腺苷及其受体参与外周痛觉信息调控的机制

腺苷是一种遍布人体细胞的内源性核苷,通过其不同类型的受体(A1,A2A,A2B和A3受体)对机体的许多系统(特别是中枢神经系统)及组织发挥着重要的作用,参与调控睡眠、学习记忆、抑郁和焦虑等多种生理和病理过程.随着腺苷对受体亚型选择性激动剂和拮抗剂的开发,人们对腺苷及其受体在外周神经系统中的作用研究越来越深入,并逐步认识...     

精神神经免疫学的兴起及其研究进展

神经内分泌系统与免疫系统之间存在双向信息传递机制，即免疫系统不仅受神经、内分泌系统的调控，而且还能调节神经、内分泌系统的某些功能。这种相互作用的功能联系是通过种经、内分泌和免疫三大调节系统共有的化学信息分子与受体实现的。即：免疫系统不仅具有多种神经内分泌激素的受体，还能合成各种免疫神经递质和内分泌激素，并对其发生反应：免疫系统产生的单核细胞因子能影响中枢神经系统（ＣＮＳ），ＣＮＳ又能合成细胞因子及其受体，且对其发生反应。     

应激机体适应的心血管分子基础的相关研究

心血管系统是多种应激因素作用的首要靶器官 ,它在应激机体的适应调控中具有非常重要的作用 ,对其分子基础的认识才刚刚开始。应激机体适应的心血管分子基础涉及到一个复杂的细胞内调控网络和多种内源性物质。本文就信号分子、受体、细胞内信息传导因素、相关的应激基因、效应蛋白等以及之间的关系作了综述     

白细胞免疫球蛋白样受体家族及其与免疫相关疾病的关系

当病原体感染时,机体天然免疫系统依赖于不同受体分子介导的免疫反应。天然免疫细胞的免疫反应程度可能是通过细胞多种激活和抑制性受体分子介导的信号通路来整合调控的。免疫球蛋白超家族在免疫反应中作为抗原受体、共刺激蛋白、黏附分子、免疫调节分子发挥重要作用。其中一组被称作白细胞免疫球蛋白样受体[leukocyteimmunoglobulin（Ig）-likereceptors,LILRs]或免疫球蛋白样转录物（ILTs）的分子家族既参与先天性免疫,     

肿瘤坏死因子α诱导蛋白8家族的研究进展

肿瘤坏死因子α诱导蛋白8（TNFAIP8）是调控凋亡过程的重要分子之一.随着研究的不断深入,TNFAIP8蛋白在细胞凋亡、信号转导、肿瘤细胞增生、侵袭及转移等生命过程中具有重要的调节作用.TNFAIP8家族成员TIPE2是一个新发现的蛋白分子,通过对T细胞受体和Toll样受体信号途径实行负向调控,进而调节机体固有免疫应答和适应性免疫应答过程.TNFAIP8蛋白的多效应性及TIPE2在维持机体免疫动态平衡中的调控作用预示着TNFAIP8家族在免疫学及医学研究中可能极具应用价值.本文综述了TNFAIP8及TIPE2蛋白结构和生物学功能研究的最新认识,并介绍TNFAIP8及TIPE2表达异常与疾病发生的关系和临床意义.     

中枢神经系统损伤疾病的坏死性凋亡机制研究进展

坏死性凋亡是新近发现的一种程序性坏死途径，在死亡受体信号激活后由RIP1和RIP3调控，并可被化合物necrostatin-1特异性抑制。目前研究证实坏死性凋亡涉及多种中枢神经系统损伤疾病的发生机制，并且通过干预坏死性凋亡信号通路，对诸多因素引起的中枢神经系统损伤具有一定的保护作用。深入研究坏死性凋亡的分子调控机制，有望为中枢神经系统损伤疾病治疗提供更多的潜在新靶点。     

精神神经免疫学的兴起及其研究进展

神经内分泌系统与免疫系统之间存在双向信息传递机制，即免疫系统不仅受神经、内分泌系统的调控，而且还能调节神经、内分泌系统的某些功能。这种相互作用的功能联系是通过神经、内分泌和免疫三大调节系统共有的化学信息分子与受体实现的。即：免疫系统不仅具有多种神经内分泌激素的受体，还能合成各种免疫神弱递质和内分泌激素，并其发生反应；免疫系统产生的单核细胞因子能影响中枢神经系统（ＣＮＳ），ＣＮＳ又能合成细胞因子及其     

