千金藤啶碱的全合成

目的 合成天然产物千金藤啶碱（SPD）。方法 以3-羟基-4-苄氧基苯乙酸为原料,经内酯化、甲基化得到7-苄氧基-8-甲氧基苯并二氢异吡喃-3-酮(3),化合物3与3-甲氧基-4-苄氧基苯乙胺缩合得酰胺衍生物N-(4-苄氧基-3-甲氧基苯乙基)-2-(4-苄氧基-2-羟甲基-3-甲氧基苯基)乙酰胺(5),5经Bischler-Napieralski环合、硼氢化钠还原得2,10-二苄氧基-3,9-二甲氧基-5,8,13,13a-四氢-6H-二苯并[a, g]喹嗪(6),6经Raney-Ni催化氢化脱苄基得到千金藤啶碱。结果与结论 该合成路线较短,操作简单,反应条件温和,成本较低,且在保证收率的前提下避免了高危险性的重氮甲烷的使用,目标化合物SPD及其中间体的结构经核磁共振氢谱和质谱确证。     

(±)-瑞枯灵的合成

4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯乙胺和3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯乙酸经缩合、O-苄基保护得到2-(3-苄氧基-4-甲氧基苯基)-N-[2-(4-苄氧基-3-甲氧基苯基)乙基]乙酰胺,在POCl3作用下进行Bischler-Napieralski环合反应后,不经分离纯化直接与氯甲酸甲酯进行N-酰化得到7-苄氧基-1-(3-苄氧基-4-甲氧基苯亚甲基)-6-甲氧基-3,4-二氢-1H-异喹啉-2-羧酸甲酯,再经Pd-C氢化脱苄基和用四氢铝锂还原得到(±)-瑞枯灵,总收率23%.     

醋酸巴多昔芬的合成工艺改进

目的：改进醋酸巴多昔芬的合成工艺。方法：以对羟基苄醇和环己亚胺基乙基氯盐酸盐为起始原料,经过亲核取代、氯代得到侧链,4-苄氧基苯丙酮和4-苄氧基苯肼盐酸盐经缩合得母核,侧链和母核缩合后,经成盐,氢解、中和,与乙酸成盐总计6步得目标化合物。结果：目标化合物经质谱、核磁共振确证其结构。总收率可达53%,产品HPLC纯度99.5%以上。结论：改进后的工艺步骤大大缩短,且操作简单,收率和纯度较高,适合工业化生产。     

盐酸去甲乌药碱的新合成法

目的研究盐酸去甲乌药碱的新合成法。方法以盐酸多巴胺为起始原料,经苄基保护后与4-苄氧基苯乙酰氯反应得酰胺,再在三氯氧磷作用下环合,最后经还原和脱保护得目标化合物。结果与结论选用苄基为羟基的保护基团,利用催化氢化脱保护,该法较文献选用的甲基或者亚甲基保护法更为高效、便捷,总收率达48.4%。     

比阿培南的合成

水合肼经缩合、烯丙基化、脱保护后甲酰化、溴加成、环合、取代、醇解、氧化、去甲酰化、环合、还原得到6，7-二氢-6-巯基-5H-吡唑并[1，2-a][1,2，4]三唑鎓氯化物（12），收率12％。12与（4R，5S，6S）-3-二苯氧磷酰氧基-6-[（1R）-1-羟乙基]-4-甲基-7-氧代-1-氮杂二环[3．2．0]庚-2-烯-2-羧酸对硝基苄酯（13）经缩合、脱保护得到比阿培南，收率67．5％（以13计）。     

