卵巢内胚窦瘤超声表现

目的探讨卵巢内胚窦瘤原发及转移病灶超声声像图特征.方法 回顾性分析35例卵巢内胚窦瘤患者19个原发病灶及33个转移病灶超声表现.结果 本组卵巢内胚窦瘤患者19个原发病灶直径为(14.6±3.6)cm,所有病灶均为囊实性,实性部分以低回声及中等回声为主(16/19),血流较丰富.33个转移病灶多位于盆、腹腔(26/33),部分累及肝脏实质(7/33);26个盆、腹腔转移病灶直径分别为(9.4±4.5)、(9.2±4.9)cm,7个肝内转移病灶直径为(5.6±1.6)cm;盆、腹腔转移病灶多为低回声(21/26),肝内转移病灶主要为高回声(5/7).9个(9/26)转移病灶为囊实性,血流较原发病灶少.血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平均有不同程度升高,为217~211 682 μg/L.结论卵巢内胚窦瘤原发及转移病灶的超声表现有一定特征,结合血清AFP水平进行判断可提高诊断准确率.     

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Objective. The purpose of this series was to determine the spectrum of findings on gray scale trans‐abdominal ultrasonography (TAUS) in pathologically proven cases of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and correlate them with gross morphologic and pathologic findings. Methods. The series included 18 patients with a primary GIST tumor detected on preoperative TAUS. The ultrasonographic findings were evaluated for features such as tumor size, shape, margin, echogenicity, and presence of fluid components, and the features were compared with morphologic and pathologic findings. Results. All of the primary GISTs were hypoechoic extraluminal masses with well‐delineated margins. Eight GISTs were homogeneously solid masses, and 8 were heterogeneously solid masses that contained a large central area of lower echogenicity (n = 4) or multiple internal hypoechoic irregular spaces (n = 4) corresponding to necrosis and hemorrhage. Other tumors had a cystic appearance (n = 1) or showed a dual hyperechoichypoechoic echo structure (n = 1). Three tumors showed intratumoral gas due to fistulization into the bowel lumen, which appeared as hyperechoic foci or a linear hyperechoic area with acoustic shadowing. The heterogeneous tumors were significantly larger (P = .03) and had higher mitotic counts (P = .05). Gastrointestinal stromal tumors with high malignant potential tended to be large and showed intratumoral heterogenicity with areas of lower echogenicity. Conclusions. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors showed varied patterns on TAUS. The ultrasonographic pattern depended on the tumor size and mitotic activity. Ultrasonographic features suggesting high malignant potential were size and internal heterogenicity with the presence of intratumoral hypoechoic areas.     

Ultrasonographic features of focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the ultrasonographic features of focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. METHODS: Ultrasonographic features of 15 patients with pathologically proved focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis were retrospectively analyzed by 2 radiologists who reached a consensus, in terms of the location, margin, size, and echo texture of the mass, associated calculi, lymphadenopathy, or local extension, in comparison with computed tomographic and clinical findings. RESULTS: At ultrasonography, 12 (80%) of 15 masses were well circumscribed. The maximal sizes of the masses ranged from 2.5 to 5.8 (mean, 3.8) cm. Thirteen solid masses (87%) were hyperechoic (n = 7), hypoechoic (n = 4), or isoechoic (n = 4) to the renal cortex, and the preoperative diagnosis was either renal cell carcinoma (n = 11) or Wilms tumor (n = 2). The preoperative diagnosis of the other 2 cystic lesions (13%) was renal abscess. Renal calculi were found in 1 case, but lymphadenopathy or local extension was not depicted. Clinical inflammatory signs were found in 11 of 15 patients. CONCLUSIONS: There were no specific ultrasonographic features that allow for the distinction between focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and renal tumors or abscesses. Focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis should be considered when there are clinical signs of infection or inflammation and a focal solid mass is seen on ultrasonography.     

