Sublingual immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis: quality of systematic reviews

Systematic reviews have gained popularity as a way to combine the increasing amount of research information. This study assessed the quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for allergic rhinitis in children, published since 2000. Eligible reviews were identified by searching Medline/Pubmed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, from 2000 through 2008. Methodological quality was assessed using the assessment of multiple systematic reviews instrument. Ten systematic reviews were included, one of which was published in the Cochrane Library. Eight reviews gave some details about the search strategy. None of the reviews included measures to avoid selection bias. In 60% of the reviews, the methodological quality of the included studies was (partly) assessed. Four reviews pooled the results of individual studies, neglecting clinical heterogeneity. Three of the 10 reviews provided information about sources of funding or grants from industry. Of the 10 reviews, the six reviews with the highest overall score scored 5-8 points, indicating moderate quality. Systematic reviews are useful to evaluate the efficacy of SLIT in children. Although more reviews have become available, the methodological quality could be improved. SLIT for children could be promising, but methodological flaws in the reviews and individual studies are too serious to draw definite conclusions.     

儿童过敏性鼻炎的特异性免疫治疗

特异性免疫治疗（AIT）是目前惟一可能改变儿童过敏性鼻炎（AR）自然病程的治疗方法,在取得了良好临床疗效的同时减少了AR患儿的药物用量,提高了生活质量。预防AR进展到哮喘,并减少新的变应原过敏。针对AIT产生的新方法、新技术的目的是缩短达到免疫耐受的时间,提高患儿依从性,增强治疗的安全性,并尽可能的降低治疗负担。该文对AR患儿AIT临床进展进行综述。     

Nutritional status in pregnant adolescents: a systematic review of biochemical markers

Adolescent pregnancy is a major public health challenge for many industrialized countries and is associated with significant medical, nutritional, social and economic risk for mothers and their infants. Despite this, relatively little is known about the nutritional status of this population. The aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of the current evidence relating to the biochemical markers of nutritional status of pregnant adolescents living in industrialized countries. Six papers were identified that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, the majority of which were conducted in the United States. The studies were of variable quality and most failed to control for potential confounders which may have strongly influenced the findings. Due to limited research, conclusions cannot be drawn about the zinc and calcium status of pregnant adolescents, and data on folate and vitamin B(12) status appeared conflicting. There was some consensus among studies, however, to suggest that indicators of anaemia and iron status were compromised in pregnant adolescents, particularly during the third trimester of pregnancy. Chronological age did not appear to influence nutritional status, although there was some evidence to suggest that increasing gynaecologic age may positively influence plasma ferritin levels. Current research is limited by sampling and measurement bias, and research is urgently required to address these limitations. Further consideration should also be made of the influence of the role of socio-economic support on pregnant adolescents' nutritional status. The achievement of improved nutrition in pregnancy among adolescents requires multidisciplinary collaborations of adolescent healthcare providers, academics, professional organizations, policymakers, industry and service users. Only once this is achieved can adolescent nutrition, and adolescent nutrition in pregnancy, be significantly and sustainably optimized.     

儿童螨过敏性鼻炎的免疫治疗

目的:探讨舌下脱敏治疗对螨虫致敏过敏性鼻炎患儿的疗效。方法:回顾性研究2014年3月至2019年9月就诊于首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊490例螨虫致敏过敏性鼻炎患儿,并依据患儿的临床情况,将其分成低龄儿童组、脱敏治疗时长组、个体化剂量调整组及多重过敏疗效评估组,记录患儿在首诊、治疗12个月、24个月...     

儿童过敏性鼻炎的流行病学

过敏性鼻炎（allergic rhinitis,AR）是儿童常见的慢性疾病之一。经全球流行病学调查,不同年龄段、不同地区之间的儿童AR患病率都有差异,AR患病率整体呈现缓慢增加的趋势。但不同地区过敏原种类分布不一,在欧美及我国新疆地区,以植物类为主要过敏原;我国其他地区则以螨类为主要过敏原。     