6-苄氧基吲哚-2-甲酸糠醇酯衍生物的合成及其抗稻瘟霉菌活性

目的设计合成一系列6-苄氧基吲哚-2-甲酸糠醇酯衍生物,并测试其抗稻瘟霉菌活性。方法以4-羟基苯甲醛为原料,经O-苄基化、Knoevenagel反应、重排和水解反应得到6-苄氧基吲哚-2-甲酸（6）,6与5-氯甲基糠醛反应得到6-苄氧基吲哚-2-甲酸-（5-甲酰基糠醇）酯（1）,1分别经过还原、还原胺化和Knoevenagel反应得到相应的目标化合物。体外活性采用稻瘟霉菌筛选模型进行评价。结果与结论合成了13个新化合物,其结构经核磁共振氢谱、质谱确证,其中化合物1、8e、8f、8g的活性优于阳性对照灰黄霉素（griseofulvin）。     

盐酸维那卡兰的合成

(-)-(4R)-羟基-L-脯氨酸(2)经脱羧、二碳酸二叔丁酯保护、与溴苄反应及脱Boc保护基得(3R)-苄氧基吡咯烷,然后与顺-1,2-环氧环己烷经开环反应、D-二对甲基苯甲酰酒石酸拆分、与2-(3,4-二甲氧基苯基)乙基甲磺酸酯成醚及Pd/C催化下氢解脱苄,制得维那卡兰,最后成盐酸盐制得盐酸维那卡兰,总收率约12％.     

Doripenem 的合成工艺研究

以（1R，5S，6S）-2-（二苯氧磷酰氧基）-6-[（R）-1-羟乙基]-1-甲基碳青霉-2-烯-3-羧酸-4’-硝基苯甲酯为原料，经缩合、二次脱保护即得目标化合物，经IR、^1H-NMR、MS等确证结构为doripenem，总收率达55％。本法为doripenem用于中试放大提供了依据。     

苯甲酸阿格列汀的合成

目的探讨合成苯甲酸阿格列汀的方法。方法以3-甲基-6-氯尿嘧啶为原料,与2-溴甲基苄腈反应制得2-（6-氯-3甲基-2,4-二氧代-3,4-二氢-2H-嘧啶-1-基甲基）-苄腈（3）,继而在碱性条件下与（R）-3-氨基哌啶二盐酸发生取代反应,最后与苯甲酸成盐制得抗2型糖尿病药苯甲酸阿格列汀（1）。结果与结论目标化合物的结构经1H-NMR、MS谱确证。此工艺路线成本低廉,操作简便,适合工业化生产,总收率约56.1%。     

多尼培南的合成

反式-4-羟基-L-脯氨酸经酯化、保护、还原、SN2取代、Mitsunobu反应、醇解得到（2S,4S）-1-叔丁氧羰基-2-（N-叔丁氧羰基氨磺酰胺基）甲基-4-巯基吡咯烷（7）,收率50.8%.7与（1R,5S,6S）-6-[（1R）-1-羟乙基]-2-二苯氧磷酰氧基-1-甲基-1-碳代-2-青霉烯-3-羧酸对硝基苄酯（8）缩合、脱保护,得到多尼培南,收率50.5%（以7计）.总收率接近26%（以反式-4-羟基-L-脯氨酸计）.     

O-去甲基文拉法辛琥珀酸盐的合成工艺研究

目的 优化O-去甲基文拉法辛的合成工艺.方法 以对羟基苯乙酸为原料,经苄基保护,依次经过酰化、缩合、还原、氢解脱苄、成盐反应成功合成了目标化合物.结果 反应条件得到了优化,避免了使用二甲胺气体、正丁基锂和四氢锂铝试剂,总收率为30％(以对羟基苯乙酸计).结论 该路线原料价廉易得,反应条件温和,操作简便,适合于工业化生产.目标化合物经1 H-NMR、MS结构确证.     

Introduction of a composite parameter to the pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine and its active O-desmethyl metabolite.

