湖州地区出生缺陷新生儿染色体异常核型分析

目的 分析湖州地区出生缺陷新生儿染色体异常核型特点,为产前诊断提供科学依据.方法 回顾性分析2006-2011年浙江省湖州地区各监测医院报告的所有出生缺陷新生儿,对染色体核型异常患儿的染色体核型及临床表现进行总结.结果 研究期间湖州地区共分娩活产新生儿142473名,出生缺陷新生儿2493例,出生缺陷发生率174.9/万,发生率居前五位的分别是先天性心脏病(54.1/万)、指趾畸形(34.8/万)、外耳畸形(15.8/万)、唇裂(6.5/万)、尿道下裂(3.9/万).来本院进行染色体核型分析的出生缺陷新生儿211例,发现染色体异常核型87例,异常检出率41.2%;其中常染色体异常核型83例,占95.4%,性染色体异常核型4例,占4.6%;前三位染色体异常核型分别是21三体综合征、18三体综合征、猫叫综合征.结论 染色体异常是引起新生儿出生缺陷、甚至死亡的重要病因,尽早进行染色体核型分析是有效干预手段.     

先天畸形及代谢缺陷

930290 1 599例遗传咨询门诊病例的细胞遗传学研究/李秀玲…刀实用儿科杂志一1 992,7(4)一194一195 对常染色体结核异常的病例作高分辨显带技术(HRC)分析,结果常染色体数目异常145例,常染色体结构异常29例,性染色体数口异常48例,性染色体结构异常12例,Fra界科例。异常染色体检出率为14.88%,20例核型为世界首报核型。用免疫方法对44例21三休综合征,19例非21一三体综合征的弱智儿,36名正常儿童进行红细胞的SOD一l蛋白含量的测定结果表明21一三体综合征患儿的SOD一l蛋白含量较正常儿增加50%。4例inv(9)中倒位染色体来源于亲代,但表型效应不…     

2064例细胞遗传学分析临床与优生意义

为了解国内主要异常染色体核型的分布情况，给优生干预提供科学的依据，对2064例患者进行常规接种、培养并制备外周血淋巴细胞染色体G显带标本，必要时进行C带和高分辨G显带分析。结果显示，2064例患者中，染色体异常457例，异常检出率为22．1％，涉及异常核型80余种。染色体异常中常染色体异常263例，性染色体异常194例；染色体数目异常315例，结构异常116例，性反转26例。提示染色体核型分析是诊断染色体病、检出携带者以及进行产前诊断的主要方法；21-三体综合征和Turner综合征是临床最常见的染色体异常，其染色体核型复杂多样。     

21三体综合征46例染色体核型分析

目的分析21三体综合征（DS）患儿的染色体核型，为降低DS的风险提供产前诊断依据。方法对智力低下206例儿童进行详细的遗传咨询：遗传病史（有遗传病史进行系谱分析）、DS临床体征、父母的染色体及生育年龄情况、父母接触有害物质情况。行外周血淋巴细胞培养，行常规G显带核型分析。对气促、发绀、心脏杂音、心电图和胸片等可疑有先天性心脏病者，应用彩色多普勒超声心动图（CDFM）检查；DS 1例患儿有脑性瘫痪症状，行脑电图、头颅CT检查；经确诊为DS的患者，患者父母做染色体核型分析。结果确诊DS患者46例，其中21三体型42例（占92％）；易位型21三体2例（占4％）；嵌合型21三体2例（占4％）。DS并先天性心脏病16例（占35％）；并脑性瘫痪1例（占2％）。DS患儿46例父母的染色体核型均正常。结论开展细胞遗传学诊断分析，可精确检出DS，对DS高危人群未来的生育后代情况及预防DS患儿的出生提供科学依据。     

应用荧光原位杂交法检测口腔黏膜脱落细胞诊断唐氏综合征

目的：目前,临床应用荧光原位杂交（FISH）法诊断唐氏综合征多采用血液及皮肤活检组织,属于有创检查。该研究探讨应用FISH方法检测口腔黏膜细胞（无创取材）对唐氏综合征的诊断价值。方法：应用FISH方法对2010年3月至2011年3月16例可疑唐氏综合征患儿外周血及口腔黏膜脱落细胞进行检测分析;同时进行外周血淋巴细胞染色体核型分析。结果：FISH法检测外周血及口腔黏膜脱落细胞标本,显示14例为21-三体综合征,2例21号染色体数目正常,结果与外周血染色体核型分析结果一致。结论：应用FISH方法对口腔黏膜脱落细胞标本进行检测可为唐氏综合征的准确、无创性诊断提供新的检测途径。     