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目的 探讨特异性免疫治疗变应性哮喘合并鼻炎的效果,分析特异性免疫治疗期间病情反复的原因。方法 将上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院2006年1月至2010年12月期间收治的102例变应性哮喘合并鼻炎的患儿,分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组78例在哮喘规范化防治基础上联合粉尘螨注射液特异性免疫治疗,而对照组24例以吸入激素等规范化防治为主。评价两组患儿治疗6个月、1年、2年及治疗结束后随访1年哮喘最大呼气流量(PEF)、汉化版儿童哮喘控制测试量表(Ch-CACT)结果和变应性鼻炎的临床症状评分及视觉模拟评分(VAS),比较两组患儿治疗第2年及治疗结束后随访1年哮喘急性发作次数和呼吸道感染情况,并分析特异性免疫治疗期间病情反复的原因。结果 治疗第2年及治疗结束后随访1年哮喘急性发作次数和呼吸道感染次数均较对照组减少,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。治疗组治疗2年及治疗结束后随访1年哮喘PEF测定结果优于对照组,治疗结束后随访1年Ch-CACT较对照组高,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗6个月、1年、2年及治疗结束后随访1年治疗组变应性鼻炎的临床症状评分和VAS评分优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。特异性免疫治疗期间导致病情反复的常见原因为气候因素、呼吸道感染、合并副鼻窦炎及不适当的居室清扫等。结论 特异性免疫治疗能改善哮喘患儿的PEF及Ch-CACT评分,能明显改善变应性鼻炎的临床症状及VAS评分,是一种防治变应性哮喘合并鼻炎持久有效的方法。气候因素、呼吸道感染及合并副鼻窦炎是导致特异性免疫治疗期间病情反复的主要原因。     

Bone turnover markers in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes—A systematic review

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with impaired bone health and both osteocalcin (OCN) and procollagen type 1 amino terminal propetide (P1NP) (markers of bone formation) and C‐terminal cross‐linked telopeptide (CTX) (marker of bone resorption) are decreased in adult patients with T1D. We review the existing literature characterizing these bone turnover markers in children and adolescents with T1D and by meta‐analysis examine whether alterations in OCN, P1NP, and CTX are evident and if potential changes correlate to the metabolic control (hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c). Systematic searches at MEDLINE and EMBASE were conducted in January 2018 identifying all studies describing OCN, P1NP, or CTX in children and adolescents with T1D. A total of 26 studies were included, representing data from more than 1000 patients with T1D. Pooled analyses of standard mean difference and summary effects analysis were performed when sufficient data were available. Pooled analysis revealed mean OCN to be significantly lower in children and adolescents with T1D compared to healthy controls (standard mean difference: ?1.87, 95% confidence interval, CI: ?2.83; ?0.91) whereas both P1NP and CTX did not differ from the controls. Only data on OCN was sufficient to make pooled correlation analysis revealing a negative correlation between OCN and HbA1c (?0.31 95% CI: ?0.45; ?0.16). In conclusion, OCN is decreased in children and adolescents with T1D, whether CTX and P1NP are affected as well is unclear, due to very limited data available. New and large studies including OCN, P1NP, and CTX (preferably as z‐scores adjusting for age variability) is needed to further elucidate the status of bone turnover in children and adolescents with T1D.     

复旦大学附属儿科医院2413例过敏性鼻炎患儿过敏原筛查结果分析

目的　了解过敏性鼻炎（allergic rhinitis,AR）患儿的过敏原,为儿童AR的预防和治疗提供依据。方法　采用免疫印迹法对2013年1月至2018年7月就诊于复旦大学附属儿科医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科的2413例AR患儿进行过敏原检测并进行分析。结果　吸入性过敏原前4位分别为户尘螨（49.52%）、混合霉菌（23.62%）、狗毛（17.99%）、屋尘（15.54%）。食入性过敏原前4位分别为牛奶（46.54%）、鸡蛋（22.92%）、腰果（19.10%）、螃蟹（9.45%）。部分AR患儿（46.33%）同时存在吸入性及食入性过敏。男女患儿过敏原阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。随着年龄增长,儿童的吸入性过敏原阳性率逐渐增加,食入性过敏原阳性率逐渐降低。结论　儿童吸入性过敏原以尘螨及混合霉菌为主,食入性过敏原以牛奶及鸡蛋为主,过敏原检测有助于了解患儿的过敏状态。     