Venlafaxine is a structurally novel, nontricyclic compound that is being evaluated for the treatment of various depressive disorders. A randomized three-period crossover study was conducted to obtain pharmacokinetic and dose proportionality data on the drug and its active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine. Eighteen healthy young men received single doses of venlafaxine 25, 75, and 150 mg followed by 3 days of administration every 8 hours (q8h). Steady-state elimination half-life was 3 to 4 hours for venlafaxine and 10 hours for O-desmethylvenlafaxine; both were independent of dose. Venlafaxine had a high oral-dose clearance, ranging from 0.58 to 2.63 L/hr/kg across doses with the lowest mean clearance, 0.98 L/hr/kg, at the highest dose. The apparent clearance of O-desmethylvenlafaxine was lower than venlafaxine, ranging from 0.21 to 0.66 L/hr/kg, and the lowest mean clearance, 0.33 L/hr/kg, occurred at the lowest dose. The area under the metabolite curve was two to three times greater than that for venlafaxine. Each compound had linear dose proportionality up to 75 mg q8h. A composite parameter incorporating venlafaxine plus O-desmethylvenlafaxine was introduced (i.e., AUC [area under the curve] + activity factor.AUCm), which extended linearity to 150 mg q8h. In summary, venlafaxine is a high-clearance drug that forms a metabolite with almost equal activity and demonstrates linear dose-proportionality.     

A pilot study of newer antidepressant concentrations in cord and maternal serum and possible effects in the neonate

Antidepressants are often used antenatally, and placental transfer may lead to adverse effects (toxicity) in the neonate. Pregnant women taking fluoxetine (n=4), sertraline (n=4), paroxetine (n=2) or venlafaxine (n=1) in the last trimester were studied. Maternal and cord sera were collected at delivery and infant serum on day 5 after birth for measurement of antidepressant concentrations. Neonatal Abstinence Scores (NAS) were measured in the infants on days 13 after birth. In maternal serum, median drug concentrations were: fluoxetine (96 microg/l), norfluoxetine (110 microg/l), sertraline (11 microg/l), desmethylsertraline (38 microg/l), paroxetine (mean 12 microg/l), venlafaxine (220 microg/l), and O-desmethylvenlafaxine (392 microg/l). Corresponding median values in cord serum were: fluoxetine (65 microg/l), norfluoxetine (81 microg/l), sertraline (10 microg/l), desmethylsertraline (27 microg/l), paroxetine (mean 6 microg/l), venlafaxine (232 microg/l), and O-desmethylvenlafaxine (406 microg/l). Corresponding median cord:maternal concentration ratios were 0.67 for fluoxetine and 0.72 for norfluoxetine, 0.67 for sertraline and 0.63 for demethylsertraline, 0.52 (mean) for paroxetine, and 1.1 and 1.0 for venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine respectively. The neonates of two patients taking fluoxetine had high NAS. Only fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were detected in infant serum. Our data show substantial placental transfer of antidepressants, but only fluoxetine persisted in the infants serum. Neonatal toxicity may be associated with serotonin uptake blockade, and also be influenced by neonatal clearance.     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定人血浆中文拉法辛及其代谢物的浓度

目的建立测定血浆中文拉法辛及其代谢物O-去甲基文拉法辛的液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)方法。方法血浆样品中加入内标(氘6-文拉法辛和氘6-O-去甲基文拉法辛),直接沉淀法处理样品。色谱柱为CAPCELL PAK C18 MGⅢ分析柱(100 mm×2.0 mm,5μm),流动相为含0.3%甲酸的水溶液-含0.3%甲酸的乙腈溶液(78∶22,V/V),流速为0.3 mL.min-1。正离子多离子反应监测(MRM)扫描分析,离子通道分别为m/z 278→58(文拉法辛)、m/z 264→58(O-去甲基文拉法辛)、m/z 284→58(氘6-文拉法辛)、m/z 270→58(氘6-O-去甲基文拉法辛)。结果文拉法辛和O-去甲基文拉法辛的线性范围均为2～1 000μg.L-1,定量下限均为2μg.L-1,提取回收率在90.14%～97.33%,批内、批间RSD均小于8%。结论本方法操作简便,特异性强,灵敏度高,可用于人血浆内文拉法辛和O-去甲基文拉法辛的含量测定研究。     

