Allograft in the treatment of benign cystic lesions of bone

Summary Seventeen patients with benign cystic osseous lesions were treated by curettage and grafting using allogenic decalcified bone. Human bones were partially decalcified using 0.6N HCl and preserved in 90% ethanol in a deep freezer at -16°C. The cystic lesions were: 5 cases of fibrous dysplasia, 4 aneurysmal bone cysts, 3 simple bone cysts, 2 giant-cell tumours, 1 chondromyxoid fibroma, 1 non-ossifying fibroma and 1 fibrous cortical defect. The bones involved were: femur, tibia, humerus, fibula and calcaneum. Infection was a complication in three patients. In two of these it did not interfere with healing, but in one it persisted for more than 1 year with partial resorption of the graft. The time to adequate incorporation of the graft varied from 6 to 9 months in children and 9 to 15 months in adults. The overall response compares favourably with that to allograft from more sophisticated bone banks.     

Symptomatic polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the thoracic spine

We present a case of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with limited involvement in thoracic spine and adjacent ribs. The patient underwent posterior instrumentation performed between Th3 and Th11 with pedicle screw system, followed by costotransversectomy of 7th and 8th costovertebral junctions and posterior spinal fusion for costal lesions. In the same operation, curettage was done for the lesion in Th6 vertebra and bone grafting and anterior total corpectomy were performed for Th7 and Th8 vertebrae. 360 degrees spinal fusion was done using titanium mesh as strut graft and autogenous rib grafts. Fibrous dysplasia occurs rarely in axial bones than peripheral bones. The cystic lesions in segments of the whole spine should be evaluated for the possibility of fibrous dysplasia with detailed radiographical examination and biopsy.     

Surgical reconstruction of fibrous dysplasia of bone in long-term follow-up

PURPOSE: To examine how different operative measures influence the surgical outcome in patients with fibrous dysplasia of bone. METHODS: 118 dysplastic fibrous lesions of bone were surgically treated and reviewed in 70 patients between 1983 to 1993 (eleven years) with a median follow-up of six and a half years. Surgery consisted of intralesional curettage in 93 and marginal en bloc resection in 25 lesions. Bony defects were reconstructed with autogenous iliac crest graft in 55 lesions, with autogenous fibula graft in 9, with homologous bone chips in 28, and 5 times with a homologous fibula graft from the bone bank. In 33 lesions the entire defect was filled with polymethylmethacrylate. Osteosynthesis was performed in 41 patients. RESULTS: Recurrences requiring surgical revision were observed in 26 of 74 primary lesions (= 35% overall recurrence rate) at a mean 123.6 weeks postoperatively. The most frequent primary and recurrence location was the proximal femur (85% revision rate). 69% of all recurrences occurred under the age of 20. After intralesional curettage the reoperation rate was 32% and after marginal resection 8%. After reconstruction with autogenous iliac crest graft recurrence rate was 36%, after autogenous fibula graft 55%, after homologous bone chips 18%, after polymethylmethacrylate 9% and allograft fibula reconstruction showed no recurrences. A combined stable osteosynthesis bridging the fibrous osseous defect significantly reduced the revision rate to 3% (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Intralesional curettage and reconstruction with autogenous iliac crest graft in fibrous dysplasia of bone leads to a high recurrence rate. Reconstruction with cortical grafts or bone chips from the bone bank, if necessary in combination with a durable osteosynthesis in mechanically demanding locations, or solely bone cement in mechanically less demanding areas, reduces the revision rate in patients with monoostotic and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.     

Monostotic fibrous dysplasia in the femoral neck. A clinicopathologic study

In eight patients with monostotic fibrous dysplasia in the femoral neck, the lesion was virtually limited to the neck region without any extension into the shaft. In one patient with symptoms of 40 years' duration and another with a recurrent lesion, there was a deformity in the neck of the femur. A pathologic fracture, including a minor one, was identified in two patients. Roentgenographically, the lesion should be distinguished from various entities producing a localized central region of rarefaction in the proximal femur. The histologic features of fibrous dysplasia are characteristically diagnostic. Six of the eight patients were successfully treated by curettage and bone graft. There was no evidence of malignant transformation.     

