柳州市电镀行业作业工人红细胞铬水平调查分析

目的 了解电镀行业作业工人红细胞(RBC)铬的实际水平.方法 选择职业铬接触工人99人为接触组,同地区无铬接触的56人为对照组.采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定鼻腔灌洗液和RBC的铬水平.结果 该市电镀行业接铬工人RBC铬水平(0.086±0.024) μmol/L明显高于对照组[(0.013±0.004)μmol,P＜0.01],且RBC铬水平随工龄的增加呈增高趋势(P＜0.01).结论 电镀行业接铬工人RBC铬水平较高,应密切关注其是否引起职业健康效应.     

某电镀企业工人低水平六价铬接触调查

目的了解电镀工人六价铬低水平接触情况及其接触途径。方法采用判断抽样法,以某电镀企业95名电镀工人为研究对象,对其进行现场职业卫生学调查。采集工作场所空气样品测定铬和六价铬水平时间加权平均浓度(C_(TWA)),检测研究对象六价铬个人接触水平和血铬水平,测定其工作场所桌面、工作服等表面六价铬污染量。结果该电镀企业非镀铬组工作场所空气中铬的C_(TWA)均0.010,六价铬C_(TWA)的M为0.001 mg/m~3;镀铬组工作场所空气中铬、六价铬C_(TWA)的M分别为0.013和0.019 mg/m~3。7名镀铬工人六价铬个体接触C_(TWA)的M为0.017 mg/m~3。工作场所工作面六价铬污染量为1.6~7 860.2μg/m~2。电镀工人血铬水平M为1.29μg/L。镀铬组工人血铬水平高于非镀铬组(M:3.73 vs 0.87 g/L,P0.01)。非镀铬组工人中,工龄10年组工人血铬水平分别高于其他3个工龄组(P0.05)。结论电镀作业存在六价铬的低水平污染。直接镀铬作业和工龄是影响电镀工人血铬水平的主要因素。     

龙岗区铬作业工人职业暴露情况调查

目的 通过开展铬职业暴露现状调查与铬职业暴露人群呼吸系统健康损害检查,有助于详细掌握辖区内铬职业暴露人群的铬暴露量、健康状况和职业危害现状,为开展铬职业暴露人群的健康效应评估、健康监护和基本职业卫生服务提供翔实的基础数据.方法 调查辖区全部五金电镀厂基本情况,对作业场所空气、作业工人血进行采样和检测,同时对铬作业工人进行职业健康检查.结果 作业场所空气铬时间加权平均浓度为0.012 mg/m3(浓度范围:0.01 ～0.24 mg/m3),低于国家容许卫生标准(0.15 mg/m3),未发现铬酸盐超标.对372名工人鼻部进行检查,发现鼻中隔黏膜糜烂2例、鼻中隔软骨部穿孔2例,总检出率为1.08％.工人工龄与血铬浓度两者间的相关分析结果无统计学意义(r=-0.04,P=0.445).作业场所空气铬浓度组间铬鼻部位征检出率之间的差异无统计学意义(x2 =2.18,P=0.140).结论 地方政府部门需要高度关注辖区五金电镀行业铬作业职业病危害的现状,积极采取综合整治措施,建立长效管理机制,控制铬职业病危害.     

血锌原卟啉早期筛查铅作业人群职业健康损害意义探讨

目的 探讨血锌原卟啉(ZPP)作为铅作业工人的健康损害效应筛查指标的意义.方法 对某铅酸蓄电池厂478名铅作业工人(接触组)和112名上岗前工人(对照组)进行职业健康检查,包括测定ZPP、血铅(PbB)和血红蛋白(Hb),并进行职业卫生学调查和测定工作场所空气中铅烟、铅尘时间加权平均浓度(CTWA).结果 工作场所铅烟、铅尘检测点超标率分别为62.5％和37.5％.接触组工人PbB质量浓度中位数(M)为186.4 μg/L,ZPP浓度M为0.69μmoL/L,与对照组(分别为48.9 μg/L、0.58 μmol/L)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P ＜0.001).接触组Hb水平[(138.08±15.53) g/L]与对照组[(138.00±14.69) g/L]比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).选用ZPp≥1.57 μmol/L(本实验室正常参考值上限)作为指标确定进行诊断性驱铅试验的比率高于以PbB≥400μg/L作为指标的比率(P＜0.05),21名ZPP≥1.57 μmol/L人员经诊断性驱铅试验后慢性铅中毒和观察对象检出率为38.1％(8/21).结论 ZPP作为早期筛查铅作业人群职业健康损害指标有重要意义,建议将ZPP作为铅作业人群职业健康检查的必检项目.     

张家港市电镀企业铬污染现状及作业工人健康现状

目的了解张家港市电镀企业铬污染现状及作业工人职业健康现状,为制定职业病危害预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法选择张家港市6家小型电镀企业,对作业点空气中Cr6+浓度进行检测,对69名铬作业工人和22名非接触人员进行职业健康现状调查,对企业职业卫生管理现况进行调查。结果铬作业点Cr6+浓度均小于国家职业接触限值;接触组呼吸系统异常率高于非接触组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);接触组不同工龄、饮酒史工人异常率差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05);铬作业工人个人职业卫生习惯及企业职业卫生管理存在一定欠缺。结论本次调查电镀企业铬作业点浓度符合国家职业卫生标准,铬作业工人职业健康存在一定损害,应积极采取综合防控策略与措施,以确保铬作业工人职业健康。     

低浓度铬对作业工人鼻部损害的调查

以某纺织机械厂特种工艺分厂电镀车间89名作业工人为接触组,以该分厂不接触铬的抛光工、热处理工58名为对照组,分析作业环境空气中三氧化铬浓度和职业性健康体检资料.接触组鼻部异常症状如鼻塞、鼻衄、鼻干燥、鼻灼痛、嗅觉减退检出率显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).鼻部异常体征如鼻黏膜充血、肿胀、干燥、萎缩以及鼻黏膜糜烂的检出率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).其中鼻黏膜充血、干燥以及鼻黏膜糜烂以鼻中隔黏膜多见.长期接触低浓度铬对作业工人鼻部损害也较明显.为保护作业.工人的身体健康,应加强作业环境治理,减低生产环境铬的浓度,另外,要加强个人防护知识教育,提高职工自我健康保护意识,加强个人防护措施.     

