新疆哈萨克族青年人群指长及指长比的特点CSCD

背景:在人类胚胎期的前3个月指长比值就基本确定,指长及指长比具有性别和侧别差异,指长比可能还存在民族、地区及人种差异,至今尚未有人进行过新疆哈萨克族成人指长比方面的研究。目的:探讨新疆哈萨克族青年人群指长比的特点。方法:随机选择18-25岁健康新疆哈萨克族青年200例(男100例,女100例),进行双手后前位X射线拍片,分别测量指骨长度,同时测量身高,将所得数据用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析处理。结果与结论:新疆哈萨克族青年人群指长均呈现3D>4D>2D>5D;男性指长比具有3D∶5D>4D∶5D>2D∶5D>3D∶4D>2D∶3D>2D∶4D趋势,女性指长比具有3D∶5D>2D∶5D>3D∶4D>4D∶5D>2D∶4D>2D∶3D趋势;左右手2D∶3D,3D∶4D,4D∶5D指长比均值男性大于女性,左右手2D∶4D,2D∶5D,3D∶5D指长比均数女性大于男性,男女性左右手指长比2D∶4D和4D∶5D的差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);不同性别中,左侧指长比3D∶5D差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结果说明,新疆哈萨克族指长比具有侧别差异性,其中以2D∶4D和4D∶5D最为显著;性别差异性3D∶5D最为显著。     

大连汉族群体的指长比特点

目的 采用直接测量的方法,对大连地区汉族成人群体指长比进行调查分析,以明确大连地区汉族成人指长比均值的分布特点,为国内开展此项研究积累资料. 方法 抽取大连市430名(男220,女210)健康汉族成人,采用人体测量学方法测量了其左右手第2～5指长度(掌侧),计算各手指间的指长比值,并作性别差异和地区差异比较. 结果 1.指长比:大连汉族群体2D∶3D、2D∶4D、2D∶5D、3D∶4D、3D∶5D、4D∶5D值左右侧男性分别为0.899 5、0.901 1、0.965 0、0.965 9、1.207 4、1.206 3、1.073 1、1.072 2,1.343 1、1.339 4、1.252 2、1.249 9;女性分别为0.906 5、0.907 9、0.976 6、0.975 3、1.223 0、1.222 6、1.078 1、1.075 4、1.352 7、1.350 2、1.255 1、1.255 8.男女性均表现为3D∶5D>4D∶5D>2D∶5D>3D∶4D >2D∶4D>2D∶3D.2.性差:左右手指长比均值女性高于男性,并且2D∶3D、2D∶4D和2D∶5D有显著性差异(P<0.05).3.2D∶4D的百分比分布:男女性的左右手都以2D<4D占主导,2D>4D次之,2D=4D最少.但2D>4D的百分比女性明显大于男性.4.2D∶4D地区差:大连汉族群体男女性均表现为低指长比,明显低于英格兰、英国利物浦、匈牙利、波兰和西班牙,高于其他地区(国家)及民族. 结论 大连汉族群体指长比有其独特性,2D∶4D具有明显的性别差异和地区及民族差异.     

辽宁汉族指长比三种测量方法的对比分析

目的通过不同的测量方法的对比分析,探讨科学准确的辽宁汉族学生指长比的测量方法。方法随机抽取辽宁地区汉族的学生245人(男124人,女121人),分别应用直接测量(Z)、放射X线(X1)、放射X线(X2)三种方法测量其手指2D、3D、4D、5D的长度,比较其均值及不同测量方法的差异。结果直接测量和放射线X1、X2三种方法均发现男女右手2D:4D指长比存在性别差异(P<0.01),直接测量方法显示左手2D:5D指长比也存在明显的性别差异,放射线X1测量方法显示左、右手的2D:3D、2D:4D、2D:5D以及右手的3D:4D、3D:5D指长比存在明显的性别差异,放射线X2方法还发现右手的2D:3D、2D:5D、左手的2D:4D以及左右手的3D:5D、4D:5D存在显著的性别差异。结论右手2D:4D、左手2D:5D指长比存在显著的性别差异三种方法都可应用于2D:4D、2D:5D指长比的研究。     

