新型抗癫癎药物对认知功能的影响

1概述癫癎是一个复杂的神经科临床综合征,作为一种多发病、常见病,极大地影响人们的健康。目前癫癎的治疗主要是依靠西药治疗,包括传统的抗癫癎药物(如卡马西平、丙戊酸等)和新型抗癫癎药物(如托吡酯、奥卡西平等)。抗癫癎治疗的总体目标是确保癫癎患者拥有尽可能好的生活质量,使他们能够和癫癎以及相关的精神和身体障碍和谐共处。癫癎的治疗,尤其是药物治疗是很复杂的。目前常用的抗癫癎药物共有十几种,如何安全、有效、个体化的抗癫癎药物治疗是亟待解决的问题。传统抗癫癎药物临床使用时间长,疗效确切,价格低廉,目前仍是临床抗癫癎治疗一线用药。但是传统抗癫癎药物由于副作用大,药物间相互作用较多,患者不易耐受等缺点,使其在临床应用受到一定限制。国际抗癫癎联盟(ILAE)指南认为,在儿童和老年患者由于存在耐受性或药物间相互作用等潜在问题,因此对这些特殊人群推荐首选新型抗癫癎药物。认知是大脑的高级神经活动,包括理解、记忆、学习能力、注意力、警觉性和知觉等。抗癫癎药物对认知功能的影响具有双重性,因其对病变部位神经元的兴奋性和维持正常认知功能神经元的兴奋性有同样的降低作用,故抗癫癎药物导致的认知损害在一定程度上以减少痫性发作来代偿。影响癫癎认知功...     

抗癫药物分类及作用机制的研究进展

 药物是治疗癫的一线手段,抗癫药物已经经历了一个多世纪的发展。从1978年以前上市的传统抗癫药物,到1993年以后上市的新型抗癫药物,抗癫药物在作用机制、疗效与不良反应方面的研究都取得了一些新进展。近年一批新药正在进行临床试验,未来有望用于临床;某些可能具有抗癫作用的靶点、机制及通路也是目前的研究热点。本文将从药理机制上对历代抗癫药物及其可能的新的作用机制的研究进展作一回顾与综述。     

脑干卒中后癫(癎)的临床表现及发生机制(附10例报告)

目的:探讨脑干卒中后继发癫(癎)的临床表现及其可能机制.方法:回顾性分析我院10年来收治的脑干卒中继发癫(癎)患者的临床表现及脑电图结果.结果:①548例脑干卒中中有10例(1.8%)继发癫(癎)发作,发作类型依次为强直-阵挛发作、强直发作、阵挛发作、失神发作;②8例行脑电图检查5例正常,2例呈轻度异常出现散在快θ波增多,各联波率普遍减慢,仅1例重度异常表现为出现弥漫性δ波,双侧尖波、棘波短阵发放.结论:脑干卒中后癫(癎)为全面性发作,(癎)性发作可发生于各发病阶段,患者的脑电图异常率较低,改变较轻.血肿刺激、脑水肿、颅内压增高、缺血缺氧等可能是早期癫(癎)发作的主要机制,晚期癫(癎)发作则与胶质细胞增生、瘢痕形成、中风囊等致(癎)灶有关.     

结节性硬化致癫癎患者抗癫癎治疗缓解停药后随访观察

目的:观察结节性硬化致癫癎患者抗癫癎治疗缓解停药后的临床变化特点.方法:山东省癫癎病医院自1 990年以来收治患结节性硬化的癫癎患者98例,对其中15例抗癫癎治疗缓解停药后的患者进行随访,主要观察复发率及再治疗情况,并分析缓解停药后癫癎复发的原因.结果:经平均5年的随访,15例中有10例(66.7%)持续缓解,5例(33.3%)复发,1例复发再治疗后缓解停药;总持续缓解率为73.3%(11/15),绝对复发率26.7%(4/15);复发者可能与脑电图异常、脑内病损程度以及青春期有关.结论:在结节性硬化致癫癎患者,抗癫癎治疗缓解后应合理停药,停药后的复发率与所有类型癫癎的总复发率相当.     

癫(癎)患者依从性与疗效关系

癫(癎)是一种脑部慢性发作性疾病,具有病程长、反复发作的特点.目前主要治疗方法是长期规律服用抗癫(癎)药,一般需服药3～5 a.在长期的治疗过程中,患者按医嘱规律服用抗癫(癎)是治疗成败的重要因素[1].     

奥卡西平治疗成人癫(癎)的疗效和安全性观察

目的:观察及评价奥卡西平单药治疗成年癫(癎)患者的疗效和安全性.方法:109例临床新确诊的成年癫(癎)患者随机分为2组,一组以奥卡西平单药治疗(OXC组),另一组予以传统抗癫(癎)药物(卡马西平或丙戊酸钠等)单药治疗(AEDs组),随访6个月,比较两组的癫(癎)发作频率和不良反应.结果:OXC组总有效率79.6%,完全控制率为42.6%,不良反应的发生率20.4%,且症状较轻,患者耐受性良好;AEDs组总有效率76.4%,完全控制率41.8%,不良反应的发生率38.2%,症状多为中度,需给予对症处理或停药.两组治疗总有效率无明显差异,不良反应发生率的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:奥卡西平抗癫(癎)疗效肯定,不良反应轻微,是一种广谱、有效、安全的新型抗癫(癎)药物.     

癫癎病人血中抗癫癎药物浓度的HPLC监测

目的测定癫癎病人血中抗癫癎药物的浓度,以便探讨药物浓度与年龄、性别的关系. 方法采用反相高效液相色谱法,测定192例癫癎病人的抗癫癎药物浓度,年龄17.15±10.58岁,其中男性133名,女性59名. 结果癫癎病人稳态血药浓度达有效治疗浓度范围的人数为35.40%,与年龄、性别无关. 结论癫癎病人疗效与达有效治疗浓度可能有关,因此在临床上对药物浓度进行监测意义重大.     

头皮下磁性材料穴位植入联合电脉冲治疗癫癎380例临床观察

癫癎是神经系统常见的疾病,抗癫癎药物和外科手术是传统的治疗癫癎的主要方法.我院1994年7月-2002年12月,利用电磁场之间的相互作用关系,通过外加电磁场以纠正紊乱的脑电活动.     

托吡酯单药治疗癫(癎)132例的疗效观察

目的 评价单用托吡酯治疗癫(癎)的效果和安全性.方法 132例癫(癎)患者予以单用口服托吡酯,观察不同发作类型、年龄与疗效的关系.结果托吡酯对部分性发作、全面性发作均有较好疗效,两者疗效差异无统计学意义,托吡酯对成人以及儿童均有较好疗效,不良反应较少且不严重.结论 托吡酯单药治疗各型癫(癎)均有较好疗效,是一种广谱、安全、有效的新型抗癫(癎)药物.     

癫癎模型的研究进展

癫癎是常见的神经系统疾病之一，建立实验性癫癎模型。探讨其发病机理，寻找有效的治疗方法和筛选抗癫癎药物。是研究癫癎的重要途径。本文就癫癎模型的研究进展作一综述。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.