21三体综合征的快速基因诊断及产前基因诊断

在以智力低下为主要临床表现的常染色体疾病中 ,2 1三体综合征是最常见的一种。我们将细胞遗传学与基因探针技术结合起来 ,利用 2 1号染色体特异性探针采用细胞原位杂交的方法对 2 1三体综合征进行基因诊断及产前基因诊断 ,具有敏感性高、快速准确等优点。对象经本室细胞遗传学检定核型诊断的 2 1三体综合征患儿10例 ;自愿人工流产者 10例及产前诊断者 1例 (其第 1胎子代为标准型 2 1三体综合征 )。人工流产者收集妊娠 6～ 10周绒毛进行染色体检查核型均为正常 ;取 1例产前诊断者第2胎子代妊娠 11周的绒毛、妊娠 2 2周的羊水及生后外周血 ,…     

身材矮小女童969例的染色体核型分析

目的 分析女童身材矮小细胞遗传学方面的原因.方法 对969例身材矮小的女童做外周血染色体检查,采用常规外周血淋巴细胞培养,G显带,油镜下每例计数30个中期分裂相,分析5个核型,对异常核型增加核型分析数,进行核型分析.结果 发现异常核型264例,异常率为27.2％.其中45X77例(29.1％),45X/46XX嵌合76例(28.8％),45X/46Xi( Xq)27例(12.2％),46Xi( Xq) 20例(7.6％),46XX/47XXX 9例(3.4％),46X,del( Xp)7例(2.6％),45 X/46XY 6例(2.2％).结论 染色体异常是女童身材矮小的一个重要原因,应引起临床医师的高度重视,可作为常规检查.     

15q11.2-13.2微重复四倍体综合征1例并文献复习

目的 采用分子遗传学技术分析1例常规染色体核型拟诊为21/22三体的发育迟缓伴孤独症患儿,明确遗传学诊断。方法 收集患儿及其父母的外周血标本,常规提取基因组DNA,应用高分辨染色体核型分析（400-550带）检测患儿及其父母的染色体数目及结构,微阵列比较基因组杂交技术(array-CGH)筛查患儿的全基因组拷贝数变异,以荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对异常的基因拷贝进行染色体精确定位和定量。结果 女,2岁,发育迟缓伴孤独症样表现。外侧眼角下垂、内眦赘皮。常规染色体核型检查（320带）分别为47,XX,+22和47,XX,+21。高分辨染色体核型分析显示,该患儿携带额外标记染色体（SMC）,核型为47,XX,+mar dn,尚不能确定是否为21/22三体携带者,患儿父亲高分辨率核型染色体分析提示为46,XY,母亲为46,XX,提示患儿携带SMC为新生突变。array-CGH检测显示15q11.2-13.2区域微重复（chr15:22684529-30730543,8.0 Mb,hg19）。FISH验证该SMC来源于15号染色体,由15q11.2-13.2区域二倍体及双着丝粒组成。患儿最终诊断为15q11.2-13.2微重复四倍体综合征。复习文献报道的15q11.2-13.2拷贝数增加病例的临床表型,微重复四倍体综合征的主要表型有智力低下/发育迟缓（100％）、肌张力低下（92.9％）、孤独症/孤独症样表现（71.4％）和癫痫（61.5％）等。结论 15q11.2-13.2微重复四倍体综合征是患儿发生精神发育迟滞伴孤独症的遗传学基础,array-CGH能够快速、准确地检测基因组的微小失衡。     

小儿急性白血病细胞染色体分析及其与临床预后关系的探讨

为探讨白血病患儿细胞遗传学改变和临床预后的关系，我们对４１例急性白血病初诊患儿进行细胞遗传学研究，２８例异常核型检出（６８％），其中急性淋巴细胞白血病异常核型检出率为６７％，急性非淋巴细胞白血病异常核型检出率为７３％。急性白血病患儿染色体结构异常可视为预后不佳的标志，而正常二倍体核型及超二倍体核型的白血病则预后较好，还对其中１１例患儿核型进行动态观察，提示细胞遗传学研究可作为白血病患儿诊断分型、指     

儿童外周血染色体254例分析

目的 探讨染色体异常与儿童智力低下的关系。方法 对智力低下的儿童进行染色体分析。结果 254例中有54例染色体核型异常，异常检出率21．26％，其中常染色体数目异常占异常的88．89％；常染色体结构异常占异常的5．56％：性染色体异常占5．56％。结论 染色体异常是儿童智力低下的一个重要原因。     

