包含颈外静脉的颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌切除后缺损

目的探讨将颈外静脉包含在颈阔肌肌皮瓣内修复口腔癌切除后缺损的手术方法。方法先形成蒂在颌缘下包含颈外静脉的颈阔肌肌皮瓣，待口腔肿瘤切除后，将肌皮瓣经口底隧道引入口腔修复缺损。结果临床应用17例，肌皮瓣均无血运障碍，100％存活，其中有2例发生口面痿，经换药后痿口完全闭合。结论将颈外静脉包含在颈阔肌肌皮瓣内有助于肌皮瓣血循环的改善和存活率的提高。     

颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后缺损28例结果分析

目的：探讨颈阔肌肌皮瓣在口腔颌面外科肿瘤术后缺损修复的应用价值。方法：对口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤28例术后遗留的缺损,行颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复。结果：28例患者中,26例皮瓣全部成活,2例出现皮瓣远端部分坏死,治愈后出现轻微瘢痕疙瘩。结论：颈阔肌肌皮瓣制作简单,肤色接近修复区域,是口腔癌术后修复小型或者中型缺损的一种安全选择。     

应用显微外科技术改良颈阔肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨应用显微外科技术改进颈阔肌皮瓣以修复口腔颌面部缺损的可行性及应用价值。方法以携带肌袖血管蒂的改良颈阔肌皮瓣一期修复口颊部缺损12例，软腭缺损3例，口底缺损1例；同期行颈淋巴结清扫术。结果15例肌皮瓣全部成活，1例肌皮瓣因静脉回流障碍皮瓣远端部分皮肤坏死。修复区手术组织量适中。形态良好，颈部瘢痕不明显。结论应用显微外科技术改良颈阔肌皮瓣不影响血供，肌皮瓣自由度明显改善，适于修复口腔颌面部手术。     

改良胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣在颌面部缺损修复重建中的应用

目的 探讨改良的胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣在颌面部软组织缺损修复中,延长血管蒂及改善皮瓣血运的可行性.方法 自2002年至2009年,对11例颌面部软组织缺损创面,应用改良的胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣进行修复.术中通过彻底松解血管蒂(胸肩峰动脉胸肌支),完全断开蒂部肌肉组织,将血管蒂从锁骨后骨膜下穿过,以增加血管蒂长度.切取皮瓣远端时携带部分腹直肌前鞘,并保留肋间血管的穿支与胸肩峰动脉胸肌支远端的吻合血管,以改善皮瓣远端的血运.结果 11例患者获随访2～36个月,胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣未发生坏死或部分坏死.2例患者术后发生腮腺漏,1例发生口腔内霉菌感染,1例发生轻度睑外翻.结论 改良的胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣在修复颌面部软组织缺损中可以延长血管蒂,增加转移范围,并具有改善皮瓣远端血运的优点.     

舌骨下肌皮瓣在早期口底癌术后口底缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨应用舌骨下肌皮瓣修复早期口底癌术后口底缺损的临床价值. 方法 从1993年3月至2009年6月,以甲状腺上动、静脉及颈袢神经为蒂,用颈前舌骨下皮肤、胸骨舌骨肌、胸骨甲状肌及肩胛舌骨肌上腹组成的舌骨下肌皮瓣(最大面积8 cm×3 cm)修复早期口底癌术后口底缺损11例. 结果 保护甲状腺上动脉颈阔肌支的7例舌骨下肌皮瓣修复口底均获成功,未保护甲状腺上动脉颈阔肌支的4例中2例出现表层坏死.随访24～195个月,1例出现Ⅰ区淋巴结肿瘤复发,经挽救性手术后至今生存,其余10例均无瘤生存至今.11例患者术后无吞咽困难,无发音障碍和无伸舌受限. 结论 舌骨下肌皮瓣是修复早期口底癌术后口底缺损的主要方法之一.     

胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣一期整复口腔颌面部大型组织缺损

目的 总结应用胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣整复口腔颌面部大型组织缺损的体会。方法 对23例因恶性肿瘤手术或放射治疗导致的口腔颌面部大型组织缺损应用胸大肌肌皮瓣一期整复。结果 23例胸大肌肌皮瓣中20例完全成活，1例肌皮瓣皮肤完全坏死，2例远端部分皮肤坏死。结论 胸大肌肌皮瓣血供丰富，组织量大，是整复口腔颌面部大型组织缺损的最合适材料。     

面颌部洞穿缺损的双皮瓣及肌皮瓣修复

目的为解决由各种原因引起的面颌部洞穿性缺损的修复问题。方法采用两个带蒂的组织瓣搭配使用修复面颌部洞穿缺损４５例,共用组织瓣９０个。其中胸三角皮瓣５８个（占６４％）,依次是颈阔肌肌皮瓣,胸大肌肌皮瓣,额部皮瓣,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣,背阔肌肌皮瓣等。结果４５例洞穿性缺损所用９０个组织瓣中全部成活及绝大部分成活者８７个,成活率达９７％,全部或大部分坏死的３个（占３％）。结论面颌部洞穿性缺损即刻修复是可行的。修复洞穿缺损有多种皮瓣、肌皮瓣可供选择;提出胸三角皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣等是修复面颌部洞穿性缺损的优质组织瓣。临床应用中取得了功能与外形同时修复的效果。     

面颌部洞穿缺损的双皮瓣及肌皮瓣修复

目的 为解决由各种原因引起的面颌部洞穿性缺损的修复问题。方法 采用两个带蒂的组织瓣搭配使用修复面颌部洞穿缺损45例,共用组织瓣90个。其中胸三角皮瓣58个（占64％）,依次是颈阔肌肌皮瓣,胸大肌肌皮瓣,额部皮瓣,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣,背阔肌肌皮瓣等。结果 45例洞穿性缺损所用90个组织瓣中全部成活及绝大部分成活者87个,成活率达97％,全部或大部分坏死的3个（占3％）。结论 面颌部洞穿性缺损即刻修复是可行的。修复洞穿缺损有多种皮瓣、肌皮瓣可供选择;提出胸三角皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣等是修复面颌部洞穿性缺损的优质组织瓣。临床应用中取得了功能与外形同时修复的效果。     

面颌部洞穿缺损的双皮瓣及肌皮瓣修复

目的为解决由各种原因引起的面颌部洞穿性缺损的修复问题。方法采用两个带蒂的组织瓣搭配使用修复面颌部洞穿缺损45例,共用组织瓣90个。其中胸三角皮瓣58个(占64%),依次是颈阔肌肌皮瓣,胸大肌肌皮瓣,额部皮瓣,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣,背阔肌肌皮瓣等。结果45例洞穿性缺损所用90个组织瓣中全部成活及绝大部分成活者87个,成活率达97%,全部或大部分坏死的3个(占3%)。结论面颌部洞穿性缺损即刻修复是可行的。修复洞穿缺损有多种皮瓣、肌皮瓣可供选择;提出胸三角皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣等是修复面颌部洞穿性缺损的优质组织瓣。临床应用中取得了功能与外形同时修复的效果。     

颈部高压电烧伤的修复

目的 探讨颈部高压电烧伤的修复方法. 方法 1985年以来笔者单位共收治37例颈部高压电烧伤患者,清创后采用背阔肌肌皮瓣、斜方肌肌皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣联合胸大肌肌皮瓣移植修复创面. 结果 除3例皮瓣边缘部分坏死(坏死带宽1～2 cm)外,其余皮瓣成活,移植局部外观、功能恢复满意. 结论颈部高压电烧伤后,早期彻底清创并采用带蒂肌皮瓣及联合皮瓣修复是一种安全、有效、可靠的方法.     

