高效液相色谱法测定银翘解毒合剂中绿原酸的含量

目的:建立一种银翘解毒合剂中绿原酸的高效液相色谱测定方法,用于生产及市场监控.方法:以依利特C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为色谱柱,用乙腈-0.4%磷酸(10:90)为流动相,以外标法按峰面积计算.结果:该法平均回收率为100.14%,表明可用于测定银翘解毒合剂中绿原酸的含量.结论:该法简便快捷,结果准确,可用于银翘解毒合剂中绿原酸的含量测定和质量控制.     

银翘解毒丸中绿原酸含量测定的研究

目的:探讨银翘解毒丸中绿原酸的含量测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对银翘解毒丸中的绿原酸进行含量测定。结果:绿原酸在8.04～160.8μg/ml浓度范围内呈现出良好的线性关系,r=0.9998,平均回收率为99.50%(RSD=0.6%,n=5)。结论:本方法简便准确,重复性好,因此,可采用HPLC法作为银翘解毒丸的质量测定标准。     

HPLC法测定银翘解毒液中绿原酸含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定银翘解毒液中绿原酸含量的方法.方法选用C18色谱柱,乙腈-0.4%磷酸(9:91)为流动相,检测波长为327 nm.结果线性范围为0.05～1.25μg(r=0.9999,n=6),平均回收率为101.15%,RSD=0.3%(n=6).结论该方法简便、准确、稳定,可用于银翘解毒液的质量控制.     

银翘解毒丸(大蜜丸)中绿原酸含量测定方法研究

目的探讨银翘解毒丸(大蜜丸)质量标准。采用HPLC法对银翘解毒丸(大蜜丸)中的绿原酸进行含量测定。方法色谱柱为Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6×250mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.3%磷酸(10∶90)为流动相;流速:1.0mL.min-1,检测波长327nm。结果绿原酸的进样量在0.03～0.15mg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9995),平均加样回收率为100.6%,RSD为1.57%(n=6)。结论方法简便、准确,可用于银翘解毒丸(大蜜丸)中绿原酸的含量测定。     

HPLC-PAD法同时测定精制银翘解毒胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、绿原酸、连翘苷和牛蒡苷的含量

目的:采用HPLC-PAD法同时测定精制银翘解毒胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、绿原酸、连翘苷和牛蒡苷的含量.方法:色谱柱:Capcell Pak C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-水(含0.25％的冰醋酸)梯度洗脱;检测波长:300 nm和228 nm;流速:1mL· min-1;柱温:30C.结果:对乙酰氨基酚测定的线性范围28.15～84.45 μg (r=0.9999),平均含量为235.06 mg·g-1,RSD为0.17％;绿原酸测定的线性范围0.2048～0.6144 μg (r=0.9998),平均含量为1.91 mg·g-1,RSD为0.21％;连翘苷测定的线性范围0.1054～0.3162μg (r=0.9994),平均含量为1.00 mg·g-1,RSD为0.32％;牛蒡苷测定的线性范围1.044～3.132 μg (r=0.9998),平均含量为7.04 mg·g-1,RSD为0.16％.结论:该法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于精制银翘解毒胶囊的质量控制.     

银翘解毒浓缩丸的质量标准研究

目的:建立银翘解毒浓缩丸的质量控制方法.方法:采用TLC法鉴别荆芥、牛蒡子、桔梗、连翘;用RP-HPLC法测定绿原酸的含量.结果:薄层色谱斑点清晰,空白对照无干扰;绿原酸在0.051 3～0.461 7μg范围呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为100.52%,RSD=1.37%.结论:方法简便,结果准确,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

HPLC测定羚羊感冒胶囊中绿原酸的含量

目的 测定羚羊感冒胶囊中绿原酸的含量.方法 采用HPLC法测定测定羚羊感冒胶囊中绿原酸的含量;采用色谱柱为:Inertsil ODS-3 C18(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为:乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液(13:87);流速:1.0 ml/min;检测波长:327 nm.结果 绿原酸在0.1～0.9μg线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.64%(RSD=1.02%).结论 该方法准确、重现性好、简便、可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

一测多评法测定8个银翘解毒系列制剂中的7种酚酸类成分的含量

建立8个银翘解毒系列制剂中君药金银花所含的7种酚酸类成分(新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、咖啡酸、异绿原酸B、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸C)的一测多评统一方法。首先,采用HPLC以绿原酸为内参物,建立绿原酸与其他6种酚酸类成分的相对校正因子(RCF),并用不同浓度、不同色谱柱、不同HPLC验证其耐用性,利用金银花提取物作随行对照定位各待测色谱峰。然后利用RCF计算8个不同银翘解毒系列制剂样品中其他6种酚酸类成分的含量,并与外标法的测定结果进行比较,对该方法进行可行性验证。结果表明,所建立的平均相对校正因子的耐用性良好(RSD在0.80%~2.56%),一测多评法测定样品中的酚酸类成分的含量与外标法的含量测定结果一致(相对平均偏差<0.93%)。因此,一测多评法可以成功应用于8个银翘解毒系列制剂中金银花的酚酸类成分的定量控制。     

HPLC法测定银翘解毒颗粒中绿原酸的含量

目的 :应用高效液相色谱法 (HPLC)测定银翘解毒颗粒中绿原酸的含量。方法 :采用C18柱 ,流动相为 0 .2mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液 甲醇 (75∶2 5 ,pH 3.2 ) ,流速 1.0ml·min-1检测波长 32 7nm。结果 :绿原酸在 0 .2 4～ 1.2 μg范围内呈良好线性关系 (r =0 .9999) ;平均加样回收率为 99.3% ,RSD为 2 .0 %。结论 :本法操作简便 ,易行、重现性好 ,可用于银翘解毒颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定精制银翘解毒胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定精制银翘解毒胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚的含量。方法柱:C18-ODS(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(20∶80);检测波长:249 nm;流速:0.8 m l.m in-1;柱温35℃。结果对乙酰氨基酚含量测定线性范围0.104~2.08μg,相关系数r=0.999 9,平均加样回收率为99.9%,RSD=0.4%(n=6)。结论该法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于精制银翘解毒胶囊的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.