油泥砂集中流化焚烧处理工艺作业工人的职业健康损害情况

目的 为了早期发现油泥砂集中流化焚烧处理工艺作业工人的早期职业健康损害情况,从而予以有效的干预措施,以降低职业性疾患的发生率.方法 以油泥砂处理厂20名作业人员作为试验组,日常工作不接触或很少接触职业病危害因素的20名其他工作人员作为对照组.采用比色法检测血清中丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力；采用自动生化分析仪测定血常规；采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测尿总铬含量；采用硝酸酶还原法测定痰液中NO2-/NO3-含量.结果 油泥砂集中流化焚烧项目作业工人尿中总铬含量、血清中MDA含量高于对照组(P＜0.01).SOD活力及痰液中NO2-/NO3-含量分别为(9.83±8.82) mg/g肌酐、(4.46±1.08) nmol/ml、(97.5 ±16.7)U/ml和(60.30±34.51) μmol/L,与对照组的(3.53±1.65)mg/g肌酐、(2.01±0.64) nmol/ml、(110.0±17.4) U/ml、(36.90±21.28) mol/L相比,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05和P＜0.01).结论 油泥沙作业工人尿总铬含量、痰液中NO2-/NO3-含量、血清中MDA含量及SOD活力可作为油泥砂集中流化焚烧处理作业工人健康监护的早期指标.     

电子垃圾处理环境中居民体内重金属水平及其影响因素的研究

目的 分析暴露于电子垃圾处理环境的人群重金属内暴露水平及其影响因素.方法 于2005年8-12月在我国南方某有十余年历史的电子垃圾集散地及无明显工业污染的农业区随机选取调查对象各59名(暴露组)和79名(对照组).用原子吸收光谱法测定研究对象血和尿中铅、镉、铜水平,并分析研究对象体内的重金属水平及其相关影响因素.结果 暴露组和对照组人群血铅、血镉及尿铅的差异均无统计学意义.但暴露组的尿铜水平(中位数:38.06 μg/g Cr)却高于对照组(中位数:23.69μg/g Cr),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);而对照组血清铜水平(中位数:0.86 mg/L)和尿镉水平(中位数:1.96 μg/g Cr)则高于暴露组(血清铜中位数:0.76 mg/L;尿镉中位数:1.04 μg/g Cr),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).此外,电子垃圾回收拆解从业史是血铅的危险因素(OR=3.2,P＜0.05),性别和吸烟是血镉升高的危险因素(性别:OR=7.4,P＜0.05;吸烟:OR=18.4,P＜0.05).结论 电子垃圾处理环境中的铜污染可能危及当地居民健康.对照区未知的镉和铜潜在污染源暴露可能与当地居民尿镉和血清铜水平有关.     

锰职业接触工人生物标志物的研究

目的 探讨锰接触工人个体实际接触剂量与生物指标之间的关系,以寻找合适的早期生物学监测指标.方法 选择济南市某机车车辆厂电焊作业工人270名,收集其血液和尿液.原子吸收光谱法测定血锰、尿锰和个体锰接触剂量;高效液相色谱荧光法测定尿中高香草酸(HVA)和香草扁桃酸(VMA);对各指标进行相关性分析.结果 个体锰接触剂量(CTWA)为0.005 5～1.957 7mg/m3,平均浓度为(0.25±0.31)mg/m3;接锰工人尿锰浓度为0.011 2～2.447 2μg/mg Cr,平均(0.22±0.31)μg/mg Cr;血锰浓度为0.06～38.70 μg/ml,平均(3.94±6.66)μg/ml;尿HVA浓度为0.102～4.780 μg/mg Cr,平均(1.01±0.78)μg/mg Cr;VMA浓度为0.032～2.768 μg/mg Cr,平均(0.61±0.35)μg/mg Cr.个体锰接触剂量与血锰、尿锰、尿中VMA之间均无相关性(P＞0.05);个体锰接触剂量与尿中HVA呈负相关,差异有统计学意义(r=-0.168,P＜0.01).结论 血锰、尿锰、尿中VMA均不能作为评价锰接触的接触生物标志物;尿中HVA可以作为评价锰接触的效应生物标志物.     

某厂电镀车间铬职业危害调查

我县乡镇企业电镀行业职业性危害情况,我们于1989年对某电镀车间作了劳动卫生和24名工人尿铬含量及患病情况调查,报告如下。 作业场所空气中铬酸雾浓度测定,最高为0.0081mg/m~3,最低为0.0016mg/m~3,几何平均值为0.0046mg/m~3,尿铬测定,24名铬作业工人尿铬含量为4.0～46.0mg/L,几何均数15.33mg/L,几何标准差2.28,对照组尿铬含量0～18mg/L,几何均数3.16mg/L,几何标准差2.65,接触组高于对照     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.