经颅多普勒屏气试验对中度血管性痴呆的预后评估

目的应用经颅多普勒屏气试验研究脑血管储备功能对中度血管性痴呆预后的影响。方法通过经颅多普勒彩超屏气试验测定正常对照组、无颅内动脉狭窄及伴有大脑中动脉狭窄的中度血管性痴呆患者的屏气指数(BHI)、Vm上升率(Vm%),并于6个月后随访。结果两组中度血管性痴呆患者的BHI、Vm%较对照组均有下降(P<0.01),且伴有大脑中动脉狭窄的中度痴呆组(MCASVD)下降更加明显(P<0.01)。6个月后两中度痴呆组MMSE评分及BHI、Vm%不同程度下降(P<0.01或P<0.05),MCASVD组下降更加明显(P<0.01)。结论脑血管储备功能下降与血管性痴呆发生及发展具有相关性,可能对血管性痴呆的预后评估具有重要价值。     

颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者脑血管反应性和认知功能的相关性研究

目的 探讨不同部位颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的脑血管反应性(cerebral vascular reactivity,CVR)和认知功能改变的特点及两者的相关性。方法 选取颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者58例为病例组,按照狭窄部位分为左侧狭窄组、右侧狭窄组和双侧狭窄组,另选取正常人20例为对照组,采用经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)结合屏气试验分别检测各组屏气指数(breath-holding index,BHI),用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)评估各组的认知功能。结果 病例组的BHI均低于对照组,双侧狭窄组低于左、右侧狭窄组; 右侧狭窄组的MoCA视空间/执行得分低于左侧狭窄组和对照组,左侧狭窄组的延迟记忆得分低于右侧狭窄组和对照组,双侧狭窄组的视空间/执行、延迟记忆和语言功能得分均低于对照组,且MoCA总分低于左、右侧狭窄组; 病例组内的BHI与MoCA总分呈正相关(r=0.411,0.474,0.868,P<0.05)。结论(1)颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的BHI明显降低,认知功能也有不同程度损害;(2)颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的BHI和MoCA总分有明显关系,将两者结合可更全面地反映认知功能。     

颈动脉支架植入术对脑血管反应性的影响

目的 探讨颈动脉支架植入术前后脑血管反应性(cerebral vasoreactivity,CVR)的变化规律及其影响因素.方法 采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)结合屏气试验检测42例颈动脉支架植入术患者手术前1 d、术后1～2 d双侧大脑中动脉的屏气指数(breath-holding index,BHI).采用配对t检验分析支架植入术前后BHI的变化规律,并采用多元回归法分析术后BHI升高的相关因素.结果 42例患者术后手术侧BHI均较术前明显提高(术前0.63±0.20,术后1.01±0.10,t=14.28 P=0.00),且无症状组(术前0.77±0.09,术后1.06±0.18,t=-16.74,P=0.00)、症状组(术前0.51±0.19,术后0.97±0.09,t=-11.18,P=0.00)患者手术前后差异均有统计学意义,非手术侧术后BHI虽较前增加,但差异无统计学意义.术后BHI的提高幅度与术前BHI呈负相关(β=-1.00,P=0.00),与术后BHI呈正相关(β=1.00,P=0.00).结论 颈动脉支架植入术能明显改善狭窄侧的CVR,改善程度与手术前和术后BHI有关.     

偏头痛患者伴发心脏卵圆孔未闭脑血管反应性研究

目的探讨心脏卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)与偏头痛的相关性,以及偏头痛伴发PFO患者的脑血管反应性差异。方法利用经颅多普勒超声声学造影(contrast transcranial Doppler,cTCD)及经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)屏气实验检查,对照分析西安交通大学第一附属医院神经内科2013-03-2013-10 62例偏头痛患者与43例正常志愿者,伴发PFO结果和脑血管反应性。结果偏头痛组PFO阳性率明显高于正常对照组(51.61%vs 27.91%,P=0.015),PFO阳性的偏头痛患者头痛侧大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)屏气指数(breath holding index,BHI)值明显低于PFO阴性患者(0.82±0.58vs 1.34±0.72,P=0.013)。结果偏头痛与PFO共患率高,偏头痛伴发PFO患者头痛侧脑血管反应性降低。     