神经-内分泌-免疫网络研究新进展北大核心CSCD

体内精细的内环境自稳机制是保持机体健康的重要因素。在机体应对内、外环境和器官微环境中有害因素的威胁时,各器官、系统必须有机地协同发挥正常的功能,并在危险因素消除后,使机体内环境适时回归常态。中枢神经系统（ central nervous sys-tem, CNS）是控制机体各器官、系统协调活动的统帅,自主神经系统包括交感神经系统（ sympathetic nervous system , SNS）和副交感神经系统,支配和调节机体各器官、血管、平滑肌和腺体的活动和分泌。正常和应激条件下,自主神经系统在调控机体多个系统的功能活动、维持机体内环境平衡的过程中发挥关键的作用。     

Nurrl基因对多巴胺神经元的调控及其与多巴胺系统疾病的关系

Nurrl基因位于2q22-q23，全长9.822kb，由8个外显子和7个内含子组成，为一种机体早期应激反应基因。该基因编码产物为598个氨基酸组成的核蛋白受体，是类固醇激素和甲状腺激素核受体大家族中的一种寡核受体。近年来研究表明该基因对诱导中枢神经系统多巴胺神经元的发生、发育、分化及其成熟后功能维持起重要作用，而Parkinson病及精神分裂症与中枢多巴胺神经系统功能失调密切相关。故揭示该基因与中枢多巴胺神经元调控关系，对揭示Parkinson病及精神分裂症等多巴胺失调疾病的发病机制和治疗具有重要作用。     

CD226分子在NK细胞杀伤肿瘤中的作用及其分子机制

在肿瘤免疫中,自然杀伤细胞(NK)和细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)均发挥十分重要的作用,而NK细胞的功能受到表面活化性和抑制性受体的调控.CD226,又名DNAX辅助分子( DNAM-1),是一种表达于NK细胞、CTL细胞和血小板等多种细胞表面的活化性受体,在NK细胞的活化和杀伤功能调控中发挥重要作用.近年研究发现,CD226不仅直接参与调控NK细胞的活化和杀伤功能,在控制肿瘤转移以及调控树突状细胞(DC)功能中也发挥重要作用.本文综述了CD226分子在NK细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞中的作用及其分子机制.     

促食欲素在中枢神经系统疾病与损伤中的作用*

促食欲素在中枢神经系统内广泛表达,如：下丘脑外侧、大脑皮质、脑干、海马、杏仁核、基底核及蓝斑、 前庭核、腹侧耳蜗核等。促食欲素信号表达异常与神经退行性疾病如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病密切相关,适当激 活促食欲素可缓解创伤性应激障碍。此外,促食欲素参与调节位觉与听觉系统。通过对相关文献的回顾,以期对 进一步研究促食欲素在中枢神经系统疾病与损伤中的临床应用提供实验依据。     

Electrophysiological actions of orexins on rat suprachiasmatic neurons in vitro

The study of neural arousal mechanisms has been greatly aided by the discovery of the orexin peptides (orexin A and orexin B), the subsequent identification of the neurons that synthesize these peptides, their projections in the brain, and the distribution of orexin receptors in the central nervous system. Orexin neuron activation is partly controlled by circadian signals generated in the brain's main circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). The SCN clock is in turn reset by arousal-promoting stimuli and, intriguingly, orexin fibers and receptor expression are detected in the SCN region. It is unclear, however, if orexin can alter SCN neuronal activity. Here using a coronal brain slice preparation, we found that orexin A and orexin B (0.1–1 μM) elicited significant changes in the extracellularly recorded firing rate and firing pattern in ∼80% of rat SCN cells tested; the most common response was suppression of firing rate. Co-application of orexin A with a cocktail of ionotropic GABA and glutamate receptor antagonists did not alter the actions of this peptide on firing rate, but did change some its effects on firing pattern. We conclude that orexins can alter SCN neurophysiology and may influence the transmission of information through the SCN to other CNS regions.     

