头颈部鳞状细胞癌远处转移的相关因素分析

目的探讨头颈肿瘤远处转移的相关影响因素.方法对532例头颈部原发鳞状细胞癌患者的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析.选择性别、年龄、临床分期、T分级、N分级、原发癌部位、原发癌浸润深度、原发癌病理分级、有无颈淋巴结转移、颈阳性淋巴结数目、颈淋巴结转移累及区域、颈阳性淋巴结破膜情况等临床病理因素,用χ2检验和Logistic回归进行单因素和多因素分析,并用Kaplan-Meier法对发生远隔部位转移患者进行生存分析.结果在532例头颈部原发鳞状细胞癌患者中,60例(11.3%)发生远处转移.单因素分析显示,临床分期(P=0.0126)、T分级(P=0.0082)、原发癌部位(P=0.0011)、原发癌浸润深度(P=0.0005)、有无颈淋巴结转移(P=0.0057)、颈阳性淋巴结数目(P=0.0149)、颈淋巴结转移累及区域(P=0.0034)、颈阳性淋巴结破膜情况(P=0.0118)与发生远处转移有关.多因素分析结果表明,仅原发癌部位、原发癌浸润深度与发生远处转移明显相关.用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,结果显示60例发生远隔部位转移患者的1年生存率、3年生存率、5年生存率分别为51.7%、13.3%、6.5%.结论原发肿瘤部位和浸润深度是发生远处转移的共同决定性因素.而原发癌临床分期、T分级和有无颈淋巴结转移是头颈鳞癌远处转移的影响因素,但不是导致远处转移的初始和根本因素.喉癌、下咽癌以及原发癌侵犯肌肉、骨或软骨患者易发生远处转移.     

头颈部鳞状细胞癌远处转移的相关因素分析

目的探讨头颈肿瘤远处转移的相关影响因素。方法对532例头颈部原发鳞状细胞癌患者的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析。选择性别、年龄、临床分期、T分级、N分级、原发癌部位、原发癌浸润深度、原发癌病理分级、有无颈淋巴结转移、颈阳性淋巴结数目、颈淋巴结转移累及区域、颈阳性淋巴结破膜情况等临床病理因素，用)(2检验和Logistic回归进行单因素和多因素分析，并用．Kaplan-Meier法对发生远隔部位转移患者进行生存分析。结果在532例头颈部原发鳞状细胞癌患者中，60例(11．3％)发生远处转移。单因素分析显示，临床分期(P=0．0126)、T分级(P=0．0082)、原发癌部位(P=0．0011)、原发癌浸润深度(P=0，0005)、有无颈淋巴结转移(P=0．0057)、颈阳性淋巴结数目(P=0．0149)、颈淋巴结转移累及区域(P=0．0034)、颈阳性淋巴结破膜情况(P=0．0118)与发生远处转移有关。多因素分析结果表明，仅原发癌部位、原发癌浸润深度与发生远处转移明显相关。用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析，结果显示60例发生远隔部位转移患者的1年生存率、3年生存率、5年生存率分别为51．7％、13．3％、6．5％。结论原发肿瘤部位和浸润深度是发生远处转移的共同决定性因素。而原发癌临床分期、T分级和有无颈淋巴结转移是头颈鳞癌远处转移的影响因素，但不是导致远处转移的初始和根本因素。喉癌、下咽癌以及原发癌侵犯肌肉、骨或软骨患者易发生远处转移。     

涎腺腺样囊性癌76例预后因素分析

目的 分析涎腺腺样囊性癌的预后并探讨其影响因素.方法 回顾性分析76例涎腺腺样囊性癌的临床资料.大涎腺来源27例(35.5％),小涎腺来源49例(64.5％).Ⅰ期8例(10.5％),Ⅱ期23例(30.3％),Ⅲ期18例(23.7％),Ⅳ期27例(35.5％).计数资料采用x2检验或精确概率法,Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,组间比较采用Log-rank对数秩检验,Cox比例风险模型进行多因素分析.结果 全组病例区域复发率28.9％,远处转移率21.0％.5年、10年总体生存率分别为73.7％、48.2％;5年、10年无瘤生存率分别为61.8％、39.8％;5年、10年肿瘤相关生存率为74.9％、56.2％.单因素分析结果显示,病理类型、肿瘤分期和周围神经侵犯对涎腺腺样囊性癌生存率的影响有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).Cox模型多变量分析显示,病理类型、肿瘤分期及周围神经侵犯是影响涎腺腺样囊性癌患者预后的独立危险因素(P值均＜0.05).对于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者,放疗组的无瘤生存率与未放疗组相比有升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.052).结论TNM分期、病理类型和周围神经侵犯是影响涎腺腺样囊性癌预后的独立危险因素,手术是治疗腺样囊性癌的主要方法,术后放疗可能提高Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者的无瘤生存时间.     

