酒精摄入量与云锡(YTC)矿工肺癌的队列研究

为了解酒精摄入量与云锡９ＹＴＣ）矿工肺癌危险性的关系,在食物频率问卷（ＦＦＱ）资料中饮酒重复性和有效性研究的基础上,计算出云锡矿工肺癌高危人群酒精摄入量;用ｘ＾２检验、单因素、多因素Ｃｏｘ回归分析了云锡矿工肺癌高危人群不同酒精摄入量与其发生肺癌相对危险性的关系。结果表明：酒精摄入量与云锡矿工肺癌发病率呈“Ｊ形”关系,即不饮酒和中等量以上饮酒者（酒精摄入量≥５０ｇ／ｄ）,肺癌发病率显著高于少量饮酒（     

肺癌的营养流行病学研究

通过膳食调查，对沈阳市区１９９１年４日至１９９４年１２月的２９０例原发性肺癌进行１：１按年龄配对的病例对照研究，探讨营养素摄入与肺癌的关系。结果显示，病例组和对照组每天摄入胡萝卜素、视黄醇、纤维素、抗坏血酸的量有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。上述营养素能减少患肺癌的危险性，其ＯＲ值分别为０．８４，０．７６，０．４６，０．７５，且随摄入量的增加，患肺癌的危险性下降，呈剂量反应关系，调整吸烟因素后，这些营养素降低患肺癌的危险性的联系依然存在。     

蔬菜类胡萝卜素与矿工肺癌队列研究

目的 :　了解食用蔬菜与云南锡业公司 (云锡 ,YTC)矿工肺癌危险性的关系。方法 :　在食物频率问卷 ( FFQ)重复性和有效性研究的基础上用 χ2 检验、单因素、多因素 Cox回归分析了 7965名 40岁以上云锡矿工肺癌高危人群不同蔬菜摄入量、总蔬菜摄入量和不同类胡萝卜素摄入量与其发生肺癌相对危险性的关系。结果 :　摄入不同水平蔬菜、类胡萝卜素的矿工 ,肺癌发病率不同 ;其中总蔬菜、根茎类、葱属蔬菜、芹菜、十字花科蔬菜、薯芋类、苦瓜等浅色瓜、豆芽菜、β-胡萝卜素、α-胡萝卜素、叶黄素和玉米黄质等在不同摄入水平时云锡矿工肺癌发病率有显著性差异( P<0 .0 5 ) ;总蔬菜、根茎类、葱属蔬菜、芹菜、十字花科蔬菜、薯芋类、苦瓜等浅色瓜、β-胡萝卜素、α-胡萝卜素与肺癌相对危险性呈负相关 ( RR<1 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ;经调整年龄、工龄、吸烟后 ,根茎类、芹菜、十字花科蔬菜、薯芋类、β-胡萝卜素、α-胡萝卜素仍显示与矿工肺癌危险性呈负相关 ( RR=0 .5～ 0 .75 ,P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :　蔬菜尤其是芹菜、根茎类、十字花科蔬菜、薯芋类、β-胡萝卜素、α-胡萝卜素对云锡矿工肺癌确有一定预防作用     

GSTM1基因多态及膳食因素与肺癌关系的研究

目的 研究谷胱苷肽硫转移酶M1(GSTMl)基因多态性及膳食因素与广州地区肺癌发生的关系。方法 采用成组病例-对照研究方法，病例58例，对照62例，制定统一的调查表进行调查，用PCR检测GSTM1基因多态性。结果 GSTM1基因多态性与肺癌危险性关系无显著性差异(OR1．73，95％CI0．84～3．58)；Logistic单因素分析显示：胡萝卜摄入频率与肺癌发生的危险性呈负相关(OR0．24，95％CI0．10～0．58)，而用动物油脂炒菜与肺癌的发生呈正相关(OR5．34，95％CI1．13～20．16)。非条件logistic多因素回归分析校正吸烟等非膳食烹调因素后，胡萝卜摄入频率(OR0．18，95％C10．05～0．65)仍与肺癌发生负相关；不常吃胡萝卜联合GSTM1缺失发生肺癌的危险性显著增加(OR6．30，95％CI1．88～21．05)。结论 GSTM1基因单独作用时与肺癌关系不明显；用动物油脂炒菜显著增加肺癌发生的危险性。常摄入胡萝卜可显著降低肺癌发生危险性。GSTM1基因多态性与胡萝卜摄入间存在协同作用。     