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??Abstract?? Objective To investigate if there is an association between caesarean section and allergic rhinitis as well as asthma in Suzhou children and whether the association is affected by family history of allergies. Methods This study was based on the epidemiological investigation of asthma among children aged 0-14 years from Pingjiang area of Suzhou city in 2010. From 540 asthmatic children we selected 427 children aged 5 to 14 years?? 290 males and 137 females ?? the average age being ??8.46±2.3??years. Another 427 non-asthmatic children were chosen by 1:1 matching by the same sex and age with the asthma children ?? A total of 854 cases were chosen as the study population??Then analyze the survey data by using Chi-square test and Logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 854 children?? 388 were delivered by cesarean section??allergic rhinitis 158 cases??asthma 191 cases?? and 466 by vaginal??allergic rhinitis 146 cases??asthma 236 cases????After adjusting for potential confounders??caesarean section was associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis??OR=1.66??95%CI 1.21??2.29????Specifically??while approximately 2.6-fold higher odds of allergic rhinitis was observed in children with a family history of allergies??OR=2.58??95%CI 1.46??4.56????no association was observed in children without a family history of allergies??OR=1.42??95%CI 0.95??2.13????Children born by cesarean section had no higher risk of asthma than those delivered vaginally??OR=0.91??95%CI 0.68??1.22??. Conclusion The association of caesarean section and allergic rhinitis appears more remarkable in children with family history of allergies??However??caesarean section is not associated with asthma in childhood.     

Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)

Background: As part of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in CHITdFood (ISAAC), prevalence surveys were conducted among representative samples of school children from locations in Europe, Asia. Africa. Australasia. North and South America.
Subjects: 257.800 children aged 6-7 years from 91 centres in 38 countries, and 463,801 children aged 13-14 years from 155 centres in 56 countries. Methods: Written symptom questionnaires were translated from Fnglish into the local language for self-completion hy the 13-14-year-olds and completion by the parent.s of the 6-7-year-olds. Rhinitis was described as a problem with sneezing, or a runny, or blocked nose when you (your child) DID NOT have a cold or the flu. Additional questions were asked about rhinitis associated with itchy-watery eyes, interference with activities and a history of hay fever ever.
Results: The prevalenee of rhinitis with itchy-watery eyes ("rhinoeonjunc-tivitis") in the past year varied across centres from 0.8%(to 14.9%c in the 6-7-year-olds and from 1.4% to 39.7% in the 13-14-year-olds. Within each age group, the global pattem was broadly consistent across each of the symptom categories. In centres of higher prevalence there was great variability in the proportion of rhinoconjunctivitis labelled as hay fever. The lowest prevalences of rhinoconjunctivitis were found in parts of eastern Furope. south and central Asia. High prevalences were reported from cen-tres in several regions.
Conclusion: These results suggest substantial worldwide variations in the prevalence and labelling of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis which rcqtiirc further study. These differences, if real, may offer important clues t o environmental influences on ullergy.     

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and childhood allergic diseases: a systematic review

Studies have found a link between neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (NNH) and/or neonatal phototherapy (NPT) and childhood allergic diseases. The present systematic review was conducted to provide updated evidence and to provide direction regarding future research. A systematic search of the published literature was carried out. Observational studies including children up to 12 yr of age were included. Data extraction was carried out using a standardized data extraction form that was designed and pilot tested a priori. The analysis was carried out with the statistical software RevMan (version 5.2) [Protocol is registered at PROSPERO: CRD42014009943]. Of 79 citations retrieved, a total of 7 good quality studies (n = 101,499) were included in the final analysis. There was a significant increase in the odds of asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) after NNH [asthma, OR 4.26 (95% CI 4.04–4.5); AR, OR 5.37 (95% CI 4.16–6.92)] and after NPT [asthma, OR 3.81 (95% CI 3.53–4.11); AR, OR 3.04(95% CI 2.13–4.32)]. A similar increase in the trend was noted for late onset of asthma after NNH [OR 4.1 (95% CI 2.82–5.94)], and hospitalization due to asthma after NPT [OR 3.56 (95% CI 2.93–4.33)]. The GRADE evidence generated was of ‘low quality’. The current evidence finds a significant increase in the odds of childhood allergic diseases after NNH and/or NPT. As observational studies were included, the evidence generated was of ‘low quality’. Future studies should try to elucidate the pathophysiologic link between NNH and/or NPT and childhood allergic diseases.     