The common ultrasonographic features of pilomatricoma.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this series was to describe typical ultrasonographic features of 20 cases of pilomatricoma and to improve its diagnostic rate with the use of an ultrasonographic approach. METHODS: For 20 pilomatricomas in 19 patients with preoperative ultrasonography from 1995 to 2004, we reviewed age, sex, symptoms, duration, referring clinician, and tumor sites. The ultrasonographic findings were retrospectively analyzed for tumor location, shape, size, margin, echo texture, echogenicity, presence, amount, and shape of calcification, presence of a hypoechoic rim, and Doppler flow pattern. RESULTS: The mean age of the 19 patients was 6.9 years (range, 1-21 years), and the female-male ratio was 1.1:1. Patients had a painful palpable mass in 10 cases (50%). Nine lesions occurred in the neck, 5 in the cheek, 2 in the preauricular region, and 4 in the extremity. All tumors were located in the subcutaneous layer. The mean size of the tumors was 13.4 mm. Fourteen pilomatricomas (70%) appeared as well-defined oval masses. Tumors were heterogeneously hyperechoic in 80% of cases. All tumors had internal echogenic foci. A hypoechoic rim was seen in 17 cases (85%). Doppler flow signals were observed in the peripheral region in 14 cases (70%). A correct preoperative diagnosis was made in 33% on the basis of clinical findings and in 76% by ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of pilomatricoma should be considered when a well-defined mass with inner echogenic foci and a peripheral hypoechoic rim or a completely echogenic mass with strong posterior acoustic shadowing in the subcutaneous layer of the head, neck, or extremity is found on ultrasonography.     

肝脏淋巴瘤的超声声像图特征

目的 探讨肝脏淋巴瘤超声声像图的特征。方法回顾性分析2003年3月至2013年3月四川大学华西医院经手术切除和病理确诊的15例肝脏淋巴瘤的超声表现,其中原发性肝淋巴瘤4例,继发性肝淋巴瘤1l例,2例采用超声造影检查（1例为原发性肝淋巴瘤,1例为继发性肝淋巴瘤）。结果常规超声发现有9例肝脏占位,其中原发性肝淋巴瘤4例,继发性肝淋巴瘤5例;6例继发性者肝内未见占位。原发性肝淋巴瘤2例单发,2例多发,所有肿块二维超声均表现为低回声：3例合并肝脏肿大。5例有明显肿块的继发性淋巴瘤表现为2例单发,3例多发,其中3例肿块二维超声表现为低回声,l例为高回声,1例为等回危3例肝脏肿大合并2例脾脏肿大及1例脾脏内片状低回声区。6例肝内未见占位的继发性者脾脏均肿大,4例肝脏肿大,1例脾脏内可见片状低回声区。1例原发性肝淋巴瘤超声造影后表现为团块动脉期周边呈厚环状轻度高增强;l例继发性肝淋巴瘤超声造影后表现为团块动脉期不均匀强化,中央见小片无强化区。结论肝脏淋巴瘤多表现为肝内单发或多发低回声团块,边界清楚,血流不丰富,造影以动脉期周边不均匀增强为主;肝或脾肿大而常规超声未发现占位者不能完全排除肝淋巴瘤浸润的可能。     

腹膜后肿物的二维图像及双功能多普勒超声诊断

本文报告了１７例经二维及双功能多普勒超声诊断的腹膜后肿物，其中良性肿物３例（１７．６％），恶性肿瘤１３例（７６．５％），有恶性倾向的肿瘤１例。恶性组中原发性肿瘤６例，转移性肿物７例。在二维图像上，除脂肪肉瘤及横纹肌肉瘤外，大多数腹膜后肿物为低回声团块，但良性肿物外形规整，内部回声均质，而恶性肿瘤外形不规整，内部回声不均质。在双功能多普勒超声中，恶性肿瘤内部血流更为丰富，阻力指数（ＲＩ）较高。作者认为患者年龄较小，肿瘤内部回声不均质，血流丰富，阻力指数较高（ＲＩ＞０．６５）可作为原发性恶性腹膜后肿瘤的特征。转移性肿物以无血流者多见，其原发肿瘤的病史及其他部位的转移灶可助诊断。     