眼动脉血管反应性在2型糖尿病患者脑血管病变中的诊断价值

目的 评估眼动脉血管反应性在2型糖尿病脑血管病变中的临床诊断价值.方法 运用经颅多普勒诊断仪,对27例2型糖尿病患者和23例健康体检者行TCD检查,对比分析两组人群大脑中动脉(MCA)及眼动脉(OA)的平均血流速度(Vm)、搏动指数(PI)、屏气指数(BHI)的差异程度.结果 糖尿病组与对照组比较,OA的平均血流速度(Vm)、屏气后的平均血流速度(Vm’)、屏气指数(BHI)均降低,与对照组比较均有统计学意义;糖尿病组与对照组比较,MCA的搏动指数(PI)、屏气后的搏动指数(PI’)均增高,与对照组比较均有统计学意义.结论 糖尿病患者MCA、OA的脑血管反应性检测,能早期识别2型糖尿病大血管和微血管病变,为2型糖尿病患者早期及时提供防治依据.     

脑梗死患者脑血管反应性研究

目的应用经颅多普勒超声结合屏气试验评价脑梗死患者的脑血管反应性（CVR）。方法采用经颅多普勒超声结合屏气试验检测30例急性期颈内动脉系统脑梗死患者,30例急性期腔隙性脑梗死患者的屏气指数（BHI）,并与60例健康者进行对比。结果急性期颈内动脉系统脑梗死患者和腔隙性脑梗死患者屏气指数均显著低于对照组,颈内动脉系统脑梗死侧显著低于对侧和腔隙性脑梗死患者。结论脑血管反应性与脑梗死有密切关系,检测脑血管反应性对于预测脑卒中风险至关重要。     

经颅多普勒超声屏气试验评价脑血管反应性及其与脑血管病危险因素关系的研究

目的应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)屏气试验评价正常人及具有脑血管病危险因素患者的脑血管反应性(CVR)及其与脑血管危险因素的关系。方法采用TCD屏气试验对137例具有各种脑血管病危险因素患者及87名不同年龄段的正常人群,分别检测屏气前后大脑中动脉(MCA)流速增长的百分数,即屏气指数(BHI)作为CVR的评价指标,并对CVR与危险因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果>60岁组及41~60岁组的正常人屏气前后平均血流速度(Vm及Vm′)低于20~40岁组(均P<0.05),而>60岁组Vm及Vm′又低于41~60岁组(均P<0.05),而BHI值差异无显著性。高血压、高三酰甘油、高胆固醇、糖尿病、吸烟均与BHI异常有关,其中高血压的关系最为密切。结论TCD屏气试验作为一种简单、方便、经济的检测手段,可有效地用于CVR评价。高血压病能显著影响CVR。     

阻塞性呼吸睡眠暂停综合征与高血压并存患者脑血管功能状态的TCD初探

目的 研究分析阻塞性呼吸睡眠暂停综合征(OSAS)与高血压并存患者脑血管功能状态.方法 采用EME公司的COMPIONEⅡ型号经颅多普勒检查仪(TCD),对85例OSAS与高血压并存患者进行TCD检查,判断血管状态,采用屏气试验评价脑血管反应性,记录大脑中动脉(MCA)的平均血流速度(Vm)、搏动指数(PI),屏气指数(BHI)并与对照组比较,进行统计学分析.结果 两组间血管异常情况经χ~2检验,χ~2=4.1,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义.两组间的Vm经配对t检验,t=1.80,P>0.05差异无统计学意义.两组间的PI经配对t检验,t=1.62,P>0.05,差异无统计学意义.两组间BHI经配对t检验,t=4.75,P<0.01,差异有统计学意义.结论 OS-AS与高血压并存患者的脑血管功能状态与对照组比较脑血管反应性较差,更易发生动脉硬化,形成管腔狭窄.     