30例下咽癌合并食管癌的外科治疗分析

下咽癌患者大部分有长期吸烟酗酒史,因此易伴发多原发癌.下咽癌伴发癌中最常见的是食管癌,文献报道下咽癌伴有同时性食管原发癌的比例为27％～35％[1].随着内镜检查技术的发展,下咽癌患者内镜检查发现食管癌尤其是早期食管癌(指局限在黏膜层或黏膜下层的肿瘤,无淋巴结转移和远处转移)的比例明显增多.下咽癌合并食管癌影响下咽癌治...     

下咽-食管同时性多原发癌的临床分层治疗策略

目的　探讨下咽-食管同时性多原发癌分层治疗策略。方法　回顾性分析2012年1月~2018年6月收治的21例下咽-食管同时性原发癌患者,分析分层治疗的预后情况。提出下咽-食管原发癌分层治疗策略,两种癌以分期更晚的肿瘤为主线治疗：下咽癌和食管癌同属早期病变,行手术治疗,术后病理为低分化鳞状细胞癌行放疗;若下咽癌和食管癌任一病变为局部晚期则行2~3周期诱导化疗再行手术治疗,术后辅助放疗;若局部晚期患者拒绝行诱导化疗,可行手术+综合治疗（放疗或化疗）。结果　21例下咽- 食管同时性多原发癌患者,20例完成上述分层治疗,1例局部晚期患者因下咽肿物侵犯颈内动脉行放化疗。所有患者随访1~7年,中位随访时间2年,因远处转移死亡5例,2例下咽术后局部复发,2例颈部淋巴结转移,2例咽瘘,1例吞咽困难,1例进食后反流。21例患者随访1年,2例死亡,1年生存率90.5%（19/21）;19例患者随访2年,死亡4例,生存率78.9%（15/19）。结论　下咽-食管同时性多原发癌行分层处理可取得良好的临床疗效。     

ABCG2及NF-κB p65在下咽癌中的表达意义

目的 探讨乳腺癌耐药蛋白( BCRP/ABCG2)及NF-κB p65在下咽癌和正常下咽黏膜中的表达及意义.方法 采用免疫组化SP法,检测40例下咽癌和10例正常下咽黏膜中ABCG2和NF-κB p65的表达.结果 下咽癌组织中ABCG2及NF-κB p65的阳性表达率分别为65.0％及72.5％,在正常下咽黏膜中表达率分别为20％和10％,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).ABCG2表达与肿瘤淋巴结转移呈显著正相关(P＜0.01),而NF-κB p65的表达与临床分期、分化程度和淋巴结转移均有统计学差异(P＜0.05),与患者年龄、性别无明显相关.ABCG2和NF-κB p65的表达呈显著正相关(P＜0.01).结论 ABCG2与NF-κB p65在下咽癌中均高表达,并与淋巴结转移显著相关,可作为临床预测喉癌转移及预后的参考指标.另外两者表达呈显著相关,提示在下咽癌中,NF-κB p65可能促进下咽癌的增殖和转移,并增强ABCG2的多药耐药功能.     

细胞周期蛋白E2在下咽癌中的表达及其意义

目的 观察细胞周期蛋白E2在下咽癌组织中的表达水平及其与临床病理特征及预后的相互关系。 方法 免疫组化法检测50例下咽癌肿瘤组织及相应的正常黏膜组织中细胞周期蛋白E2的表达水平,分析其与临床特征及生存率的相互关系,结果采用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析。 结果 细胞周期蛋白E2在下咽癌组织中的表达较正常黏膜组织明显增加(Z=-5.764,P=0.000),且其表达程度与肿瘤的临床分期(Z=-1.995, P=0.046)、淋巴结转移(Z=-2.176,P=0.030)相关。肿瘤组织中细胞周期蛋白E2表达阳性患者5年生存率为40.2%,阴性表达患者5年生存率为81.8%。细胞周期蛋白E2表达水平高的患者生存率明显降低(χ2=6.317,P=0.012)。 结论 细胞周期蛋白E2在下咽癌肿瘤组织中的异常表达提示其可能参与了肿瘤的发生发展,并有可能成为下咽癌的诊断、治疗与预后的分子标志物之一。     