睾丸肿瘤的二维及彩色多普勒超声的诊断分析

目的 探讨二维及彩色多普勒超声显像在诊断睾丸肿瘤疾病中的价值。方法 用黑白及彩色超声诊断仪对睾丸肿瘤进行扫,查仔细观察病变部位,同时记录病灶大小、内部回声及其与周围组织的关系,并用彩色多普勒记录肿瘤内血供及阻力指数。结果 本组39例中,均经手术和病理证实,二维超声诊断符合率为92．3％（36／39）。39例睾丸肿瘤中,33例为恶性;6例为良性,其中1例为附睾结核。恶性肿瘤中以精原细胞瘤最多,占45．5（15／33）,其次为淋巴瘤。39例睾丸肿瘤的声像图表现可分为无回声、均匀性回声、高回声、实质不均质回声四种类型。其中淋巴瘤的超声图像表现为低回声型,精原细胞瘤大都表现为实质不均质、也有呈低回声,其余类型恶性肿瘤均为实质不均质型。本组中11例进行彩色多普勒检查。恶性肿瘤均为富血供型肿瘤,阻力指数较低,平均为0．58;而良性肿瘤未见彩色血流。结论 二维及彩色多普勒超声是诊断睾丸肿瘤的重要手段。     

Characteristic ultrasonographic appearance of the Krukenberg tumor

We studied the value of ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of Krukenberg tumors (N = 15) and primary ovarian cancers (N = 15) using the echo pattern of the tumor wall, solid component and cystic component. Fourteen of the 15 Krukenberg tumors had a clear tumor margin, an irregular hyperechoic solid pattern, and moth-eaten cyst formation. In contrast, the primary ovarian cancers had unclear tumor margins, an irregular hypoechoic solid pattern, clear cyst formation, papillary proliferation, and irregular thickness of the septum. These data suggest that Krukenberg tumors can be distinguished ultrasonographically from primary ovarian cancers.     

Ultrasonographic Features of Eccrine Spiradenoma

The purpose of this series was to evaluate the features of eccrine spiradenoma on ultrasonography (US). We reviewed the clinical data of 8 patients with eccrine spiradenoma who underwent preoperative US at 4 different medical institutions from 2004 to 2016 and analyzed the US features in terms of the tumor location, size, shape, margin, echo texture, echogenicity, posterior acoustic enhancement, calcification, septum, and color Doppler flow. There were 7 female patients and 1 male patient. The mean patient age was 45.6 years (range, 28–60 years). Most of the tumors were located primarily in the subcutaneous fat layer. The mean size of the tumors was 14.3 mm. The masses had a lobular appearance in 7 patients and had a tractlike structure in 3 patients. In 6 patients, the masses had a heterogeneous echo texture. Six cases showed hypoechogenicity with more hypoechoic foci in the masses, and 2 cases showed hypoechogenicity only. Color Doppler flow was evaluated in 7 patients; the blood flow was central and peripheral in 4 patients and only peripheral in 3 patients. All cases showed posterior acoustic enhancement and had well‐defined margins. Calcification and septa were not seen in any cases. Eccrine spiradenoma is usually located in the subcutaneous fat layer, has a well‐defined margin, a lobulated appearance, occasionally with a tractlike structure, a heterogeneous echo texture, a hypoechoic appearance with internal hypoechoic foci and posterior acoustic enhancement, and shows blood flow in the peripheral portion, with or without blood flow in the central portion.     