同种异体骨移植修复骨纤维异样增殖症术后骨缺损

目的观察同种异体皮质骨移植可吸收钉固定修复骨纤维异样增殖症刮除术后皮质骨缺损的疗效。方法自2004年3月至2007年4月我科共收治骨纤维异样增殖症24例,其中股骨11例,肱骨5例,合并桡骨2例,股骨颈及转子间1例,胫骨6例（合并腓骨1例）,单纯腓骨1例。24例中6例出现病理骨折并骨愈合。所有患者入院后行病灶刮除,松质骨打压植骨后运用同种异体皮质骨移植可吸收螺钉固定修复皮质骨缺损。术后1、2、3、6、9、12个月对患者进行门诊随访,此后每年随访一次,观察患者的移植骨愈合、并发症及患肢功能恢复情况。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ/甲级愈合。术后1年,24例患者植入的骨粒及皮质骨块与正常骨质均基本融合;术后1年3例失访,随访的21例术后2～5年移植骨吸收重建,骨缺损修复,病灶消失,其中14例骨干病灶中有6例髓腔再通。3例残留手术区域隐痛,与天气变化有关。所有患者截止随访末期功能均良好,无复发。1例患者术后3年邻近腓骨出现新病灶,5年后因摔伤导致腓骨病理性骨折,但胫骨无骨折。结论同种异体皮质骨移植可吸收钉固定修复骨纤维异样增殖症刮除术后皮质骨缺损疗效可靠。     

Transplantation of a bone with muscle pedicle in a case of pathological fracture of the femur neck]

Authors performed an operation for danger of fracture in case of extensive cystic fibrous dysplasia, localized in the femoral neck. The cyst was filled after refreshing its walls, with cancellous bone. To increase ossification a cortico-spongious bone cube, gained from the trochanter major and with retained connection with the insertion of the anterior third of the medial gluteus muscle was inserted in the area filled. The transplanted bone was fixed with an autologous fibular graft. Half a year after the operation bony transformation and good functional result could be observed.     

Chondrosarcoma arising in monostotic fibrous dysplasia treated with total femur resection and megaprothesis: A case report

IntroductionFibrous dysplasia is tumor like lesions of bone which develop as substitution of bone by an expansion of fibrous connective tissue mixed with hard trabeculae. Chondrosarcomas is one of common malignant primary bone tumor derived from heterogenous group of neoplasm producing chondroid matrix. Chondrosarcoma arising in fibrous dysplasia, especially in monostotic fibrous dysplasia is a very rare case.Case reportA 54-year-old male presented with chief complaint of pain on left thigh. Patient with history of pathological fracture on left femoral diaphysis 3 years ago due to fibrous dysplasia and had underwent curettage, open reduction, and internal fixation at other hospital. Plain radiography revealed expansive lytic lesion, interrupted periosteal reaction with plate and screw attached to the lesion, and soft tissue mass. MRI T2FS sequence showed hyperintense mass extending from subtrochanteric to distal of left femoral diaphysis. Histopathological result from biopsy suggested chondrosarcoma.ConclusionsMalignant transformation of monostotic type was less frequently compared to polyostotic type. Among all malignant transformation cases, alteration to chondrosarcoma was more scarce than other malignancy such as osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma. Wide surgical margin and reconstruction in chondrosarcoma provide good local control and functional outcome.     

颗粒打压植骨辅钢板内固定治疗股骨近端骨肿瘤或瘤样病损

目的 :评价颗粒打压植骨辅钢板内固定治疗股骨近端骨肿瘤或瘤样病损的临床可行性。方法 :2013年1月至2016年1月治疗股骨近端骨肿瘤或瘤样病损26例,均未发生病理性骨折,男12例,女14例;年龄8~62岁,平均34.2岁。病理结果:纤维结构不良11例,骨孤立性骨囊肿7例,骨巨细胞瘤3例,动脉瘤样骨囊肿3例,非骨化性纤维瘤1例,良性纤维组织细胞瘤1例。术前未进行病灶活组织检查,术后送慢病理,手术采取颗粒打压植骨辅钢板内固定。结果:26例均随访至恢复日常生活,随访时间8~42个月,平均25个月。参照骨与软组织肿瘤协会(MSTS)进行功能评估。术后末次复查股骨正侧位X线片,植骨边缘及植骨体部未见低密度影,植骨区骨愈合良好,所有患者未见复发及转移病灶,内固定物无松动、变形。髋关节功能恢复良好,所有患者无再骨折和畸形进展。结论:股骨近端肿瘤复发与病灶刮除植骨技术有关,刮除后采用化学、物理方法处理消灭残留的肿瘤细胞,利用此方法可以获得疾病的长期治愈,减少复发,恢复髋关节功能。     

Low grade central osteosarcoma--a diagnostic dilemma

Low grade central osteosarcoma is a rare primary bone tumor. This fibro-osseous lesion shares some radiological and histopathological resemblance with fibrous dysplasia, which is a more common entity. Thus it may be mistaken as fibrous dysplasia and may receive inadequate treatment resulting in a more malignant recurrent bone tumor. We present a case of low grade central osteosarcoma of the right tibia, which was initially treated as fibrous dysplasia with curettage and bone grafting. Three years later the tumor recurred with greater soft tissue and bony involvement but without metastasis. The patient was treated with above knee amputation and has been asymptomatic for the last two years.     