经颅多普勒超声检测MCA与OA在原发性高血压病中的脑血流储备研究

目的运用经颅多普勒超声对高血压病患者大脑中动脉(MCA)和眼动脉(OA)血流储备及血管反应性研究,探讨其检查结果及临床意义。方法门诊随机抽取20例原发性高血压病患者40只眼及同时期体检健康20例正常对照组40只眼,运用经颅多普勒超声检查2组患者MCA及OA的平均血流速度(Vm)、屏气后的平均血流速度(Vm’)、搏动指数(PI)、屏气后的搏动指数(PI’)和屏气指数(BHI)的参数进行对比分析。结果高血压组与对照组比较:OA的平均血流速度(Vm)、屏气后的平均血流速度(Vm’)、搏动指数(PI)、屏气指数(BHI)与对照组比较均有统计学意义(P<0.05);MCA的搏动指数(PI)、屏气后的搏动指数(PI’)与对照组比较均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论通过对高血压患者MCA、OA的脑血管反应性检测,可以为高血压病患者早期及时提供防治依据。     

轻度认知障碍患者的经颅多普勒屏气试验临床研究

目的应用经颅多普勒（TCD）进行屏气试验检测,观察轻度认知障碍（MCI）患者的脑血管反应性（CVR）特点。方法180例受试者编入正常对照组、MCI组及阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimerdis—ease,AD）,分析屏气指数（BHI）与认知功能及脑血流动力学指标的关系。结果MCI组与正常组及AD组比较,BHI结果有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;BHI与视觉ERP的P300潜伏期的相关性最强（r=0．411,P〈0．001）;MCI组不同CVR状态下,各组受试者脑动脉硬化及血管狭窄检出率有差异,事件相关电位（ERP）和TCD常规检测指标比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论BHI的改变与MCI患者的认知功能损害密切相关,CVR检测有助于MCI的病因诊断。     

Cognitive decline and cerebral vasoreactivity in asymptomatic patients with severe internal carotid artery stenosis

The aim of the study was to correlate cognitive decline and cerebral vasoreactivity in 150 asymptomatic right-handed patients with severe ≥70 % unilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis and to evaluate the role of intracranial collateral circulation during cognitive testing. Cognitive assessment was performed by means of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) scales. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and intracranial collateral circulation were evaluated by means of breath holding index (BHI) and transcranial color Doppler (TCD) sonography. The results were compared with 150 right-handed controls matched for demographic variables and vascular risk factors. Patients with severe unilateral ICA stenosis had MMSE scores within a normal range, but MoCA scores were lower than normal. By examining the side of the observed stenosis, it has been noted that patients with left-sided ICA stenosis had lower MoCA scores in categories of language and episodic memory performance, while patients with right-sided ICA stenosis had lower MoCA scores in a category of visual–spatial skills. All patients had BHI values lower than normal. Subjects with a single intracranial collateral artery recruited had slightly better cognitive results than the patients with two or more collateral arteries activated. Results of the study showed that altered cerebrovascular reactivity and cerebral hypoperfusion might be responsible for the reduction of specific cognitive functions ipsilateral to the ICA stenosis, therefore BHI and MoCA might be useful tools when screening for cognitive decline in asymptomatic patients with severe ICA stenosis.     

急性脑梗死各临床亚型患者的脑血管反应性的变化

目的 探讨急性脑梗死各临床亚型患者脑血管反应性(CVR)的变化.方法 将70例急性脑梗死患者分为3个亚组:动脉硬化性血栓形成性脑梗死(AI)组(22例)、腔隙性脑梗死(LI)组(33例)和心源性脑梗死(CI)组(15例).应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测各组患者双侧大脑中动脉(MCA)的平均流速(Vm)、脉动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)指标,通过屏气试验测定屏气指数(BHI);并与20名正常对照组进行比较. 结果与正常对照组相比,AI组Vm、PI、RI均显著升高(P<0.05～0.01),BHI明显降低(P<0.01);LI组Vm、BHI均显著降低(均P<0.05);而CI组各参数与正常对照组相比差异无统计学意义. 结论急性脑梗死各亚组的CVR改变并不相同,AI、LI组CVR损害更为明显,CVR检测对急性脑梗死各亚型的血液动力学研究有重要意义.     