Sonographic Features of Gynecomastia

Objective. The purpose of this study was to identify sonographic features of gynecomastia. Methods. .A retrospective analysis was performed on all male patients with breast symptoms imaged with breast sonography over a 5‐year period. Breast sonograms in 158 men were jointly reviewed by 3 investigators. Sonograms were assessed for the presence or absence of a mass: (1) if mass present, (a) location of the mass, (b) vascularity, (c), axis, (d) appearance of posterior tissues, and (e) tissue echo texture; and (2) if mass absent, anteroposterior (AP) depth at the nipple (increased if >1 cm). Results. Of the 237 men with breast symptoms, 79 with only mammography were excluded. Of the 158 who had sonography with or without mammography, 5 without gynecomastia were also excluded. A total of 153 men included in the study presented with pain (n = 38), a lump (n = 95), both pain and a lump (n = 17), or nipple discharge (n = 3). Nine of 153 with gynecomastia had a biopsy. A total of 219 sonographic examinations were performed, which revealed 73 masses (33%): 20 (27%) nodular, 20 (27%) poorly defined, and 33 (45%) flame shaped. All masses were retroareolar, with 57 (78%) hypoechoic, 54 (73%) avascular, 60 (82%) parallel to the chest wall, and 47 (64%) without posterior enhancement or shadowing. Of the 146 without masses (67%), 141 (97%) had increased AP depth at the nipple. Conclusions. Gynecomastia is a clinical diagnosis, and mammography is the primary imaging modality when indicated. However, if sonography is used when mammography is declined or when mammography is inconclusive, it is important to recognize the various described patterns of gynecomastia to avoid unnecessary biopsy based on sonographic findings.     

皮肤隆突性纤维肉瘤的超声表现

目的：研究皮肤隆突性纤维肉瘤的超声表现,提高其诊断准确性。方法：回顾分析10例病理证实为皮肤隆突性纤维肉瘤患者的超声检查资料。结果：10例患者中,9例肿瘤位于皮肤浅表,紧贴皮肤,1例肿瘤位于乳腺内。其灰阶超声表现有3种：（1）＂洋葱皮型＂肿瘤6个,肿瘤平均最大径41mm,均呈卵圆形;其中4例呈分叶状,边界清晰,肿瘤内见低回声区,内部及周边见粗大分层状高回声区;（2）回声均匀型3例,肿瘤平均最大径17mm,均呈卵圆形,边界清晰,肿瘤呈低回声或稍低回声;（3）回声杂乱型1例,肿瘤最大径170mm,内见高回声及低回声区,杂乱分布。彩色超声示2个最小肿瘤无明显血流信号;其余8个血流丰富,呈网状,平均阻力指数0.57。结论：皮肤隆突性纤维肉瘤有一定特征性超声表现,超声检查有助肿瘤诊断。     

肾脏淋巴瘤临床病理及超声表现

目的观察肾脏淋巴瘤(RL)临床病理学及超声表现。方法回顾性分析31例经病理证实RL的临床、病理学及超声表现。结果31例RL中,2例为原发性、29例为继发性,临床主要症状为腰痛(22/31)。RL病理类型均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,其中25例为弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤。RL超声表现包括肾内肿物型(13例)、肾弥漫浸润型(5例)、肾盂型(2例)、肾周型(2例)及腹膜后浸润型(9例),均呈低回声或极低回声;9例腹膜后浸润型RL中,7例可见“血管漂浮征”。结论RL超声表现多样;超声发现肾内较大占位病灶呈均匀低回声或极低回声、伴肾外病灶或腹膜后淋巴结肿大或出现“血管漂浮征”时,应考虑淋巴瘤可能。     