Low-grade central osteosarcoma mimicking fibrous dysplasia: a report of two cases

Low-grade central osteosarcoma is an unusual variant of conventional osteosarcoma. We present here two rare cases of low-grade central osteosarcoma resembling fibrous dysplasia. A 24-year-old woman diagnosed as fibrous dysplasia was treated with intra-lesional excision and curettage of the tumor but tumor recurred at 4 months after surgery. Distal femoral en-bloc resection was performed followed by arthroplasty with mega-prosthesis of the knee. A 57-year-old man diagnosed as central osteosarcoma was treated with wide excision of the tumor, followed by reconstruction with the vascularized fibula graft combined with an autogenous irradiated bone graft. Because of the difficulty in distinguishing low-grade central osteosarcoma from a benign lesion, open biopsy is needed to obtain a large tumor sample. Careful clinical and pathological evaluation is required to obtain a definite diagnosis. The treatment of low-grade central osteosarcoma is en-block resection with wide surgical margins.     

Curettage of benign bone tumors and tumor like lesions: A retrospective analysis

Background:

Curettage is one of the most common treatment options for benign lytic bone tumors and tumor like lesions. The resultant defect is usually filled. We report our outcome curettage of benign bone tumors and tumor like lesions without filling the cavity.

Materials and Methods:

We retrospectively studied 42 patients (28 males and 14 females) with benign bone tumors who had undergone curettage without grafting or filling of the defect by any other bone graft substitute. The age of the patients ranged from 14 to 66 years. The most common histological diagnosis was that of giant cell tumor followed by simple bone cyst, aneurysamal bone cyst, enchondroma, fibrous dysplasia, chondromyxoid fibroma, and chondroblastoma and giant cell reparative granuloma. Of the 15 giant cell tumors, 4 were radiographic grade 1 lesions, 8 were grade 2 and 3 grade 3. The mean maximum diameter of the cysts was 5.1 (range 1.1-9 cm) cm and the mean volume of the lesions was 34.89 cm³ (range 0.94-194.52 cm³). The plain radiographs of the part before and after curettage were reviewed to establish the size of the initial defect and the rate of reconstitution, filling and remodeling of the bone defect. Patients were reviewed every 3 monthly for a minimum period of 2 years.

Results:

Most of the bone defects completely reconstituted to a normal appearance while the rest filled partially. Two patients had preoperative and three had postoperative fractures. All the fractures healed uneventfully. Local recurrence occurred in three patients with giant cell tumor who were then reoperated. All other patients had unrestricted activities of daily living after surgery. The rate of bone reconstitution, risk of subsequent fracture or the incidence of complications was related to the size of the cyst/tumor at diagnosis. The benign cystic bone lesions with volume greater than approximately 70 cm³ were found to have higher incidence of complications.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates the natural healing ability of bone without filling with bone grafts or bone graft substitutes. In selected sizes and locations of the benign lytic tumors and tumor like lesions extended curettage alone can be sufficient.     

前外侧和外侧联合入路的股骨颈肿瘤刮除植骨及内固定术

目的 探讨前外侧和外侧联合入路肿瘤刮除植骨重建治疗股骨颈骨肿瘤的疗效.方法 2005年7月至2009年8月采用前外侧和外侧联合入路手术治疗股骨颈肿瘤12例,男7例,女5例;年龄1768岁,平均34岁.软骨母细胞瘤4例,原发性骨巨细胞瘤2例,纤维结构不良3例,骨囊肿3例.7例有病理性骨折,5例骨皮质变薄.按国际保肢协会股骨颈肿瘤分区H1区1例、H2区4例、H1,2区7例.前外侧Smith-Peterson入路行肿瘤刮除植骨,外侧Watson-Jones入路行内固定.内固定采用解剖钢板10例,经皮空心螺钉2例.结果 全部患者随访12～68个月,平均35个月.患者疼痛均消失,随访期间无复发,无病理性骨折、股骨头坏死、关节退变.1例出现股骨外侧皮肤麻木,术后6个月自行缓解;1例出现外展无力.11例恢复正常活动范围,前屈120°～135°,后伸9°～15°,外展30°～45°.国际骨与软组织肿瘤协会功能评分27～30分,平均29.2分.结论 前外侧"SP"入路可以充分暴露肿瘤部位,手术视野清晰,刮除彻底,复发率低;外侧"WJ"入路易于植入内固定,防止术后病理性骨折的发生.股骨颈骨折采用前外侧"SP"与外侧"WJ"联合入路肿瘤刮除植骨重建的近期疗效较好.