Assessment of ophthalmic artery collateral pathway in the hemispheric cerebral hemodynamics in patients with severe unilateral carotid stenosis

The role of ophthalmic artery collateral pathway in hemispheric hemodynamics in patients with severe carotid stenosis is controversial. The aim of the present study was to address this question comparing the asymmetry of the velocity in middle and anterior cerebral arteries (MCAs and ACAs) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in MCA on stenotic side in the patients with unilateral severe stenosis of internal carotid artery (ICA) in patients with and without ophthalmic artery collateral pathway. The cohort of 118 patients with carotid stenosis was prospectively assembled. Fifty patients who had severe unilateral ICA stenosis (71%-99%) by Duplex Ultrasound (DUS) were observed by transcranial Doppler (TCD). Cerebral blood flow velocity in MCA and ACA in both sides, direction of blood flow in ophthalmic artery (OA) and CVR on the side of stenosis were determined. There were 14 patients with retrograde blood flow in OA (Group I). The remaining 36 patients with anterograde flow in OA composed Group II. The degree of interarterial asymmetry of peak and mean velocity (Vpeak and Vmean) in MCA and ACA and CVR in MCA were compared in both groups. The degree of ACA asymmetry by Vpeak was 44.0% +/- 6.9% in Group I and 38.3% +/- 3.9% in Group II (p = 0.49), by Vmean 40.3% +/- 6.7% and 36.6% +/- 3.8% (p = 0.63) respectively. The degree of MCA asymmetry by Vpeak was 24.2% +/- 2.8% in Group I and 19.5% +/- 5.0% in Group II (p = 0.42), by Vmean 23.5% +/- 2.9% and 20.6% +/- 5.1% (p = 0.63) respectively. CVR in Group I was 26.1% +/- 6.1%, in Group II 29.0% +/- 6.7% (p = 0.65). The ophthalmic collateral pathway has no influence on hemispheric cerebral hemodynamics in patients with severe unilateral carotid stenosis.     

吸烟对脑梗死患者脑血管反应性的影响

目的探讨吸烟对脑梗死患者脑血管反应性的影响。方法前瞻性连续纳入2018年1月-2019年1月于深圳市人民医院神经内科住院治疗的发病1周内的急性脑梗死患者,应用经颅多普勒超声以屏气指数(breath-holding index,BHI)评价脑血管对高碳酸血症的反应性。根据脑血管反应性(cerebrovascular reactivity,CVR)是否正常,分为BHI正常组与BHI受损组。将两组临床资料进行单因素分析,将有统计学意义的变量(P<0.05)进行多因素Logistic回归分析。计算ROC曲线下面积,从而判断吸烟对脑梗死患者CVR结局的早期预测价值。结果共纳入112例患者,BHI受损组(76例)的吸烟、高血压病、颅内动脉狭窄的比例明显高于BHI正常组(36例)(56.6%vs 30.6%,P=0.01;85.5%vs 66.7%,P=0.021;47.4%vs 25%,P=0.024)。高尿酸血症的患病率低于BHI正常组(10.5%vs 25%,P=0.046)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示吸烟(OR 3.438,95%CI 1.397~8.463,P=0.007)、高血压病(OR 3.075,95%CI 1.110~8.518,P=0.031)、颅内动脉狭窄(OR 2.571,95%CI 1.016~6.506,P=0.046)是脑梗死患者CVR受损的独立危险因素。绘制吸烟的ROC曲线下面积为0.630(95%CI 0.521~0.740,P=0.027),吸烟预测脑梗死患者CVR受损的敏感度为56.6%,特异度为69.4%。结论吸烟、高血压病、颅内动脉狭窄是脑梗死患者CVR受损的独立危险因素,吸烟对脑梗死患者CVR受损具有一定的预测价值。     