舌下含服粉尘螨滴剂治疗支气管哮喘伴变应性鼻炎的疗效

目的 探讨舌下含服粉尘螨滴剂特异性免疫治疗支气管哮喘(哮喘)伴变应性鼻炎的疗效及安全性.方法 选取516例年龄4～13岁哮喘伴变应性鼻炎患儿.其中291例完成1 a舌下免疫治疗(免疫治疗组),非免疫治疗对照组225例.患儿均完成10种常见变应原皮肤点刺试验,点刺试验结果呈阳性反应.免疫治疗组根据皮肤点刺试验结果分尘螨过敏组80例、尘螨及蟑螂过敏组71例、尘螨及花粉过敏组74例、尘螨及狗毛过敏组66例.应用粉尘螨滴剂进行临床免疫治疗,记录治疗前后哮喘控制问卷(ACQ)评分、鼻炎症状评分、用药情况和不良反应.结果 1.治疗12个月后,免疫治疗组和非免疫治疗对照组ACQ评分分别为(0.28±0.33)分和(1.07±0.68)分,与治疗前[(1.76±0.75)分和(1.55±0.62)分]比较,分别下降了(74.03±37.66)%和(29.32±44.53)%,2组ACQ评分比较差异有统计学意义(Z=-154.109,P<0.000 1).2.治疗12个月,免疫治疗组和非免疫治疗对照组鼻炎症状评分分别为(0.337±0.479)分和(0.560±0.634)分,较治疗前[(0.899±0.667)分和(0.892±0.688)分]分别有70.8%和39.1%的患儿评分级别降低,2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=51.949,P<0.000 1).3.治疗12个月,免疫治疗组和非免疫治疗对照组治疗哮喘月均用药评分分别为(20.91±18.03)分 和(85.22±47.84)分,与治疗初始月均用药评分[(113.41±35.02)分和(108.86±35.24)分]比较,分别下降了(75.10±28.80)%和(20.60±39.52)%.4.治疗12个月,免疫治疗组肺功能呼气峰流速(预计值百分比)[(91.38±8.82)%]较治疗前上升(8.84±9.64)%.5.免疫治疗结束,免疫治疗组粉尘螨试验阳性级别降低,与非免疫治疗对照组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=70.850,P<0.000 1).6.各免疫治疗亚组ACQ评分、月均用药评分和粉尘螨皮试阳性级别降低的差异均无统计学意义.7.与用药相关的皮疹、鼻咽痒和哮喘发作不良反应发生率为24.7%,未出现过敏性休克等严重不良反应.结论 特应性舌下免疫治疗方法安全有效,是治疗儿童哮喘伴变应性鼻炎的重要措施之一.     

Improving child protection: a systematic review of training and procedural interventions

Aim

To synthesise published evidence regarding the effectiveness of training and procedural interventions aimed at improving the identification and management of child abuse and neglect by health professionals.

Methods

Systematic review for the period 1994 to 2005 of studies that evaluated child protection training and procedural interventions. Main outcome measures were learning achievement, attitudinal change, and clinical behaviour.

Results

Seven papers that examined the effectiveness of procedural interventions and 15 papers that evaluated training programmes met the inclusion criteria. Critical appraisal showed that evaluation of interventions was on the whole poor. It was found that certain procedural interventions (such as the use of checklists and structured forms) can result in improved recording of important clinical information and may also alert clinical staff to the possibility of abuse. While a variety of innovative training programmes were identified, there was an absence of rigorous evaluation of their impact. However a small number of one‐group pre‐ and post‐studies suggest improvements in a range of attitudes necessary for successful engagement in the child protection process.

Conclusion

Current evidence supports the use of procedural changes that improve the documentation of suspected child maltreatment and that enhance professional awareness. The lack of an evidence based approach to the implementation of child protection training may restrict the ability of all health professionals to fulfil their role in the child protection process. Formal evaluation of a variety of models for the delivery of this training is urgently needed with subsequent dissemination of results that highlight those found to be most effective.