下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的临床病理学特点及其对预后的影响

目的探讨影响下咽癌颈淋巴结转移的临床病理因素和颈淋巴结转移对预后的影响。方法采用X^2检验和Logistic回归分析，对98例下咽癌患者的临床病理学因素与颈淋巴结转移的关系进行回顾性研究。并对颈淋巴结转移状态、转移颈淋巴结大小、转移颈淋巴结数目、转移颈淋巴结累及区域数、转移颈淋巴结最低受累区域等淋巴结病理学因素对生存率的影响，进行Cox回归分析。结果下咽癌患者5年生存率为28．6％。单因素和多因素分析均证实，肿瘤生长方式、肿瘤大小与发生颈淋巴结转移关系密切。而肿瘤突破基底膜达黏膜下层后对下咽癌颈淋巴结转移发生率不再产生进一步影响。Cox回归分析表明，临床N分期、颈淋巴结转移状态、转移颈淋巴结大小、转移颈淋巴结最低受累区域因素影响患者生存率，特别是转移颈淋巴结大小、转移颈淋巴结最低受累区域因素与下咽癌患者生存率明显相关。结论下咽癌颈淋巴结转移是影响患者预后的重要因素，预测下咽癌颈淋巴结，对其作出早期正确诊断，并对影响预后的淋巴结因素采取相应治疗措施是提高下咽癌治疗效果的关键。     

甲状腺髓样癌预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨影响甲状腺髓样癌预后的因素.方法 本研究采用统计学多因素分析方法,回顾性分析1980年1月至2000年12月中山大学肿瘤防治中心同期收治的102例甲状腺髓样癌预后影响因素.结果 根据Kaplan-Meier法统计生存率,102例患者5年、10年、15年累积生存率分别为87.4%、74.6%和54.2%.单因素分析示:性别、年龄、原发灶累及双侧、原发灶最大直径＞4 cm、甲状腺包膜外侵犯、远处转移、手术彻底程度(以距肿瘤2 em肉眼切除干净为手术彻底的标准)均影响预后.多因素分析发现,影响甲状腺髓样癌生存率的独立因素有原发灶最大直径＞4 cm(X2=7.43,P=0.0035),远处转移(X2=23.50,P=0.0000)和手术彻底程度(X2=25.90,P=0.0000).结论 当原发灶过大、行姑息性手术及出现远处转移时,甲状腺髓样癌患者的生存率显著下降;选择合理的外科手术治疗可取得较满意的疗效,减少并发症.早期诊断和早期治疗能显著改善甲状腺髓样癌患者的预后.     

64例下咽癌病人临床疗效的回顾分析

目的 :探讨下咽癌外科切除与修复手术的治疗效果。方法 :分析 1989年 1月～ 1995年 9月 6 4例下咽癌切除患者的手术方法、并发症、生存率等 ,其中保留喉功能的下咽癌切除患者 2 6例 ,未保留喉功能的下咽癌切除患者 38例。结果 :6 4例下咽癌患者手术后全部恢复了吞咽功能 ,并发症发生率 40 .6 % (2 6 / 6 4) ,以咽瘘最常见。2 6例保留喉功能的下咽癌切除术后拔管率 5 3.8% (14/ 2 6 ) ,3年和 5年生存率分别为 6 5 .4% (17/ 2 6 )和 5 0 % (13/ 2 6 )。38例喉全切除下咽癌患者 3年和 5年生存率分别为 5 2 .6 % (2 0 / 38)和 44 .7% (17/ 38)。保留喉功能和未保留喉功能两者 3、5年生存率比较没有显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :保留喉功能下咽癌手术适用于 T1 、T2 期的肿瘤及经过仔细选择部分 T3期肿瘤患者 ,不影响患者的长期生存率 ,同时可有效的提高患者的生存质量     

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing?