Prader-Willi综合征Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型缺失新生儿表型分析

目的 分析Prader-Willi综合征（PWS）父源性Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型缺失新生儿的表型差异。方法 纳入在复旦大学附属儿科医院临床诊断为PWS的新生儿,应用甲基化特异性多重连接探针扩增技术（MS-MLPA）和SNP芯片检测方法行PWS基因型分类,收集父源性Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型缺失患儿的临床表型资料,分析表型的差异。结果 13例PWS父源性缺失新生儿进入分析,其中MS-MLPA诊断10例,3例采用Affymetrix SNP芯片筛查诊断。Ⅰ型缺失5例,平均胎龄为36.2周,3例早产;Ⅱ型缺失8例,平均胎龄为38.9周,均为足月儿。Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型缺失各表型的发生率：肌张力低下和吸吮力差均为100%,特殊面容分别为80%和50%,色素减退分别为40%和37.5%,生殖系统异常分别为40%和87.5%。结论 肌张力低下和吸吮力差是PWS新生儿共同的临床特征,Ⅰ型缺失可能更易发生早产,特殊面容;Ⅱ型缺失生殖系统异常发生率较高,Ⅰ型缺失可能存在临床表型多样性。     

Down syndrome in Ahmedabad: Karyotype analysis in 60 cases

A total of 100 cases suspected to have Down syndrome (DS) were clinically evaluated. Giemsa trypsin karyotype analysis were carried in 72 patients and chromosome abnormality was confirmed in 60 patients. Fifty four had standard trisomy 21, two had translocations: one with t (21q 21q) (de novo) and other with t (14q 21q) mat. Mosaicism was found in four patients. In 45 cases the maternal age was <-30 years and in 15 the maternal age was >30 years., Variants (polymorphism) for D and G group chromosomes were found in eight patients and their parental origin were confirmed. Congenital heart disease, duodenal atresia, cataract, polydactyly and amino aciduria were found to be associated with some of the patients. A very rare and unusual case of “absent patellae” was found in a female DS with trisomy 21. The frequencies of different types of chromosomal abnormalities in Down syndrome in our study is comparable to the reports in other parts of the country. A precise cytogenetic diagnosis in DS enables the prognosis, better management and genetic counselling to the affected families.     

Down综合征患儿睡眠特征多导睡眠图的回顾性研究

目的 探讨Down综合征患儿的睡眠结构和基本睡眠参数的特点。方法 选取10例Down综合征患儿为Down组，采用染色体核型检查进行Down综合征的诊断，其中男7例，女3例，年龄中位数8岁2个月；选取声带小结患儿14例及突发性耳聋6例患儿为对照组，其中男12例，女8例，年龄中位数8岁9个月。两组患儿均接受整夜多导睡眠图监测，按中华医学会耳鼻咽喉科学分会制定的儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）诊疗指南（草案）中的标准进行呼吸事件的定义和OSAHS的诊断，阻塞性呼吸暂停指数（OAI）每小时≤1次或呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI) 每小时≤5次，最低血氧饱和度(LSaO2)≥0.92可以排除OSAHS。应用Mann-Whitney U和精确概率检验，比较Down组和对照组的睡眠结构，并进行睡眠期LSaO2、OAI、AHI、脑电醒觉反应指数及睡眠期肢体运动事件指数的比较。结果 ①两组间在年龄、性别和体重指数等差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；②Down组和对照组比较，快动眼睡眠比例减少，且差异有显著统计学意义（Z=-2.6，P= 0.009）；③睡眠期LSaO2较对照组显著下降（P＜0.05），OAI、AHI及睡眠期肢体运动事件指数Down组较对照组显著升高（P＜0.05）；④10例Down综合征患儿中有6例符合OSAHS诊断，6例中有5例为男性。结论 Down综合征患儿存在睡眠呼吸紊乱，应使用多导睡眠检测的方法尽早发现睡眠呼吸紊乱的问题。     

Life-threatening complications of transient abnormal myelopoiesis in neonates with Down syndrome

Neonates with Down syndrome can present with a haematological disorder called transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM). While TAM is usually a self-limiting disease, patients with severe complications such as hydrops fetalis, cardiorespiratory failure and liver fibrosis have been described. Here, we present five consecutive neonates with trisomy 21 and TAM, four of whom were critically ill and were therefore treated with cytosine-arabinoside. All five patients survived. Conclusion:severely affected neonates with Down syndrome and transient abnormal myelopoiesis might benefit from early cytostatic treatment with cytosine-arabinoside.An erratum to this article can be found at     