Saphenous neurocutaneous island flap model in the rat: evaluation of vascular supply.

Neurocutaneous flaps are utilized routinely in reconstructive surgery and even more so during the past decade. In this study, the vascular supply of the neurocutaneous flap in the rat model is presented and evaluated. Thirty-six flaps (3.5x3 cm2) were dissected on the medial aspect of the leg based on a pedicle of the saphenous nerve, saphenous artery, great saphenous vein, and the surrounding fascial tissues. Animals in the experiment were divided into five groups with different circulatory patterns of pedicle dissections. In group I (N = 12), the pedicle artery, vein, nerve, and fascia were preserved. In group II (neurocutaneous flap model, N = 24), the saphenous artery was transected and the vein, nerve, and fascia were preserved. In group III (intraneural vascular plexus circulation pattern, N = 12), the saphenous artery and the fascia were transected. In group IV (extraneural vascular plexus circulation pattern, N = 12), the saphenous artery and nerve were transected. In group V (N = 12), the entire pedicle was transected completely. Flap survival was evaluated grossly on postoperative day 7. All flaps survived in group I, but in group II 19 of 24 flaps survived completely, 3 of 24 had partial necrosis, and 2 of 24 were completely necrotic. Complete necrosis was observed in all group III flaps. In group IV, 6 of 12 flaps survived completely, 3 of 12 flaps survived partially, and 3 of 12 flaps were necrotic (p<0.05 vs. group I). Only one flap with partial necrosis survived in group V. In group II, the average survival area was not significantly different from group I (p>0.05). In conclusion, the saphenous neurocutaneous flap in the rat is a reliable microsurgical model. The saphenous neurocutaneous flap is commonly supplied by both the intraneural and extraneural vascular plexus, and although the latter is more important, neither provides sufficient vascular supply on its own.     

面动静脉蒂鼻唇沟肌皮瓣一期修复联合根治术后口腔内缺损

在行口腔癌扩大切除并全颈淋巴清扫的联合根治术中，取鼻唇沟肌皮瓣并仅以面动脉与面前静脉为蒂，于颈淋巴清扫的同时将血管蒂从淋巴组织中解剖游离出来，完成肿瘤切除后再用该瓣修复口腔内缺损。临床用于修复口腔内组织缺损１５例，均为鳞状细胞癌，其中舌体８例，口底５例，舌侧牙龈２例。术后皮瓣全部成活，２例尖端部分坏死，经随访６个月～３年，无肿瘤复发。认为，保留面动静脉血管干从一定意义上说也是根治性颈淋巴清扫的一种改良术式，依此设计的鼻唇沟岛状肌皮瓣对于口腔恶性肿瘤根治术后缺损的修复具有一定的临床价值     

Reconstruction of perforating defects of the maxillofacial region with double flaps]

OBJECTIVE: To solve the problems in restoration of perforating (full thickness) defects in the maxillofacial region. METHODS: Double flaps have been used to reconstruct the defects. Forty-five patients with full thickness defects on the maxillofacial region were treated with 90 flaps, including 58 (64%) deltopectoral flaps, the platysma myocutaneous flap, pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, sternomastoid myocutaneous flap, forehead flap and latissimus myocutaneous flap. RESULTS: The operation results were satisfactory. Of the 90 flaps, 87 flaps survived completely or subtotally with a successful rate of 97%. Three flaps sustained total or large necrosis. CONCLUSION: A number of flaps can be used for repairing the full thickness defects of the maxillofacial region, especially the deltopectoral flap, the platysma myocutaneous flap and the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. They can provide excellent external cover or internal lining. They are well vascularized, hairless and colour-matched.     