新疆哈萨克族青年人群指长及指长比的特点

背景:在人类胚胎期的前3个月指长比值就基本确定,指长及指长比具有性别和侧别差异,指长比可能还存在民族、地区及人种差异,至今尚未有人进行过新疆哈萨克族成人指长比方面的研究。目的:探讨新疆哈萨克族青年人群指长比的特点。方法:随机选择18-25岁健康新疆哈萨克族青年200例(男100例,女100例),进行双手后前位X射线拍片,分别测量指骨长度,同时测量身高,将所得数据用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析处理。结果与结论:新疆哈萨克族青年人群指长均呈现3D4D2D5D;男性指长比具有3D∶5D4D∶5D2D∶5D3D∶4D2D∶3D2D∶4D趋势,女性指长比具有3D∶5D2D∶5D3D∶4D4D∶5D2D∶4D2D∶3D趋势;左右手2D∶3D,3D∶4D,4D∶5D指长比均值男性大于女性,左右手2D∶4D,2D∶5D,3D∶5D指长比均数女性大于男性,男女性左右手指长比2D∶4D和4D∶5D的差异有显著性意义(P0.05);不同性别中,左侧指长比3D∶5D差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结果说明,新疆哈萨克族指长比具有侧别差异性,其中以2D∶4D和4D∶5D最为显著;性别差异性3D∶5D最为显著。     

辽宁汉族指长及指长比特点

目的 探讨辽宁汉族指长比的特点。 方法 在知情同意情况下随机整群选取20~22岁健康辽宁汉族728人（男270,女458）,排除手指有畸形、损伤和有内分泌及代谢病者,其母孕期间均未服用激素类药物,直接测量法测量其指长, SPSS140软件包对数据进行分析。 结果 辽宁汉族指长均呈现：3D＞4D＞2D＞5D,女性2D>男性（P<0.001）、男性4D>女性（P<0.001）;辽宁汉族指长比具有3D:5D＞4D:5D＞2D:5D＞3D:4D＞2D:4D＞2D:3D趋势;辽宁汉族指长比存在性别、侧别差异,以2D:4D较为明显;辽宁汉族指长比大于宁夏汉族、回族指长比,与其他国家群体之间也存在差异。 结论 辽宁汉族指长比具有性别、侧别差异性,其中以2D：4D最为显著;指长比可能还存在民族、地区及人种的差异。     

指长比与地方院校医学生心理健康状态的关系*

目的：分析指长比与地方院校医学生心理健康状态的关系。方法：采用体质测量法及症状自评量表-90 （SCL-90）问卷调查,比较469 例高校男、女大学生（ 男性211 例,女性258 例）左右手指长比各均值的差异性, 并分析男、女生指长比与SCL-90 的相关性。结果：女性医学生左、右手2D∶3D、2D∶4D、 2D∶5D、3D∶5D 指长比均高于男性,其左手4D∶5D指长比高于男性;女性医学生左手指长比2D∶4D与躯体化、强迫症、抑郁、 恐惧呈正相关,3D∶4D与躯体化、恐惧呈负相关,其右手指长比2D∶3D与躯体化、焦虑、敌对、其他呈正相关, 2D∶5D与精神病性呈正相关;男性医学生左手指长比2D∶4D与躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌对呈正相关,其右手 指长比2D∶4D 与躯体化、抑郁呈正相关,其他指长比与SCL-90 因子无相关性。结论：地方院校医学生男、女 指长比具有性别差异,男、女性医学生指长比与心理健康状况均有一定相关性。     

女性精神分裂症患者指长比的分析

目的 :探讨女性精神分裂症与指长比(2D∶4D)的相关性。方法 :采用体质测量法,分析宁夏汉族女性249例(对照组147例,精神分裂症患者组102例)双手指长比(2D∶3D、2D∶4D、2D∶5D、3D∶4D、3D∶5D、4D∶5D)均值,比较各均值的差异性及2D∶4D与精神分裂症患者发病年龄的相关性。结果 :精神分裂症患者组各指长比均值均高于对照组,左手2D∶3D及双手2D∶4D差异有统计学意义;患者组左手2D4D的比例显著高于对照组;2D∶4D均值与精神分裂症患者发病年龄无相关性。结论 :指长比(2D∶4D)可能是宁夏汉族女性精神分裂症早期筛查的1个参考指标,精神分裂症可能与胚胎期性激素暴露水平有关。     

浙江汉族群体指长比与寻常性痤疮的相关性

目的探讨浙江汉族群体指长比与寻常性痤疮(AV)的相关性。方法采用直接测量法,用电子游标卡尺测量浙江汉族AV患者和健康人群左右手掌侧第2~5手指长度(拇指除外),AV严重程度分级标准采用国际分类法。结果对浙江汉族261例AV患者组(女性占74.3%)和381例健康对照组(女性占59.6%)、年龄在18~25岁的数据进行了分析,健康组和AV患者组的左右手指长比均值趋势都为2D∶3D2D∶4D3D∶4D2D∶5D4D∶5D3D∶5D,AV患者组中女性患者2D∶4D、3D∶4D比值低于女性健康组,差异具有显著性(P0.01或P0.05),女性的AV患者2D∶3D、2D∶5D、4D∶5D、3D∶5D比值与女性健康组无差异;男性的AV患者与男性健康组之间各指长比值差异不显著。结论浙江汉族女性2D∶4D、3D∶4D指长比低比值与寻常性痤疮的发病有关。     