新生儿Prader-Willi综合征13例临床表型分析

目的 分析Prader-Willi综合征（PWS）新生儿期的临床表现,为临床早期筛选及进一步行分子诊断提供帮助。方法 回顾性分析2009年8月至2011年8月在北京军区总医院附属八一儿童医院依据MS-PCR和MS-MLPA方法确诊为PWS患儿的诊断、分型和临床表型资料,分析中国PWS新生儿期典型特征。结果 13例PWS进入分析,男9例,女4例,确诊年龄4～28 d。足月儿10例,早产儿2例,过期产儿1例。孕母高龄9例（69.2%）,羊水污染8例（61.5%）,羊水过多3例（23.1%）,胎膜早破5例（38.5%）,异常胎位4例（30.8%）,宫内窘迫9例（69.2%）。 9例为父源性15q11.2-q13区域缺失致病,4例为母源性同源二倍体。4例母源性同源二倍体患儿均可见中枢性肌张力低下和皮肤色素减退,吸吮缓慢2例(50.0%)、哭声微弱3例(75.0%)、男性隐睾1例(25.0%)、女性小阴唇3例(75.0%);均未见特殊面容和唾液黏稠,均不需特殊喂养。9例父源性15q11.2-q13区域缺失患儿均可见中枢性肌张力低下、皮肤色素减退和哭声微弱,吸吮缓慢2例(22.2%)、需特殊喂养7例(77.8%)、特殊面容5例(55.6%)、男性隐睾7例(77.8%)、阴茎短小4例（44.4%）、女性小阴唇1例(11.1%)、唾液黏稠5例(55.6%)。结论 母源性同源二倍体患儿的特殊面容和男性生殖器发育不全的发生率低于父源性15q11.2-q13区域缺失患儿。新生儿期皮肤色素减退及中枢性肌张力低下是中国PWS新生儿普遍存在的特征,可作为进一步行PWS分子诊断的初步筛选指标。     

Karyotype evolution in a patient with down syndrome and acute leukemia following a congenital leukemoid reaction

We report the serial cytogenetic study of a patient with Down syndrome who experienced a congenital leukemoid reaction, underwent a spontaneous remission within four months, and subsequently developed acute myeloid leukemia at 16 months. A blood chromosome study to rule out Down syndrome performed at age 24 days, during the leukemoid reaction, revealed a 47,XX,+21 karyotype. The diagnosis of acute leukemia was made at 16 months, at which time a chromosome study, on bone marrow, was performed. This analysis revealed a clonal karyotype of 47,XX,+21,-22,+der (22)t(1;22)(q21;q13) in all but one cell studied. The single apparently nonclonal cell showed a karyotype of 49,XX,+12,-13,-19, +der(19)t(19;?)(q11;?)x2,+21,+22. A third chromosome study at 19 months indicated the original leukemic clone with t(1;22) (q21;q13) had been replaced by the clone represented by the single cell with 49 chromosomes seen in the previous chromosome study. This case of an infant with Down syndrome and acute leukemia illustrated rapid evolution and a transitory nature to clonal chromosome aberrations while retaining AML morphology and course. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Klinefelter's Syndrome

We report two children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who in initial cytogenetic investigation were coincidently found to have a 47, XXY karyotype. In one patient 100% of peripheral blood lymphocytes showed a 47, XXY complement, but in the other only 30% of cells had such a complement, the remainder having a normal male karyotype (46, XY). In neither case was the diagnosis of Klinefelter's syndrome clinically obvious. Antileukemic therapy may exacerbate both the hypogonadism and the learning difficulties seen in this condition. Routine cytogenetic investigations on peripheral blood and bone marrow should be performed in all new cases of leukemia. Cytogenetic analysis of cultured fibroblasts is essential in all cases in which the abnormal X line did not disappear after initial therapy. Evidence of an increased risk of leukemia in association with Klinefelter's is beginning to accumulate.     

Obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome.

Children with Down syndrome have many predisposing factors for the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), yet the type and severity of OSAS in this population has not been characterized. Fifty-three subjects with Down syndrome (mean age 7.4 +/- 1.2 [SE] years; range 2 weeks to 51 years) were studied. Chest wall movement, heart rate, electroculogram, end-tidal PO2 and PCO2, transcutaneous PO2 and PCO2, and arterial oxygen saturation were measured during a daytime nap polysomnogram. Sixteen of these children also underwent overnight polysomnography. Nap polysomnograms were abnormal in 77% of children; 45% had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 4% had central apnea, and 6% had mixed apneas; 66% had hypoventilation (end-tidal PCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg) and 32% desaturation (arterial oxygen saturation less than 90%). Overnight studies were abnormal in 100% of children, with OSA in 63%, hypoventilation in 81%, and desaturation in 56%. Nap studies significantly underestimated the presence of abnormalities when compared to overnight polysomnograms. Seventeen (32%) of the children were referred for testing because OSAS was clinically suspected, but there was no clinical suspicion of OSAS in 36 (68%) children. Neither age, obesity, nor the presence of congenital heart disease affected the incidence of OSA, desaturation, or hypoventilation. Polysomnograms improved in all 8 children who underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, but they normalized in only 3. It is concluded that children with Down syndrome frequently in have OSAS, with OSA, hypoxemia, and hypoventilation. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is seen frequently in those children in whom it is not clinically suspected. It is speculated that OSAS may contribute to the unexplained pulmonary hypertension seen in children with Down syndrome.