颈部带蒂组织瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除术后软组织缺损

目的介绍4种颈部带蒂组织瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除术后软组织缺损的方法。方法1982年1月~2003年12月,172例口腔颌面部肿瘤,其中口腔黏膜鳞癌165例,唾液腺癌7例。I期21例,Ⅱ期116例,Ⅲ期35例。病变主要部位:舌59例、颊黏膜55例、下颌牙龈26例、口底25例、腮腺4例及口咽区3例。肿瘤切除术与颈淋巴结清扫术后,应用颈阔肌皮瓣修复45例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复59例,舌骨下肌皮瓣修复60例,颏下岛状瓣修复8例;切取肌皮瓣皮岛范围2.5 cm×5.0 cm~5.0 cm×8.0 cm。结果术后153例皮瓣全部成活,其中舌骨下肌皮瓣55例,颈阔肌皮瓣40例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣52例,颏下岛状瓣6例;完全坏死11例,部分(皮岛1/4~1/2)坏死8例。4种皮瓣成功率分别为91.67%、88.89%、88.14%和75%。101例获随访3~11年,平均5.7年,原位复发18例,颈部复发4例,远处转移2例;3年生存84例,占83.17%。结论颈部带蒂组织瓣适用于修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除后中小型软组织缺损。     

改良桡动脉穿支皮瓣在修复额面部组织缺损中的应用

目的 探讨改良桡动脉穿支皮瓣在修复额面部中小面积缺损中的临床应用.方法 以桡动脉腕上皮支动脉和桡动脉伴行静脉为蒂.通过筋膜蒂营养的前臂近端桡侧皮瓣(最大面积10 cm×5 cm),游离移植修复额面部肿瘤切除后的组织缺损10例.结果 修复额部缺损6例,面颊都缺损4例,术后皮瓣全部存活,经随访6～12个月后行皮瓣修薄整形术.10例病例经8～18个月随访,平均随访11.3个月,其中7例于术后6～9个月进行二次整形.所有病例皮瓣柔软,瘢痕不明显,皮色与面颊部基本接近,皮瓣两点分辨率在20～40mm.结论 改良的前臂桡动脉穿支皮瓣是修复额面部中小面积缺损的主要方法之一.     

Platysma myocutaneous flap for head and neck reconstruction in cats

Squamous cell carcinoma is the fourth most common neoplasm in cats. As in man, local resective surgery of stage III and IV carcinoma often results in recurrence related to compromised margins. Radical resective procedures may be performed when reconstructive techniques are available to restore cosmesis and function. A platysma myocutaneous flap that was based on a cutaneous branch of the caudal auricular artery and vein was developed to fulfill this requirement. Control flaps, which included ligation and division of the caudal auricular artery and vein, were similarly developed on the contralateral aspect of the neck. Mean survival of all platysma myocutaneous flaps (86.7%), compared with control flaps (62.9%), was significantly different (p < .05). Flaps grouped in lengths of 6, 9, and 12 cm had mean survival lengths of 93.8%, 81.9%, and 84.4%, respectively. The mean survival length of flaps measuring 12 cm in length was significantly different (p < .05) compared with flaps measuring 6 and 9 cm. On the basis of the results of this study, the platysma myocutaneous flap based on a cutaneous branch of the caudal auricular artery and vein may be a source of tissue for reconstructive procedures of the head and neck in cats.     

颈阔肌皮瓣重建下咽癌切除后颈段食管缺损

目的解决下咽癌浸及颈段食管手术后食管缺损的修补。方法采用双侧颈阔肌肌皮瓣重建下咽癌切除后颈段食管缺损１１例。肿瘤均已侵及喉和颈段食管，行全咽、全喉及颈段食管切除，永久性气管造口，于颈部两侧分别切取３．５～４ｃｍ×７～１０ｃｍ大小的颈阔肌肌皮瓣，形成管状，与口底及食管吻合。结果术后肌皮瓣全部成活，无１例死亡，２例发生瘘，均治愈，能正常经口进食。结论用颈阔肌肌皮瓣修补下咽癌切除后造成的食管缺损是一个可取的方法，解决了临床一大难题。