Venlafaxine serum levels and CYP2D6 genotype

Thirty-three patients with depression treated with 225 mg venlafaxine were genotyped for the polymorphic enzyme, debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D6). The relationship between drug and metabolite levels and between genotype and clinical response were investigated. Although the number of responders in this study is insufficient for definite conclusions to be drawn, a target therapeutic concentration ranging from 195-400 microg/L for the sum of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine is suggested. The ratio of O-desmethylvenlafaxine to venlafaxine in the serum concentrations is a measure of metabolic turnover, and can be used to distinguish between ultrarapid and poor metabolizers. All but one of the nonresponders in this study had lower ratios than the responders. Three patients (9%) had homozygous defective CYP2D6 alleles and did not readily metabolize venlafaxine to O-desmethylvenlafaxine, pointing to poor metabolism. In these patients, N-desmethylation was increased. Two out of four patients detected by the ratio as potentially ultrarapid metabolizers were shown to have multiple copies of a functional CYP2D6 gene.     

Massive venlafaxine overdose resulted in a false positive Abbott AxSYM urine immunoassay for phencyclidine

CASE REPORT: A 13-yr-old girl overdosed on 48 x 150 mg venlafaxine (Effexor XR). She was taking venlafaxine regularly for depression. Her only other medications included topical Benzamycin and pyridoxine 50 mg daily for acne. The Abbott AxSYM assay was positive only for phencyclidine, but GC/MS did not confirm the presence of phencyclidine. Toxilab identified only one substance, confirmed by GC/MS as venlafaxine. A serum sample obtained 3 h after her ingestion revealed a venlafaxine concentration of 24460 ng/mL and an O-desmethylvenlafaxine concentration of 3930 ng/mL, confirming the massive acute overdose (therapeutic range of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine together is 250-750 ng/mL). Urine spiked with 4.2 mg/mL ofvenlafaxine and 0.7 mg/mL of O-desmethylvenlafaxine was interpreted as positive with the Abbott AxSYM fluorescent polarized immunoassay for phencyclidine (readout of 28 ng/mL). CONCLUSION: Venlafaxine may cause a false positive Abbott AxSYM phencyclidine assay when present in very high concentrations. Physicians should be aware of this potential reaction when interpreting urine drug immunoassays.     

Effect of ketoconazole on venlafaxine plasma concentrations in extensive and poor metabolisers of debrisoquine

Objective To study the influence of CYP3A4 inhibition by ketoconazole on the disposition of venlafaxine in individuals with different CYP2D6 pheno- and genotypes.Methods In an open two-phase study, 21 healthy volunteers with known CYP2D6 pheno- and genotype [14 extensive metabolisers (EMs), 7 poor metabolisers (PMs)] were given a single oral dose of venlafaxine (50 mg to EMs and 25 mg to PMs). Plasma and urine levels of venlafaxine and its three metabolites were measured and the pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine were determined. After a 2-week washout period, subjects were treated for 2 days with ketoconazole (100 mg twice daily) starting 1 day before the administration of venlafaxine; and the same parameters as for the administration of venlafaxine only were measured.Results Data were evaluated from 20 subjects (14 EMs and 6 PMs) who completed the study. The dose-corrected AUC of venlafaxine was on average 2.3 times higher (P<0.01) and that of its active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine 3.4 times lower (P<0.0001) in PMs than EMs. There was a good correlation between the debrisoquine metabolic ratio and the ratio between the AUC of venlafaxine and that of O-desmethylvenlafaxine (Rs=0.93, P<0.002). The majority of subjects showed higher plasma levels of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine upon co-administration of ketoconazole. AUC of venlafaxine significantly increased by 36% and that of O-desmethylvenlafaxine by 26% (P<0.01). C_max values increased by 32% and 18%, respectively. The elimination half-life of venlafaxine was unaltered. Three of the PMs displayed marked increases in AUC (81, 126 and 206%) and C_max (60, 72, 119%) of venlafaxine while the other three showed small or no changes.Conclusions Ketoconazole consistently affected the disposition of venlafaxine in EMs of debrisoquine while the response in PMs was erratic. The precise mechanisms underlying this interaction remain to be elucidated.     