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing? Regular monitoring and audit of a service are integral to ensuring maintenance of efficiency and standards. This is particularly important where the quality of the service is operator dependent, as is the case in the clinical diagnosis of neck lumps and fine needle aspiration cytology. The one‐stop neck lump clinic has now been running in the department for more than 20 months. A previous article described the results of the first phase audit carried out at 6 months and had identified a waiting time to be seen that was longer than that recommended by the British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Head and Neck Surgeons. Measures were implemented to reduce this waiting time and a second audit was carried out after another 10 months with the aims of assessing if modification of the means of referral reduces waiting time and if the outcomes of clinical performance in phase 1 could be maintained or improved. We discuss the results of phase 2 in the audit spiral.     

A Decrease in Maxillary Sinus Pressure,as Seen in Upper Airway Allergy or Infection,Results in an Increase in Upper Airway Nitric Oxide Levels

The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via small osties. Ostial occlusion, caused by mucosal swelling, will result in a slowly increasing negative pressure inside the sinus cavity. In parallel, the oxygen content in the sinus will decrease, resulting in the development of relative hypoxia. Hypoxia is a powerful inducer of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and inducible NO synthase has been shown to be present in considerable amounts in the upper airways, including the sinuses. The present study was designed to investigate whether a reduction in sinus pressure would affect upper airway NO production. Thirteen healthy volunteers were investigated. A pressure chamber was used to lower the ambient pressure to-4.9 kPa. NO was sampled from one nostril or via a drainage tube inserted into the maxillary sinus before, during and after the hypobaric exposure. When the pressure was decreased, NO levels increased from 256 &#45 15 to 316 &#45 19 ppb ( n =13, p <0.001). The NO levels remained elevated (282 &#45 21 ppb; p <0.05) when measurements were repeated 20 min after leaving the chamber. The nasal airway resistance (V2 tot ) also increased as a result of the chamber session (from 16 &#45 2° before to 21 &#45 3° after; p <0.05). An increase in NO levels was also found when the experiments were repeated with NO sampled directly from the maxillary sinus (225 &#45 6 before and 265 &#45 9 ppb after; n =6, p <0.001). For control purposes the nasal analyses were repeated again, this time under hyperbaric conditions (+4.9 kPa). This resulted in a slight decrease in the NO levels (from 273 &#45 22 to 241 &#45 17 ppb; n =10, p <0.001), but there was no change in the nasal airway resistance. We conclude that a reduction in sinus pressure, as seen in upper airway allergy or infection, may result in an increase in upper airway NO production.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

A simple objective evaluation and grading for facial paralysis outcomes

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 degrade type IV collagen, which is one of the major components of the basement membrane in normal tissue and expressed in the surroundings of the cancer nest in squamous cell carinoma. The degeneration of type IV collagen is an essential step in the metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. In this study, we examined MMP-2 and -9 levels of cancer tissue and serum obtained from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in order to evaluate the relationship between the clinicopathologic features and MMPs. We examined the production of MMP-2 and -9 in cancer tissue homogenates of 73 patients who had HNSCC and the serum MMP levels of 16 patients with HNSCC and 8 healthy volunteers. We also studied the localization of MMP-2 in the carcinoma using an immunohistochemical approach. The concentrations of MMP-2 and -9 in the tissue homogenates and serum were measured by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed with monoclonal antibody to MMP-2. The concentration of MMP-2 in the tumor tissue homogenates was unrelated to tumor size, but that in patients with lymph node metastases was significantly higher than in those without lymph node metastases. The concentration of MMP-9 was unrelated to lymph node metastasis and tumor size. The levels of both MMP-2 and -9 in serum were unrelated to lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemistry indicated that MMP-2 was mainly expressed in cancer cells. Because MMP-2 degrades type IV collagen, the level of MMP-2 in carcinomas may be a useful indicator of the degree of invasion and metastasis.     

A case of cortical deafness and anarthria

The nasal epithelium protects the underlying tissue from damage. Epithelial cell growth is controlled by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and is possibly affected by toxic proteins, e.g. eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). The aims of this study were to examine nasal fluid epithelial cell counts and their relations to EGF, eosinophils and ECP in 23 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and 20 healthy controls. Nasal fluid epithelial cell counts were lower in patients than in controls. EGF levels did not differ between patients and controls, and correlated with epithelial cell counts in controls but not in patients. Eosinophils and ECP were higher in patients than in controls, but did not correlate with epithelial cell counts. The role of growth factors, such as EGF, in regulating epithelial cells merits further study.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.