宣威肺癌的遗传因素初探

运用遗传流行病学的理论和方法，以肺癌病例的配偶做为对照，着重分析了肺癌家族史与宣威肺癌的关系。结果表明，肺癌家族史是肺癌的危险因素之一。既使调整了年龄、性别、吸烟、慢性肺疾患等因素的混杂作用，有肺癌家族史的人患肺癌的危险性仍然是没有肺癌家族史者患肺癌危险性的１．６０倍（Ｐ＜０．０５）。说明了遗传因素在宣威肺癌的发生过程中起着不可忽视的作用。     

中国人群肺癌发病危险因素的Meta分析

目的：探讨中国人群肺癌发生的主要危险因素，为预防决策提供依据。方法：利用Meta分析方法综合国内1990－2001年关于肺癌发病危险因素的研究文献41篇。累计病例5600例，对照6892例，结果：各因素合并比值比分别为：精神因素（3．34）、吸烟（3．04），室内煤烟污染（3．20）、室内油烟污染（2．72），肺癌家族史（2．61），饮食蔬菜摄入（0．49）、水果摄入（0．69），体重指数（1．57）、家族肿瘤史（2．97）、呼吸系统疾病史（2．66）、厨房通风情况（2．13），生活用煤（1．50）、被动吸烟（1．42），结论：目前影响中国人群肺癌发生的主要因素为精神因素，吸烟，室内环境污染，呼吸系统疾病及家族史，蔬菜和水果摄入量等。     

结、直肠癌与营养因素的流行病学研究

本研究为一项基于人群的病例对照研究，以比较结、直肠癌发病危险因素的差异性。结果表明：①饱和脂肪酸和猪肉类食物的摄入量多可能是结肠癌的重要的危险因素，而与直肠癌关系不密切。②蔬菜类食品（尤其是十字花科类、鲜豆类、根茎类、海带紫菜类）、新鲜水果以及一些主要来源于植物性食品的营养素（如膳食纤维、胡萝卜素，维生素Ｃ等）的摄入量少使结、直肠癌发病危险性增加，这些因素与直肠癌的关系相对较为密切。③高摄入油炸和腌制食品均显著增加结、直肠癌的相对危险度。④结肠癌病例组一级亲属中有大肠癌患者的比例是对照组的２．９倍（Ｐ＜Ｏ．０１），直肠癌病例组仅为１．６倍（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

GSTM1和CYP2D6基因多态性与肺癌敏感性的关系

采用病例－对照研究方法,应用ＰＣＲ技术检测５９例肺癌患者、５９例住院对照和７３例健康对照的ＧＳＴＭ１（－）型频率,分别为５７．６％、４９．２％和４９．３％,差异无显著性;经病理分型后,在腺癌中ＧＳＴＭ１（－）的频率（７６．９％）高出２个对照组（平均４９．２％）３．４２～３．４５倍,差异有显著性（Ｐ＝０．０１５～０．０１７）,提示ＧＳＴＭ１（－）型可能是肺腺癌的敏感性标记。应用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ技术检测肺癌组和住院对照组的ＣＹＰ２Ｄ６Ｃｈ（Ｔ１８８／Ｔ）基因型频率,分别为３５．６％和４７．５％,差异无显著性;经吸烟指数分层后在不吸烟者中,肺癌组的Ｔ１８８／Ｔ型频率（１９％）显著低于住院对照组（４７．１％）,ＯＲ＝３．７８,Ｐ＝０．０３６,提示在不吸烟者中Ｔ１８８／Ｔ型可能是肺癌的一个保护因子。联合分析未见ＧＳＴＭ１和ＣＹＰ２Ｄ６Ｃｈ有协同关系。     

上海市普陀区1277名居民食物摄人频率及其影响因素

[目的]了解上海市普陀区居民食物摄入频率现状和膳食结构模式,为今后开展营养教育和营养改善工作提供科学依据。[方法]选用2007年上海市普陀区居民营养与健康状况的调查资料,运用食物摄入频率法调查1277名15岁及以上居民,对每位调查对象过去1年的各类食物摄入频率和摄入量进行询问并记录。采用评分方法评价该区居民的膳食质量,采用多元线性回归分析方法筛选食物摄入频率的相关影响因素。[结果]普陀区居民谷类、蔬菜类、水果类、鱼虾类摄入频率较高,得分均在3分以上,畜禽肉类、蛋类、豆类和奶类次之。但蔬菜、水果以及奶类的摄入量与国家推荐标准相比仍有较大差距,居民的膳食结构仍不太合理。影响居民食物摄入频率的主要影响因素是经济状况（P=0．00）、文化程度（P〈0．05）、性别（P=0．00）和职业（P〈0．05）。[结论]目前普陀区居民的膳食状况以蔬菜、水果和奶类的摄入不足为主要问题,应加强营养知识的宣传教育,引导合理膳食。     