Abstract：

Objective To explore surgical procedure of combined anterior-lateral and lateral approach for the treatment of bone tumors of femoral neck. Methods Forty patients with bone tumors of femoral neck treated in Tianjin Hospital were included from July 2005 to August 2009. Of the patients, 12 who were treated with curettage and bone graft through combined anterior-lateral and lateral incision were analyzed in this study. There were 7 males and 5 females with an average age of 34 years ranging from 17 to 68 years. 4 patients were diagnosed as chondroblastoma, 2 giant cell tumor, 3 fibrous dysplasia, and 3 single bone cysts. 7 patients suffered from pathologic fractures, and 5 had presented thin cortical bone because of tumor involvement. There were 1 tumor located in H1 zone, 4 in H2 zone and 7 in H1,2 zone according to ISOLS femoral neck classification. All patients were treated by curettage and bone graft via anterior-lateral approach, 10 cases underwent internal fixation with anatomical plate, and 2 cases with canulated screws with lateral approach. Results The follow-up time ranged from 10 to 68 months with an average of 35 months.Pain disappeared in all patients, and there were not recurrence of tumor, pathologic fractures and avascular necrosis. One case had complained of lateral femoral skin numbness which may be caused by injures of femoral lateral nerves. One case had difficulties in the valgus of hip joint. The mean MSTS score was 29.2 points ranging from 27 to 30 points. Conclusion Anterior approaches of "SP" incision is helpful to thorough curettage which decrease the risk of recurrence due to good visualization and intemal fixation is easy to perform via lateral approaches. The result suggested that combined anterior-lateral "SP" and lateral incision is liable option in treatment of bone tumors of femoral neck.     

Tumor Treated by Endoscopy

Background

This study was conducted to examine the clinical usefulness and efficacy of endoscopic curettage on benign bone tumor.

Methods

Thirty-two patients (20 men and 12 women) with benign bone tumor were included in the study. The patients were aged between five and 76 years; the mean follow-up period was 27.05 months (range, 9.6 to 39.9 months). The primary sites include simple bone cyst (9 cases), fibrous dysplasia (6 cases), enchondroma (5 cases), non-ossifying fibroma (4 cases), bone infarct (3 cases), aneurysmal bone cyst (1 case), chondroblastoma (1 case), osteoblastoma (1 case), intraosseous lipoma (1 case), and Brodie abscess (1 case). A plain radiography was performed to assess the radiological recovery. Radiological outcomes, including local recurrence and bone union, were evaluated as excellent, good, poor, and recurred.

Results

In our series, there were 27 cases (84.4%) of good or better outcomes, six cases (18.8%) of complications (4 local recurrence, 1 wound infection, and 1 pathologic fracture).

Conclusions

Our results showed that endoscopic curettage and bone graft had a lower rate of recurrence and a higher cure rate in cases of benign bone tumor. It can, therefore, be concluded that endoscopic curettage and bone graft might be good treatment modalities for benign bone tumors.     

Vascularised bone grafting for fibrous dysplasia of the upper limb

We describe our experience with vascularised bone grafting for the treatment of fibrous dysplasia of the upper limb in eight patients, five men and three women, aged between 17 and 36 years. The site was in the humerus in six and the radius in two. Persistent pain, progression of the lesion and pathological fracture with delayed union were the indications for surgical intervention. We used a vascularised fibular graft after curettage of the lesion. Function and radiological progress were serially monitored. Early radiological union of the graft occurred at periods ranging from 8 to 14 weeks. The mean period for reconstitution of the diameter of the bone was 14 months (12 to 18) predominantly through inductive formation of bone around the vascularised graft, which was a prominent feature in all patients. There were no recurrences and none of the grafts sustained a fracture or failed to unite. After operation function was excellent in three patients and good in five. Vascularised bone grafts provide a safe and reliable means of ensuring good continuity of bone with little risk of recurrence and failure.     

Fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone: the use of computerized tomography

Fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone is a rare condition characterized histologically by proliferation of fibrous tissue with scattered trabeculae of immature bone. Eighteen cases of monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone have been reported in the literature. The clinical course of temporal bone fibrous dysplasia is unpredictable. Potential complications include cholesteatoma, recurrence, and malignant transformation. Surgery has been the recommended treatment, but the indications, approach, and extent have not been clearly established. The introduction of computerized tomography with high-resolution bone reconstruction is a significant advance in the therapeutic approach to temporal bone fibrous dysplasia. It accurately defines the extent of the disease within the temporal bone, and periodic scanning will reveal any progression. This information can be used to resolve many surgical dilemmas and to minimize secondary complications. This article includes a comprehensive review of the literature on temporal bone fibrous dysplasia and summarizes a case in which computerized tomography was used.     

四肢骨纤维异样增殖症的手术治疗

目的：总结病灶清除自体骨移植治疗四肢骨纤维异样增殖症的近期疗效。方法：1994年10月－2000年4月采用截骨、直视下病灶清除自体骨移植治疗13例（21处）骨纤维异样增殖症患者，结果：术后随访2－5年，1处复发，余患者植骨愈合，患肢功能正常，取肋骨后肋骨再生。结论：截骨病灶刮除植骨治疗纤维异样增殖症方法简单，复发率低，肋骨植骨，骨量大，易爬行替代，彻底清除病灶是防止复发的关键。     

Benign fibrous histiocytoma of bone in a paediatric population: a report of 6 cases

Case records and radiological investigations of six children with benign fibrous histiocytoma were studied retrospectively. BFH occurred in the femur (n?=?2), tibia (n?=?2) and fibula (n?=?2). Clinically, patients reported pain from the lesion lasting several months (mean 6?months). The pain was not associated with pathological fracture in any patient. On X-rays, the lesions appeared as lytic and sharply demarcated with a sclerotic rim and fine trabeculations. The reported cases were located in the metaphysis and the diaphysis of the long bones. The tumour was restricted to bone, without periosteal or soft tissue reaction. Treatment consisted of careful intralesional curettage of the lesion; the defect was thereafter filled with bone bank graft or injectable phosphocalcic cement. The length of follow-up ranged from 24?months to 4.75?years (mean 35.2?months). One case presented with recurrence of the disease and required successful repeat intralesional curettage. Benign fibrous histiocytoma is probably underestimated among patients less than 20?years of age. This diagnosis should be considered in any child or teenager who presents with a non-ossifying fibroma accompanied by unexplainable pain or a rapid growing. Surgery restricted to the osteolytic lesion seems sufficient to achieve bone healing.     

Treatment of benign lesions of the femoral head and neck

Benign lesions of the proximal femur usually weaken the supporting framework in the femoral neck. Of seven patients aged 11 through 26 years with the diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia (four), aneurysmal bone cyst (two), and simple bone cyst (one), six were treated with curretage and an autogenous fibula strut graft in conjunction with a sliding hip screw. One patient was treated with only the curretage and strut graft. The functional results were excellent (five), good (one), and fair (one), with no local recurrence. In treating fibrous dysplasia, dysplastic bone should be supplemented with grafts of cortical bone. This construct provides increased strength and prevents deformity and fracture, but it does not eradicate the disease. Internal fixation promotes union of the cortical graft to the host cancellous bone. The sliding screw stabilizes the bone and eliminates the need for plaster casts.     

股骨近端纤维结构不良的手术治疗

目的：通过对股骨近端纤维结构不良病例进行回顾性研究,总结肿瘤学和功能学结果,探讨其治疗方法及效果。方法：2007年4月至2009年1月,收治15例股骨近端纤维结构不良患者,男9例,女6例;年龄16～32岁,平均25岁;单侧病变12例,双侧病变3例;单骨型12例,多骨型3例;病程2个月～16年,平均2年。股骨近端纤维结构不良伴髋内翻2例,颈干角分别为80°和100°,股骨长度较对侧短缩分别为5cm和3cm。所有患者采用病灶刮除、打压植骨（同种异体人工骨和/或自体髂骨）、内固定治疗,其中2例牧羊拐畸形者采用外翻截骨矫形术。结果：所有患者获随访,时间12～32个月,2例股骨近端牧羊拐畸形患者经截骨矫形后畸形矫正,颈干角恢复,股骨长度延长分别为4cm和3cm,术后4个月扶双拐下地行走。所有患者术后病变无复发及内固定物松动,植骨区术后3个月可见局部骨吸收,术后8～12个月植骨区骨愈合,疼痛消失,步态正常。结论：彻底刮除病灶、植骨及有效内固定是治疗股骨近端纤维结构不良的有效方法,对伴有牧羊拐畸形者应同时行外翻截骨以恢复髋关节功能。