Sonographic findings in the surgical bed after thyroidectomy: comparison of recurrent tumors and nonrecurrent lesions.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the sonographic findings of recurrent tumors and nonrecurrent lesions mimicking recurrent tumors in the surgical bed after thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients who underwent sonography and sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration for evaluation of abnormal lesions in the surgical bed after thyroidectomy were included in this retrospective study. We compared the sonographic findings of recurrent tumors and nonrecurrent lesions, including lesion size, shape, margins, and echogenicity, presence or absence of microcalcification, and vascular flow signals. The reference standard was repeated sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration, surgery, or follow-up for at least 1 year. RESULTS: Of 59 lesions in 58 patients, 20 were confirmed as recurrent tumors, and 36 were confirmed as nonrecurrent lesions in the surgical bed; 3 patients were lost to follow-up. On sonographic examination, the recurrent tumors diagnosed in 20 patients were oval in 70%, had well-defined margins in 100%, were hypoechoic in 70%, and had microcalcification in 10%. The average size was 0.7 cm (range, 0.4-2.1 cm). There was no statistical difference in sonographic findings between recurrent tumors and nonrecurrent lesions (P > .05). The 36 nonrecurrent lesions included remnant thyroidal tissue (n = 8), postoperative fibrosis (n = 7), suture granuloma (n = 7), strap muscle with a nodular contour (n = 4), reactive lymph nodes (n = 4), cysts (n = 3), tracheal cartilage (n = 2), and fat necrosis (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: For lesions located in the surgical bed in patients after thyroidectomy, the distinction between recurrent thyroid cancer and nonrecurrent benign lesions cannot be made on the basis of the sonographic features. Fine-needle aspiration is helpful in determining the histologic nature of such lesions.     

二维超声及彩色多普勒血流显像评价肾盂移行细胞癌

本文应用二维超声及彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）检查肾盂移行细胞癌26例。结果显示：81％的病例具有典型的声像图，即患例肾窦回声分离，内有一弧立的实性肿瘤回声，以低回声表现居多。体积大且侵犯肾实质的肿瘤易误诊，而体积较小的肿瘤易漏诊。CDFI示86％（6／7）的肿瘤内部无血流信号。二维超声结合CDFI的诊断准确性为84.6％。作者分析了肾盂癌的超声诊断和鉴别诊断，认为二二维超声和CDFI联合应用对本病的诊断有很大帮助。     

Pleural effusion: an "acoustic window" for sonography of pleural metastases.

We report the sonographic findings in 32 patients with malignant disease associated with pleural effusions diagnosed by chest roentgenograms. No tumor lesions were seen in any case on X-ray films. Thoracic sonography, however, detected previously undocumented metastatic disease with diaphragmatic (N = 19), parietal (N = 8), visceral (N = 2) or combined (N = 3) pleural involvement. Additionally, a distinction could be made between nodular lesions (N = 19), sheet-like tumor masses (N = 10), and combined (N = 3) tumor spread. In all cases thoracentesis was performed. Cytology showed malignant cells in 28 patients. Pleural metastasis was histologically confirmed by ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy in 2 cases. The present study demonstrates the value of scrutinized thoracic sonography in patients with pleural effusion for the detection of pleural metastases.     