母乳脂肪酸含量分析及影响因素研究

摘要：目的　了解福州地区母乳中脂肪酸（ＦＡ）含量,研究其与乳母产褥期生活方式、膳食结构的关系,
以指导乳母合理膳食和健康的生活方式。方法　采用描述性横断面调查,选取产后４２ｄ居住于福州地区≥
１年的健康乳母进行“乳母生活方式营养和健康状况调查”,包括一般情况、产后３０ｄ膳食频率调查,并采
集测定母乳中的ＦＡ 含量。调查表与检测结果经核对、编码、赋值和ＥｐｉＤａｔａ数据双录入,用Ｅｘｃｅｌ软件、
营养计算软件和ＳＰＳＳ１３．０软件进行统计分析评价。用非参数秩和检验（α＝０．０５） 与Ｎｅｍｅｎｙｉ多重比较
（α＝０．１０）等统计方法分析ＦＡ 与膳食结构、营养素摄入量的关系。结果　完成问卷１１３份,采集母乳１２３
份,调查完整且进行母乳脂肪酸分析的１０１份。母乳脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸（ＳＦＡ）含量为５７．４３％,单不饱
和脂肪酸（ＭＵＦＡ） 为２７．７５％,ｎ ６ 系列多不饱和脂肪酸（ｎ ６ ＰＵＦＡ） 为１４．４３％,ｎ ３ ＰＵＦＡ 为
０．７４％,ｎ ６ＰＵＦＡ／ｎ ３ＰＵＦＡ 为１９．２８,亚油酸／α 亚麻酸（ＬＡ／ＡＬＡ）为２６．２４。平原和沿海者必需脂肪
酸（ＥＰＡ）高于山区（犘１＝０．０８,犘２＝０．０７）;研究生及以上学历乳母的ＬＡ／ＡＬＡ 比值高于高中及以下学
历者（犘＝０．０６）;专业人员及公务员的二十二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ） 高于待业在家者（犘＝０．０６）;而纯母乳
喂养者ＳＦＡ 含量较低（犘＝０．０４６）,ＭＵＦＡ 较高（犘＝０．０４３）。结论　母乳ＦＡ 中ＬＡ／ＡＬＡ 比值较高,需
增加亚麻籽油、苏籽油、大豆油和深海鱼类、贝壳类水生动物和海藻等富含ｎ ３ 系列ＦＡ 的食物摄入。同
时母乳ＦＡ 含量,特别是不饱和脂肪酸含量还受到地理环境、社会因素与喂养方式等因素的影响,值得进
一步研究。
关键词：母乳;脂肪酸;地理环境;社会因素;喂养方式
中图分类号：Ｒ１５３．２　　文献标识码：Ａ　　文章编号：１００９ ６６３９ （２０１４）０７ ０６６３ ０５     

Short-term vegetable intake by young children classified by 6-n-propylthoiuracil bitter-taste phenotype

BACKGROUND: Genetic variation in sensitivity to the bitterness of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) is thought to play a role in the acceptance and rejection of bitter-tasting vegetables by young children. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the relation between the PROP bitter-taste phenotype and acceptance and consumption of vegetables by young children. We hypothesized that nontasters of PROP would give higher hedonic ratings to bitter-tasting vegetables and would consume more bitter vegetables than would tasters of PROP. DESIGN: Sixty-five preschool children were identified as tasters (n = 24) or nontasters (n = 41) of PROP. Children were allowed to select from among 5 types of vegetables (black olives, cucumbers, carrots, red pepper, and raw broccoli) to consume in a free-choice intake test and to give hedonic ratings to the vegetables. RESULTS: The nontaster children consumed more vegetables than did the taster children during the free-choice test (0.91 servings compared with 0.48 servings; P < 0.05). This difference reflected the higher consumption of the more bitter-tasting vegetables (olives, cucumber, and broccoli) by the nontaster children (P < 0.05). Only 8% of the nontaster children consumed no vegetables in the free-choice test compared with 32% of taster children (P < 0.03). The nontaster children also liked raw broccoli more than did the taster children in the hedonic test (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The nontaster children consumed more vegetables, particularly the vegetables that were bitter tasting, than did the taster children during a free-choice intake test. These novel findings suggest that the PROP bitter-taste phenotype contributes to the development of vegetable acceptance and consumption patterns during early childhood.     