Cerebrovascular reserve capacity

Cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVR) describes how far cerebral perfusion can increase from a baseline value after stimulation. Measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) can be done by PET or SPECT. Noninvasive and easily performed transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) is mostly used as indirect perfusion measurement. Stimulation of cerebral perfusion is often done by CO2 inhalation or acetazolamide injection. Alternative stimuli are breath holding or cerebral activation by hand-gripping. Normal values for these tests are presented. The hemodynamic effect of stenoses of the internal carotid artery (ICA) can be estimated using CVR. The relevance of CVR is discussed controversially, since cerebral infarction due to stenosis of arteries supplying the brain is probably mostly of embolic, not hemodynamic origin. The indication for carotid artery surgery according the NASCET and ECST investigations takes into account only the degree of the stenoses and not the CVR. According to recent studies, the risk of cerebral infarction in these patients is considerably higher with reduced CVR. Therefore, CVR can be used as an additional parameter if the indication for surgery is not defined, especially in asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. It seems also possible to identify patients who might profit from an extra-intracranial bypass operation and high-risk patients for cerebral ischemia with cerebral microangiopathy. Furthermore, the risk of cerebral infarction during carotid artery surgery and also during heart surgery can be estimated using CVR. More studies with a higher number of patients are needed to confirm the potential predictive diagnostic value of CVR in order to establish CVR measurement as part of a routine diagnostic neuroangiologic program.     

颈动脉支架置入术后颅内血管反应性动态观察

目的 探讨颈动脉支架置入术(CAS)后脑血管反应性(CVR)的变化规律及影响CVR的相关因素.方法 选择自2008年7月至2009年9月南京军区南京总医院神经内科行CAS并完成随访的37例患者,采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)结合屏气试验检测术前、术后1～2d和随访3～10月时双侧大脑中动脉的屏气指数(BHI).采用重复测量设计的方差分析检测支架置入术前后BHI的变化规律,并采用多元回归法分析影响最终BHI的相关因素.结果 37例患者术后手术侧BHI均较术前明显提高(P＜0.05).随访时的BHI与术后BHI呈正相关(β=1.030,P=0.000),串联狭窄与随访时的BHI呈负相关(β=-0.016,P=0.002).结论 CAS能立即改善术侧CVR使之逐渐接近正常,串联狭窄是影响最终CVR的独立危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the changes and influencing factors of cerebral vasoreactivity (CVR) in patients after carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS). Methods Thirty-seven patients performed CAS, admitted to our hospital from July 2008 to September 2009, were finished the follow-up and chosen in our study; the breath-holding index (BHI) of the bilateral middle cerebral artery was measured using transcranial Doppler combined with breath holding test before thc operation, and 1 d and 3-10 months after the operation. Repeated measures design analysis of variance was employed to detect the BHI changes before and after the stenting; multiple regression was employed to analyze the influencing factors of BHI. Results BHI values after stenting were significantly higher than those before stenting on the stenotic side (P＜0.05). The follow-up BHI values were negatively correlated with those of tandem stenoses (β=-0.016, P=0.002) and positively correlated with the postoperative BHI values (β=1.030, P=0.000). Conclusion CAS can immediately improve CVR on the ipsilateral side and make it close to normalization gradually. Tandem stenoses are the independent risk factors of CVR.     

