blood cytogenetic analysis revealed a normal male karyotype in all cases. Chromosomal analysis from testicular tissue revealed a mosaicism for the terminal deletion of chromosome 22 with a breakpoint site at 22q13 in one patient with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD). Deletions in the AZFa, ATFb, and AZFc regions were not detected. The CFTR mutational analysis showed normal results in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cytogenetic evaluation of testicular tissue should be performed in non-obstructive and obstructive azoospermic patients as well as in patients with multiple failed IVF and recurrent spontaneous abortion.