中国农村地区居民蔬菜的纤维含量和摄入状况的研究

目的了解中国不同地区农村居民主要摄入的蔬菜类食物的膳食纤维含量分布特点。方法利用1983年的全国65个县生态学调查资料,整理农村居民主要摄入的蔬菜类食物的膳食纤维数据,用均值和标准差来表达不同食物的膳食纤维含量值。按照国务院"十一五"规划中全国8个区域的划分设计,用方差分析和组间两两比较的Q检验分析同一种蔬菜膳食纤维含量在不同地区间的差异。结果不同蔬菜类食物的消费在全国的分布是不同的,其中只有萝卜、芸豆、茄子、红辣椒、南瓜、萝卜缨、油菜、大白菜、圆白菜、芹菜和韭菜的食用范围在全国分布较广,其它蔬菜类则仅限于部分地区食用。各种食物中膳食纤维和/或其单体的含量分布也存在不均衡的现象,其中萝卜、芸豆、红辣椒、南瓜、葫芦、圆白菜、甜土豆叶、菠菜和韭菜的纤维或其单体的含量在不同地区间存在明显差异(P<0.01,P<0.05)。用该数据对中国农村居民1982、1992和2002年的营养调查数据进行分析评价,农村居民每标准人日通过蔬菜类食物的膳食纤维摄入量随时间而降低,分别占AI值的32.7%、32.2%和29.7%。结论不同蔬菜类食物的消费在全国的分布是不平衡的,且其膳食纤维含量在不同地区间存在显著差异。     

Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of breast cancer in the Black Women's Health Study

The authors prospectively examined the relation of fruit and vegetable intake to breast cancer risk among 51,928 women aged 21-69 years at enrollment in 1995 in the Black Women's Health Study. Dietary intake was assessed by using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for breast cancer risk factors. During 12 years of follow-up, there were 1,268 incident cases of breast cancer. Total fruit, total vegetable, and total fruit and vegetable intakes were not significantly associated with overall risk of breast cancer. However, total vegetable consumption was associated with a decreased risk of estrogen receptor-negative/progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer (incidence rate ratio = 0.57, 95% confidence interval: 0.38, 0.85, for ≥2 servings/day relative to <4/week; P(trend) = 0.02). In addition, there was some evidence of inverse associations with breast cancer risk overall for cruciferous vegetable intake (P(trend) = 0.06) and for carrot intake (P(trend) = 0.02). Study findings suggest that frequent consumption of vegetables is inversely associated with risk of estrogen receptor-negative/progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer, and that specific vegetables may be associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer overall.     

Vegetable consumption and carotenoids in plasma and adipose tissue in Malaga,Spain

OBJECTIVE: To study relationships between habitual dietary intake, adipose tissue concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene, and plasma concentrations of alpha- and beta-carotene. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study including assessment of food habits by a food frequency questionnaire and 48-hour recall and determination of carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and plasma. SUBJECTS: 51 women (mean age of 62 years) from the control group of the European Community Multicentre Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Breast Cancer (EURAMIC), Málaga, Spain. RESULTS: In adipose tissue, beta-carotene was correlated with consumption of green pepper (r = 0.36; p < 0.05) and lycopene with total fruit/vegetable intake (r = 0.28; p < 0.05), green pepper (r = 0.31; p < 0.05), and carrot (r = 0.25; p < 0.10). In plasma, beta-carotene was correlated with total fruit/vegetable intake (r = 0.29; p < 0.10), lettuce (r = 0.34; p < 0.05), tomato (r = 0.26; p < 0.10), and lycopene with total fruit/vegetable intake (r = 0.27; p < 0.10). Age-, BMI- and waist circumference-adjusted regression coefficients for the regression of logn-transformed adipose and plasma concentrations on consumption of specific fruits and vegetables (per 100 g/day) were calculated. In adipose tissue, coefficients were: 1.50 (p < 0.05) for alpha-carotene/carrot; 1.90 (p < 0.10) and 0.51 (p < 0.10) for beta-carotene/green pepper and lettuce; 2.02 (p < 0.05), 1.25 (p < 0.05) and 0.18 (p < 0.05) for lycopene/green pepper, carrot and total fruit/vegetable intake. In plasma, coefficients were 1.14 (p < 0.05) and 0.21 (p < 0.05) for beta-carotene/lettuce and total fruit/vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of fruit and vegetables could be linked directly to carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and plasma. Although associations with individual food items are related to their carotenoid contents, the absorption and distribution of carotenoids needs more attention to improve their usefulness as biomarkers of exposure.     

蔬菜水果摄入与前列腺癌风险的Meta分析

目的 系统评价蔬菜水果摄入与前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)风险之间的关系,为前列腺癌的预防策略提供相关依据.方法 计算机检索Pubmed、Embase、Web of science数据库,查找评价蔬菜和/或水果摄入与前列腺癌风险之间关系的队列研究以及相关文献,对纳入的文献进行质量评级,采用R软件(4...     