不同类型缺血性卒中患者血管反应性比较

目的 探讨不同类型缺血性卒中患者的脑血管反应性，为卒中二级预防中血压水平的调控提供理论依据。方法 选取症状性大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（MCAS）患者70例（32例为双侧MCAS患者），腔隙性脑梗死患者30例，年龄、性别相匹配的健康人36例为对照组。采用经颅多普勒（TCD）超声检测屏气前、屏气末双侧大脑中动脉（MCA）血流速度，计算屏气指数（BHI）。结果 症状性MCAS患者病灶侧、非病灶侧病变MCA的BHI均明显低于健康对照组（0.91±0.43&#8197;vs&#8197;1.53±0.80；1.24±0.42&#8197;vs&#8197;1.53±0.80，P均<0.01），病灶侧MCA的BHI明显低于非病灶侧（0.91±0.43&#8197;vs&#8197;1.24±0.42）；腔隙性脑梗死患者BHI明显低于健康对照组（1.28±0.86&#8197;vs&#8197;1.53±0.80，P<0.05）。症状性MCAS患者中，重度狭窄组BHI明显低于轻、中度狭窄组（0.65±0.36&#8197;vs&#8197;1.41±0.59；0.65±0.36&#8197;vs&#8197;1.11±0.42，P均＜0.05）。结论 症状性MCAS及腔隙性脑梗死患者的脑血管反应性均存在不同程度的受损，检测其脑血管反应性有助于卒中二级预防中血压水平的调控。     

Assessment of cerebrovascular reserve in unilateral middle cerebral artery stenosis using perfusion CT and CO2 inhalation tests

Purpose/Aim of the study: Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is an important marker for assessing cerebrovascular disease. This study assessed the CVR by perfusion computed tomography (CT) and CO₂ inhalation tests in patients with unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis disease. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients with unilateral MCA stenosis disease diagnosed by digital subtraction angiography were studied. Patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of stenosis: severe and moderate. The regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) before and after CO₂ inhalation was determined by perfusion CT. Regional CVR values were obtained by the following formula: increase (%) = (post-CBF) ? (pre-CBF)/(pre-CBF) × 100%. Results: No significant differences in the mean CBF in the MCA stenosis region were found between the affected and contralateral sides before the CO₂ inhalation test; after the test, CBF was more significantly decreased on the affected side than on the contralateral side. The changes in CBF on the affected side were categorized into three types: increased CBF (17 cases), decreased CBF (12 cases) and no change in CBF (2 cases). The rate of CVR impairment among severe stenosis patients (13/19) was higher than that among moderate stenosis patients (3/12). CVR was significantly correlated with the degree of stenosis (r = 0.423, P = 0.018). Conclusion: CVR impairment was found in approximately half of patients with unilateral MCA stenosis. Along with an increase in the degree of stenosis, patients with unilateral MCA stenosis were more likely to exhibit CVR impairment. It is important to assess the CVR in patients with unilateral MCA stenosis, especially those with severe stenosis.     

Cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy is associated with preoperative hemodynamic impairment and intraoperative cerebral ischemia.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether postoperative hyperperfusion is associated with preoperative cerebral hemodynamic impairment due to chronic ischemia and with acute cerebral ischemia during clamping of the internal carotid artery (ICA) during carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Transcranial cerebral oxygen saturation (SO2) was monitored intraoperatively using near-infrared spectroscopy in 89 patients undergoing CEA for ipsilateral ICA stenosis (>70%). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to acetazolamide were also measured using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) before CEA. In addition, CBF was measured immediately after CEA and on the third postoperative day. Hyperperfusion (CBF increase>100% compared with preoperative values) was observed immediately after CEA in 10 of 18 patients (56%) with reduced preoperative CVR. Also, post-CEA hyperperfusion was observed in nine of 16 patients (56%) whose SO2 during clamping of the ICA decreased to less than 90% of the preclamping value. Logistic regression analysis showed that reduced preoperative CVR and reduced SO2 during ICA clamping were significant independent predictors of the development of hyperperfusion immediately after CEA. In fact, all patients with reduced preoperative CVR and reduced SO2 during ICA clamping developed post-CEA hyperperfusion, and two of these patients developed cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. These data suggest that development of cerebral hyperperfusion after CEA is associated with preoperative hemodynamic impairment and intraoperative cerebral ischemia.