宁夏汉族女大学生指长比与月经初潮年龄的关系*

目的：探讨宁夏汉族女大学生指长比与月经初潮年龄（AAM）的关系。方法：选取宁夏地区汉族在校女 大学生389 例,采用体质测量及问卷调查方法,比较各指指长比（2D∶3D、2D∶4D、2D∶5D、3D∶4D、3D∶5D、 4D∶5D）均值在左、右手间的差异性,并分析指长比与AAM的相关性。结果：宁夏汉族女大学生左、右手间各 指指长比均值差异无统计学意义,均表现为3D∶5D > 4D∶5D > 2D∶5D > 3D∶4D > 2D∶4D > 2D∶3D的递减趋势; 总人群中,右手2D∶3D、左手2D∶4D、右手2D∶4D及右手3D∶4D与AAM间存在负相关,其余指长比与AAM 无相关性;亚组人群中,右手高2D∶4D与AAM间存在负相关。结论：宁夏汉族女大学生指长比与AAM有关, 右手2D∶4D高的女性AAM可能会相对较早。     

宁夏回族和汉族群体指长比的研究

目的研究宁夏回、汉族群体指长比,比较分析宁夏两种不同民族、不同性别群体左右手及不同民族指长比均值的分布特点。方法采用体质测量法,研究宁夏回族412例(男:219例,女:193例)、汉族439例(男:241例,女:198例)左右手指长比(2D:3D、2D:4D、2D:5D、3D:4D、3D:5D、4D:5D)。结果指长比均值呈现2D:3D<2D:4D<3D:4D<2D:5D<4D:5D<3D:5D的趋势;同一民族左右手指长比均数女性高于男性,且2D:3D、2D:4D、2D:5D有显著性差异(P<0.05);同一性别不同民族左右手指长比无显著性差异。结论指长比在性别间存在差异,2D:4D具有明显的性别差异。     

Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on forepaw digit length and digit ratios in rats

Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause limb and digit defects. Variations in digit ratios in humans are associated with prenatal testosterone exposure. Since prenatal alcohol can reduce testosterone in rats, the effects of prenatal alcohol were measured on rat digit length. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were intubated with 0 g/kg, 4 g/kg, or 6 g/kg of ethanol from Gestational Day 8 (GD8) to GD20. The 0-g/kg group and a nonintubated group served as controls. At postnatal day 31, forepaw digit lengths were measured and digit ratios calculated. Females had smaller digits on both forepaws and higher digit ratios on the right forepaw than males. Rats exposed to 6 g/kg of ethanol had smaller digits than controls on both forepaws and higher digit ratios than controls on the left forepaw. Rat digit ratios differ between the sexes, and prenatal alcohol exposure affects digit ratios. The results are consistent with a perinatal disruption of testosterone levels by alcohol and/or of testosterone's effects on digit length and ratios. An alternate interpretation is consistent with a retinoic acid-mediated effect of alcohol on digit length and ratios.     

Prospects for human digit regeneration

The phenomenon of limb regeneration is briefly described, and factors empirically known to enhance regeneration are reviewed. Regeneration is compared to the initial development of the limb, with which it shares many similarities. Recent advances in understanding of the control mechanisms underlying regeneration are described; in particular, the role of retinoids, and their relationship with homeobox-containing genes are considered. The long-term prospects of inducing regeneration in human amputees are considered, and a cautious “thumbs up” is given to this notion, at least in a limited form.     

Glomus tumour in the digit of a dog

The gross and microscopical features of a glomus tumour in the digit of a 9-year-old dog are described. The tumour consisted of a red nodule near the nail of the third digit of the right forelimb and appeared painful. The tumour cells, which had round to oval hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm, were arranged in sheets around blood vessels, or in nests or duct-like structures. This pattern has not been described previously in canine glomus tumours. Mitotic figures were seen only occasionally. Tumour cells were strongly immunolabelled for vimentin and some expressed smooth-muscle actin and desmin. They were negative for cytokeratins, neuron-specific enolase and CD34. Silver impregnation (reticulin method) stained the reticulum around blood vessels, nests of tumour cells and duct-like structures, and a delicate reticulum was seen around each tumour cell. The morphological, immunohistochemical and histochemical patterns helped in the diagnosis of this glomus tumour.     