乳腺单纯性浸润性微乳头状癌超声表现及其与病理的关系

目的探讨乳腺单纯性浸润性微乳头状癌（PIMPC）超声表现及其与病理的关系。 方法选取2010年1月至2015年8月福建医科大学附属协和医院收治并经手术病理证实18例乳腺PIMPC患者共18个病灶与40例乳腺浸润性导管癌（IDC）患者共40个病灶。对比观察乳腺PIMPC与IDC的超声表现,并与病理结果进行对照。采用χ²检验及Fisher确切概率法比较乳腺PIMPC与IDC超声声像图特征差异;采用χ²检验比较乳腺PIMPC与IDC淋巴结转移率;以术后病理结果作为金标准,计算超声检查提示乳腺PIMPC淋巴结转移的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。 结果18个乳腺PIMPC病灶（100%,18/18）表现为低回声;18个病灶（100%,18/18）形态不规则;16个病灶（88.9%,16/18）边界不清;16个病灶（88.9%,16/18）边缘毛刺;15个病灶（83.3%,15/18）内部见钙化灶,微钙化灶数量一般大于3个,且多集中分布在病灶近中央的位置,而病灶边缘分布较少;16个病灶（88.9%,16/18）后方回声正常或增强;14个病灶（77.7%,14/18）边缘无蟹足状改变;13个病灶（72.2%,13/18）周围无高回声晕;10个病灶（55.6%,10/18）血流信号0~Ⅰ级。乳腺PIMPC病灶边缘蟹足状改变、周围高回声晕、纵横比≥0.7、后方回声衰减、血流信号Ⅱ~Ⅲ级的检出率均低于乳腺IDC,且差异均有统计学意义,二者病灶最大径、形态、边界、边缘毛刺、微钙化灶等超声声像图特征差异均无统计学意义。病理检查示PIMPC癌细胞微乳头状排列呈集块型分布;PIMPC血流信号0~Ⅰ级为主,镜下见肿块少量新生血管主要在细胞簇周围的透明带;而IDC血流信号以Ⅱ~Ⅲ级为主,镜下可见较多再生血管分布在胶原纤维;PIMPC缺乏周围高回声晕,其镜下见肿块边缘无纤维组织簇包饶,IDC周围常见高回声晕其镜下肿块边缘见较多的纤维组织。术后病理结果证实乳腺PIMPC淋巴结转移率达72.2%（13/18）,高于乳腺IDC的45.0%（18/40）（χ²=3.697,P=0.05）。术后病理结果证实13个病灶淋巴结转移,其中超声检查提示淋巴结异常6个（46.2%,6/13）,表现为皮髓质结构异常4个（30.8%,4/13）、淋巴门偏心4个（30.8%,4/13）,血流信号0~Ⅰ级5个（38.5%,5/13）。以术后病理结果作为金标准,超声检查提示乳腺PIMPC淋巴结转移的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为46.2%、60.0%、50.0%、75.0%、30.0%。 结论乳腺PIMPC超声表现以形态不规则、边界不清、边缘毛刺及内部微钙化灶为主要特征,其超声表现与其特殊的病理特点有密切关系。超声检查对于提示PIMPC患者腋窝淋巴结转移具有一定价值。     

Focal Hypoechoic Tumors of Fatty Liver

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of focal hypoechoic tumors of fatty liver using conventional ultrasonography and contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). Methods. Sixty‐four hypoechoic tumors of fatty liver in 52 patients were examined by both conventional ultrasonography and CEUS. Contrast pulse sequencing and a sulfur hexafluoride contrast agent were used for CEUS. The enhancement patterns were evaluated in real time. Results . Hypoechoic tumors of fatty liver showed posterior echo enhancement, including 71.4% (25 of 35) of hemangiomas, 73.3% (11 of 15) of metastases, and 50.0% (3 of 6) of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) on conventional ultrasonography. During the early arterial phase, 62.5% (5 of 8) of focal nodular hyperplasia lesions showed a central spoked wheel enhancement pattern, whereas the remaining 37.5% (3 of 8) showed eccentric spoked wheel enhancement. During the arterial phase, 97.1% (34 of 35) of hemangiomas showed peripheral enhancement and centripetal fill‐in, including ringlike peripheral enhancement (12 of 35), small nodular peripheral enhancement (19 of 35), and massive irregular peripheral enhancement (3 of 35). In total, 76.5% (26 of 34) of hemangiomas were completely filled in. All HCCs showed complete enhancement from 9 to 24 seconds during the arterial phase and began to wash out from 21 to 114 seconds. During the arterial phase, 40.0% (6 of 15) of metastases showed ringlike enhancement; 26.7% (4 of 15) showed slight hyperenhancement; 13.3% (2 of 15) showed hyperenhancement quickly; and the remaining 20.0% (3 of 15) showed heterogeneous hyperenhancement. All metastatic tumors began to wash out from 25 to 40 seconds. In total, 92.2% (59 of 64) of focal hypoechoic tumors of fatty liver were diagnosed as the correct pathologic type with CEUS. Conclusions. With CEUS, characterization of hypoechoic tumors of fatty liver is greatly improved.     

Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's hepatic lymphoma: Sonographic findings

The sonographic studies of 72 patients with pathologically proven Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's hepatic lymphoma were retrospectively reviewed. Sixty-eight patients (94%) had secondary hepatic lymphoma (nine of them had AIDS-related lymphoma) and four patients (6%) had primary lymphoma of the liver. Forty-six of 72 patients (64%) had diffuse hepatic involvement, and 26 of 72 patients (36%) had focal liver lesions as demonstrated by sonography. Four patterns of disease were identified: (a) hepatomegaly was depicted by sonography in 26 of the 59 patients with secondary hepatic lymphoma not related to AIDS, in two of the nine patients with AIDS-related secondary hepatic lymphoma, and in one of the four patients with primary hepatic lymphoma; (b) multiple rounded well-delineated hypoechoic liver lesions were found in 22 of the 68 patients with secondary hepatic lymphoma; (c) a large heterogeneous echoic mass, which was an evocating clue to the diagnosis of primary lymphoma of the liver, was found in the four patients with primary lymphoma of the liver; and (d) an absence of sonographic abnormalities was found in 20 of the 59 patients with secondary lymphoma not related to AIDS. Liver involvement with lymphoma should be considered in any patient who develops multiple homogeneous hypoechoic liver masses, even in the absence of known underlying lymphomatous disease.     

Sonographic findings of solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sonographic findings of solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas, a rare tumor occurring in young women. METHODS: The sonographic findings of 11 cases of pathologically proven solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: In 6 cases (55%), combined cystic and solid portions of the masses were observed, whereas only solid-looking masses without anechoic cystic portions were seen in 4 cases (36%). One case (9%) had marginal calcification, consequently, the internal architecture was not evaluated by sonography. Internal echoes were seen in 3 of 6 cystic and solid masses. Septa were seen in 3 cases. Among 11 cases of solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm, tumor margins were well defined in 10, and tumor capsules were detected in 9 (echogenic in 7 and hypoechoic in 2). Calcifications were seen in 3 cases (27%). CONCLUSIONS: The characteristic sonographic findings of solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm were well-encapsulated, cystic, and solid masses, but sometimes the mass was seen as a pure solid-looking mass or had internal septations or calcifications.     

Demonstration of gastric submucosal lesions by high-resolution transabdominal sonography

PURPOSE: We evaluated the accuracy of high-resolution transabdominal sonography (TAUS) in identifying and characterizing gastric submucosal masses previously detected by endoscopy. METHODS: Patients given endoscopy for suspected submucosal gastric lesions and 2 patients with gastric wall cysts were enrolled. Patients underwent TAUS and then endoscopic sonography (EUS) on the same day, and the sonographic results were compared with endoscopic and histologic findings. RESULTS: Among 101 patients with gastric submucosal masses on endoscopy, TAUS revealed a mass in 94 (93%); of these 94 patients, 60 underwent EUS. The final diagnoses were 31 leiomyomas, 10 leiomyosarcomas, 13 ectopic pancreases, 2 cysts, and 1 glomus tumor, 1 carcinoid tumor, 1 lipoma, and 1 fibroma. Leiomyomas (mean size, 3.2 cm) and leiomyosarcomas (mean size, 7.1 cm) were shown sonographically to originate from the muscular layer. Ectopic pancreases (mean size, 1.2 cm) were shown to originate from the submucosal layer and had a homogeneously echogenic pattern. Gastric cysts were found in the submucosal layer and were anechoic. The glomus tumor and the carcinoid tumor were found in the muscular layer and were hypoechoic. The lipoma and the fibroma were located in the submucosal layer and were echogenic on TAUS. CONCLUSIONS: TAUS had a detection rate of 93% in visualizing submucosal gastric masses previously identified by endoscopy. TAUS is less invasive than EUS and can be used to follow submucosal gastric masses that are not excised.