Kainate receptors and synaptic transmission

Excitatory glutamatergic transmission involves a variety of different receptor types, each with distinct properties and functions. Physiological studies have identified both post- and presynaptic roles for kainate receptors, which are a subtype of the ionotropic glutamate receptors. Kainate receptors contribute to excitatory postsynaptic currents in many regions of the central nervous system including hippocampus, cortex, spinal cord and retina. In some cases, postsynaptic kainate receptors are co-distributed with alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, but there are also synapses where transmission is mediated exclusively by postsynaptic kainate receptors: for example, in the retina at connections made by cones onto off bipolar cells. Modulation of transmitter release by presynaptic kainate receptors can occur at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. The depolarization of nerve terminals by current flow through ionotropic kainate receptors appears sufficient to account for most examples of presynaptic regulation; however, a number of studies have provided evidence for metabotropic effects on transmitter release that can be initiated by activation of kainate receptors. Recent analysis of knockout mice lacking one or more of the subunits that contribute to kainate receptors, as well as studies with subunit-selective agonists and antagonists, have revealed the important roles that kainate receptors play in short- and long-term synaptic plasticity. This review briefly addresses the properties of kainate receptors and considers in greater detail the physiological analysis of their contributions to synaptic transmission.     

FGF与中枢神经系统

成纤维细胞生长因子 (fibroblastgrowthfactor ,FGF)是一类结构上相类似的多肽家族。家族许多成员在中枢神经系统表达 ,它们与其特异性受体 (FGFRs)结合发挥广泛的生理作用。尤其对中枢神经系统的发育、损伤、修复以及神经干细胞的增殖和分化方面有重要意义。本文综述了GFFs及其受体的研究进展及其在中枢神经系统发育及损伤修复中作用。     

烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体在认知功能中的作用

烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（nAChR）是化学（配体）门控的离子通道蛋白，属于半胱氨酸环受体家族，广泛分布于中枢和周围神经系统中。中枢nAChR参与许多复杂的功能，如：注意、学习、觉醒和认知等。越来越多的研究表明，中枢nAChR在认知功能活动中发挥了重要的作用。临床资料提示，nAChR与一些认知功能障碍性疾病的发病机制有关，如：阿尔茨海默病（AD）、帕金森氏病（PD）以及癫痫等。     

Amino acid receptors and uptake systems in the mammalian central nervous system

The inhibitory and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian central nervous system mediate functionally opposite synaptic responses yet appear to share certain structural features. Recent conceptual advances in this field have relied heavily on information obtained by single channel analyses, by the expression of receptors in oocytes, and by autoradiographic studies of receptor distribution among brain receptors. This article reviews the pharmacology, cellular physiology, and regional distribution of these receptors and discusses their role in several well-characterized neurological disease states. Also reviewed are the recent advances made in purifying (in some instances cloning) the receptors and uptake sites involved in synaptic transmission in the brain. Throughout, the emphasis is on synthesis and concept rather than on methodological detail.     

Nonsynaptic chemical transmission through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

This review attempts to organize the different aspects of nicotinic transmission in the context of nonsynaptic interactions. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) dominantly operate in the nonsynaptic mode in the central nervous system despite their ligand-gated ion-channel nature, which would otherwise be better suited for fast synaptic transmission. This fast form of nonsynaptic transmission, most likely unique to nAChRs, represents a new avenue in the communication platforms of the brain. Cholinergic messages received by nAChRs, arriving at a later phase following synaptic activation, can interfere with dendritic signal integration. Nicotinic transmission plays a role in both neural plasticity and cellular learning processes, as well as in long-term changes in basic activity through fast activation, desensitization of receptors, and fluctuations of the steady-state levels of ACh. ACh release can contribute to plastic changes via activation of nAChRs in neurons and therefore plays a role in learning and memory in different brain regions. Assuming that nAChRs in human subjects are ready to receive long-lasting messages from the extracellular space because of their predominantly nonsynaptic distribution, they offer an ideal target for drug therapy at low, nontoxic drug levels.     

Changes in the levels of nitric oxide synthase and protein kinase C gamma following kainic acid receptor activation in the rat spinal cord

Formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype glutamate receptor-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission were analyzed in mutant mice lacking D-amino-acid oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidative deamination of D-amino acids. The second phase of the formalin-induced licking response, a part of which is known to be mediated by NMDA receptors in the spinal cord, was significantly augmented in mutant mice. NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents recorded from spinal cord dorsal horn neurons by tight-seal whole-cell methods were significantly potentiated in mutant mice. The present observations provide another line of evidence that D-serine functions as an endogenous coagonist at the glycine site of NMDA receptors, and raise the possibility that D-amino-acid oxidase exerts a neuromodulatory function by controlling the concentration of D-serine in the central nervous system.