Hand digit control in children: age-related changes in hand digit force interactions during maximum flexion and extension force production tasks

We studied the finger interactions during maximum voluntary force (MVF) production in flexion and extension in children and adults. The goal of this study was to investigate the age-related changes and flexion–extension differences of MVF and finger interaction indices, such as finger inter-dependency (force enslaving (FE): unintended finger forces produced by non-instructed fingers during force production of an instructed finger), force sharing (FS; percent contributions of individual finger forces to the total force at four-finger MVF), and force deficit (FD; force difference between single-finger MVF and the force of the same finger at four-finger MVF). Twenty-five right-handed children of 6–10 years of age and 25 adults of 20–24 years of age participated as subjects in this study (five subjects at each age). During the experiments, the subjects had their forearms secured in armrests. The subjects inserted the distal phalanges of the right hand into C-shaped aluminum thimbles affixed to small force sensors with 20° of flexion about the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. The subjects were instructed to produce their maximum isometric force with a single finger or all four fingers in flexion or extension. In order to examine the effects of muscle–force relationship on MVF and other digit interaction indices, six subjects were randomly selected from the group of 25 adult subjects and asked to perform the same experimental protocol described above. However, the MCP joint was at 80° of flexion. The results from the 20° of MCP joint flexion showed that (1) MVF increased and finger inter-dependency decreased with children’s age, (2) the increasing and decreasing absolute slopes (N/year) from regression analysis were steeper in flexion than extension while the relative slopes (%/year) with respect to adults’ maximum finger forces were higher in extension than flexion, (3) the larger MVF, FE, and FD were found in flexion than in extension, (4) the finger FS was very similar in children and adults, (5) the FS pattern of individual fingers was different for flexion and extension, and (6) the differences between flexion and extension found at 20° MCP joint conditions were also valid at 80° MCP joint conditions. We conclude that (a) the finger strength and independency increase from 6 to 10 years of age, and the increasing trends are more evident in flexion than in extension as indexed by the absolute slopes, (b) the finger strength and finger independency is greater in flexion than in extension, and (c) the sharing pattern in children appears to develop before 6 years of age or it is an inherent property of the hand neuromusculoskletal system. One noteworthy observation, which requires further investigation, was that FE was slightly smaller in the 80° condition than in the 20° condition for flexion, but larger for extension for all subjects. This may be interpreted as a greater FE when flexor or extensor muscles are stretched.     

Inhibition of Sonic hedgehog signaling leads to posterior digit loss in Ambystoma mexicanum: parallels to natural digit reduction in urodeles.

Molecular mechanisms patterning the tetrapod limb, including anterior-posterior axis determination involving Sonic hedgehog (Shh), have received much attention, particularly in amniotes. Anterior-posterior patterning in urodele amphibians differs radically from that of amniotes in that it shows a pronounced anterior-to-posterior sequence of digit development. In contrast, amniotes develop their digits almost simultaneously with a slight posterior-to-anterior polarity. Here we use cyclopamine, an inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, to investigate the role of Shh in anterior-posterior patterning in the urodele limb. Inhibition of Shh signal transduction affects digit number long before their morphological appearance. In accordance with the apparently derived order of digit development in urodeles, exposure reproducibly removes digits in a posterior-to-anterior sequence, the inverse of their developmental sequence. This pattern of digit loss mimics the order of digit loss in natural variation. We suggest that variation in Shh expression and/or signal transmission may explain natural variation in digit number in urodeles.     

乳腺癌患者指长波动性不对称

目的 探讨宁夏汉族女性乳腺癌患者指长波动性不对称（FA）。方法 采用体质测量法,分析宁夏汉族女性256例（正常对照128例,乳腺癌患者128例）指长FA（2FA、3FA、4FA、5FA）及复合FA(CFA)的均值,比较其均值的差异性,分析指长FA与年龄间的关系。结果 ]宁夏汉族女性正常对照组与乳腺癌患者组各指长FA均值均呈现2FA＞4FA＞3FA＞5FA的趋势;乳腺癌患者组各指长FA均值均高于对照组,2FA（P<0.01）、4FA、5FA、CFA（P<0.05）差异有显著性,且2FA差异最显著;乳腺癌患者组2FA在|L-R|≥0.04组显著增高（P<0.05）;乳腺癌患者组2FA均值与发病年龄呈负相关（P<0.001）。结论 FA,尤其是2FA水平可能是宁夏汉族女性乳腺癌早期筛查的重要间接参考指标之一。