盐酸利匹韦林的合成工艺改进

本研究改进了抗病毒药盐酸利匹韦林(1)的合成工艺。甲酰乙酸乙酯(2)和S-甲基异硫脲(3)反应得2-甲硫基-4-羟基嘧啶(4)。在甲磺酸催化下,4与4-氨基苄腈(5)在乙二醇二甲醚中反应得到4-[(4-羟基嘧啶-2-基)氨基]苄腈(6),反应温度由200℃降至110~120℃。6与溴化氢/乙酸溶液反应得到4-[(4-溴嘧啶-2-基)氨基]苄腈(7)。用乙酸钯和三(邻甲基苯)膦代替10%钯炭作为催化剂,4-溴-2,6-二甲基苯胺(8)与丙烯腈(9)反应得到(E)-3-(4-氨基-3,5-二甲基苯基)丙烯腈(10),其顺式异构体含量由20%降至0.60%,后处理时用重结晶代替柱色谱分离纯化,收率由48%提高至87%。7和10在缚酸剂1,1,3,3-四甲基胍(TMG)的作用下发生缩合反应,再与草酸成盐、纯化得到1,纯度99.92%,1顺式异构体的含量降至0.08%。优化后的工艺操作简便,总收率52%(以2计)。     

瑞格列奈关键中间体(S)-(+)-3-甲基-1-[2-(1-哌啶基)苯基]丁胺的合成

目的研究合成非磺酰脲类促胰岛素分泌剂瑞格列奈的关键中间体(S)-(+)-3-甲基-1-[2-(1-哌啶基)苯基]丁胺的合成工艺。方法以邻氟苯甲醛(1)为起始原料,首先与盐酸羟胺反应生成邻氟苯甲醛肟(2),再经脱水生成邻氟苯腈(3),然后与哌啶进行胺解反应生成邻哌啶基苯腈(4),再与溴代异丁基镁进行格氏反应生成亚胺衍生物(5),最后经硼氢化钠还原生成消旋伯胺(6),经与N-乙酰-L-谷氨酸成盐、拆分、氢氧化钠水解得到目标产物S-(6)。结果以邻氟苯甲醛为起始原料,经6步反应合成了(S)-(+)-3-甲基-1-[2-(1-哌啶基)苯基]丁胺,总收率达15.4%,目标产物结构经ESI-MS、1H-NMR确证。结论本合成方法原料易得,反应条件温和,适合大规模制备。     

瑞戈非尼的合成工艺优化

本研究对抗肿瘤药瑞戈非尼(1)的合成工艺进行优化。4-氯吡啶-2-甲酸甲酯(3)与甲胺反应得4-氯-N-甲基吡啶-2-甲酰胺(4)。以四丁基溴化铵为催化剂,4与4-氨基-3-氟苯酚(5)在二(口恶)烷中反应得4-(4-氨基-3-氟苯氧基)-N-甲基吡啶-2-甲酰胺(6)。三光气与4-氯-3-三氟甲基苯胺(7)在甲苯和吡啶中反应得4-氯-3-(三氟甲基)苯异氰酸酯(8)。6与8在乙酸乙酯中缩合得瑞戈非尼无水物(2),2在氯化氢的乙酸乙酯溶液作用下成盐酸盐,再在丙酮/水中加入碳酸氢钠转化为1,纯度99.8%。优化后的工艺反应条件温和,操作简单,总收率65%(以3计),较适合工业生产。