Fruit, vegetable, and animal food intake and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor status

The effects of diet on breast cancer are controversial and whether the effects vary with hormone receptor status has not been well investigated. This study evaluated the associations of dietary factors with risk for breast cancer overall and by the hormone receptor status of tumors among Chinese women. The Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, a large, population-based, case-control study, enrolled 3,443 cases and 3,474 controls in 1996-1998 (phase I) and 2002-2005 (phase II); 2676 cases had estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) data. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated, quantitative, food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were derived from multivariate, polychotomous, unconditional logistic regression models. Total vegetable intake was inversely related to breast cancer risk, with an adjusted OR for the highest quintile of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.67-0.95; P trend = 0.02). Reduced risk was also related to high intake of allium vegetables (P trend = 0.01) and fresh legumes (P trend = 0.0008). High intake of citrus fruits and rosaceae fruits were inversely associated with breast cancer risk (P trend = 0.003 and 0.004, respectively), although no consistent association was seen for total fruit intake. Elevated risk was observed for all types of meat and fish intake (all P trend < 0.05), whereas intakes of eggs and milk were associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer (both P trend <0.05). There was little evidence that associations with dietary intakes varied across the 4 tumor subtypes or between ER+/PR+ and ER-/PR- tumors (P for heterogeneity >0.05). Our results suggest that high intake of total vegetables, certain fruits, milk, and eggs may reduce the risk of breast cancer, whereas high consumption of animal-source foods may increase risk. The dietary associations did not appear to vary by ER/PR status.     

Vegetables,but Not Pickled Vegetables,Are Negatively Associated With the Risk of Breast Cancer

This study investigated the association between pickled vegetable consumption and the risk of breast cancer using a validated food frequency questionnaire. A total of 358 patients with breast cancer who were matched to 360 healthy controls by age (using a 5-yr age distribution) were recruited from the National Cancer Center in South Korea. After adjusting for nondietary risk factors, total vegetable intake was inversely associated with risk of breast cancer. However, unlike nonpickled vegetables, pickled vegetable intake and its proportion relative to total vegetables were positively associated with the risk of breast cancer, and this association was more profound and consistent when pickled vegetable intake was considered as a proportion relative to total vegetables (odds ratio [OR] = 6.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.55–10.97; P for trend <0.001 for highest vs. lowest quartiles of intake) than as the absolute consumed amount (OR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.45–4.21; P for trend = 0.015 for highest vs. lowest quartiles of intake). These results suggest that not only the amount of total vegetable intake but also the amounts of different types of vegetable (i.e., pickled or nonpickled) and their proportions relative to total vegetables are significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer.     

饮食因素与脑膜瘤的关联研究

采用病例对照研究及Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ 回归模型对有关饮食因素进行分析。单因素分析提示脑膜瘤的发生与胡萝卜、大蒜、苹果、桔子、豆角、黄瓜、芹菜、大葱、香蕉、小辣椒呈负关联;与酱、咸菜、酸菜呈正关联。多因素分析发现胡萝卜、桔子、苹果、大蒜、香焦、小辣椒、大葱是脑膜瘤的保护因素;咸鱼和酸菜是脑膜瘤的危险因素。     

Vegetable and fruit intake and mortality from chronic disease in New Zealand

OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality attributable to inadequate vegetable and fruit intake in New Zealand in 1997, and the burden of disease that could be avoided in 2011 if modest increases in vegetable and fruit intake were to occur. METHODS: Comparative risk assessment methodology was used to estimate both attributable and avoidable mortality due to inadequate vegetable and fruit consumption (< 600 g/day). Vegetables and fruit were defined as all fresh, frozen, canned, dried or juiced vegetables and fruit, except potatoes, nuts, seeds and pulses. Disease outcomes assessed were mortality from ischaemic heart disease, ischaemic stroke, and lung, oesophageal, stomach and colorectal cancers. RESULTS: In 1997, mean vegetable and fruit intake was 420 g/day in males and 404 g/day in females. Inadequate vegetable and fruit intake is estimated to have contributed to 1,559 deaths (6% of all deaths) in that year, including 1,171 from ischaemic heart disease, 179 from ischaemic stroke and 209 from cancer. Modest increases in vegetable and fruit intake (40 g/day above the historic trend) could prevent 334 deaths each year from 2011, mostly from ischaemic heart disease. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate vegetable and fruit intake is an important cause of mortality in New Zealand. Small increases in vegetable and fruit intake could have a major impact on population health within a decade.