联合介入方法治疗良性瘢痕增生性气道狭窄的疗效分析

目的初步探讨在狭窄部位局部注射丝裂霉素C治疗良性瘢痕增生性气道狭窄的安全性和疗效。方法良性瘢痕增生性狭窄患者24例,对照组16例,丝裂霉素组8例。对照组采用单纯支气管镜下介入治疗。丝裂霉素组采用介入方法联合狭窄局部注射丝裂霉素C(浓度为0.4 mg/ml,给药剂量按狭窄长度计算,1 ml/cm),给药方法为气管镜下黏膜针注射。随访6个月,观察狭窄气道内局部注射丝裂霉素的安全性及疗效。结果两组患者治疗后气道直径、气促指数均明显改善,差异有统计学意义。两组治疗后气道直径增加值均显示丝裂霉素治疗组效果好,差异有统计学意义。对照组与丝裂霉素组6个月内平均每例介人治疗次数为(4.94±1.18)次和(2.63±0.74)次,差异有统计学意义。丝裂霉素组患者在观察期内均未出现与药物相关的并发症。结论局部注射丝裂霉素联合常规介入方法,可明显延长良性瘢痕增生性气道狭窄再狭窄的时间,安全性好。     

曲安奈德球内注射治疗黄斑水肿效果观察（附25例报告）

目的观察曲安奈德球内注射治疗黄斑水肿的效果。方法50例黄斑水肿患者随机分为常规组（常规药物治疗＋激光治疗）和观察组（曲安奈德球内注射治疗）,各25例。比较两组视力、黄斑厚度、治愈率。结果观察组治疗后视力为0．66±0．21、黄斑中央厚度（320±63）μm,治愈率为92％;常规组分别为0．45±0．06、（400±21）μm和72％（P均〈0．05）。结论与常规治疗比较,曲安奈德球内注射治疗黄斑水肿疗效可靠。     

糖皮质激素预防食管内镜黏膜下剥离术后狭窄的临床观察

目的评估口服醋酸泼尼松和口服醋酸泼尼松联合局部注射曲安奈德预防食管早期癌及癌前病变内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）术后食管狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2014年12月—2019年2月在东南大学附属中大医院就诊的52例食管早期癌或癌前病变患者的病例资料,其中对照组20例（ESD术后未采取任何预防狭窄的措施）,口服组17例,口服联合局部注射组15例。主要观察：狭窄率、难治性狭窄率、ESD术后内镜下扩张次数、ESD术后首次内镜下扩张距ESD完成的间隔时间;以及是否有手术和糖皮质激素相关不良事件,是否有内镜下扩张的不良反应。结果对照组、口服组和口服联合局部注射组ESD术后狭窄率分别为85.0%（17/20）、47.1%（8/17）和46.7%（7/15）,ESD术后难治性狭窄率分别为75.0%（15/20）、23.5%（4/17）和20.0%（3/15）,内镜下扩张次数分别为3.50（2.25,6.00）次,0.00（0.00,2.50）次和0.00（0.00,2.00）次,ESD术后首次内镜下扩张距ESD完成的间隔时间分别为（27.7±9.4）d、（110.1±46.0）d和（147.4±9.4）d,上述四个指标口服组和口服联合局部注射组均明显低于或少于对照组（P＜0.05）,并且口服组与口服联合局部注射组比较,ESD术后狭窄率、难治性狭窄率和内镜下扩张次数方面差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但ESD术后首次内镜下扩张距ESD完成的间隔时间方面差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。仅对照组有2例发生穿孔,其余患者均未发生ESD、糖皮质激素、内镜下扩张相关的严重不良事件。结论口服泼尼松或者口服泼尼松联合局部注射曲安奈德均可有效且安全地预防食管ESD术后的狭窄,且口服联合局部注射激素可延长ESD术后首次内镜下扩张距ESD完成的间隔时间,有利于患者术后的心理恢复和生活质量的提高。     

表浅食管癌内镜黏膜下剥离术后局部单次注射曲安奈德预防狭窄疗效观察

背景内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)可一次性完整切除整块病变,目前已被广泛用于表浅食管癌的治疗,但当切除黏膜范围超过3/4 wk时,极易并发顽固性食管狭窄,严重影响患者的生活质量.目的评价创面局部单次注射曲安奈德预防大范围表浅食管癌ESD后狭窄的有效性及安全性.方法回顾性分析2013-01/2017-12在浙江省肿瘤医院内镜中心行ESD治疗的49例大范围表浅食管癌患者的病例资料,前期27例仅行ESD治疗,设为对照组,后期22例ESD术后创面局部注射曲安奈德预防狭窄,设为治疗组.两组均系统内镜随访,并发食管狭窄时予以内镜下球囊扩张(endoscopic balloon dilation, EBD)治疗,直至成功解除梗阻.统计比较两组食管狭窄的发生率及所需的EBD次数.结果治疗组食管狭窄发生率为22.7%(5/22),明显低于对照组74.1%(20/27)(P=0.001);狭窄发生后所需EBD次数,治疗组平均为4.4±2.1次(范围2-7次),亦明显少于对照组,平均8.7±4.2次(范围1-17次)(P=0.037).无局部注射相关的出血、穿孔、纵膈脓肿等严重并发症发生.结论大范围食管ESD术后创面单次注射曲安奈德可以有效预防食管狭窄的发生,并可显著减少EBD治疗次数.     

曲安奈德局部注射治疗食管癌(早期)ESD术后食管狭窄的临床研究

目的观察曲安奈德局部注射对早期食管癌ESD术后食管狭窄的影响。方法选取102例食管癌ESD术后良性狭窄的患者,采用随机数表法分为观察组与对照组,各51例。对照组采取胃镜下探条扩张治疗,观察组在扩张后立即黏膜下注射曲安奈德。比较两组治疗前与治疗后4周的Stooler分级、总有效率、并发症总发生率。术后随访6个月,比较两组进展为Stooler3级的时间、随访期间再次扩张治疗的次数及扩张间隔时间。结果两组治疗前后的Stooler分级均无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后4周观察组总有效率为94. 12%,对照组为88. 24%,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。观察组与对照组术后并发症总发生率分别为25. 49%和21. 57%,差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。两组随访6个月期间所有患者均最终进展为Stooler3级。观察组进展为Stooler3级的时间、扩张间隔时间分别为(20. 32±3. 54)周与(16. 74±3. 94)周,均显著长于对照组(16. 28±3. 00)周与(13. 55±3. 77)周,随访期间再次扩张治疗次数为(1. 52±0. 64)次,显著少于对照组(2. 01±0. 76)次(P 0. 05)。结论内镜下探条扩张联合局部注射曲安奈德治疗早期食管癌ESD术后食管狭窄可有效抑制瘢痕组织纤维增生及胶原合成,减少再狭窄及再治疗,安全有效,值得推广。     

内镜下扩张联合黏膜下注射曲安奈德在食管良性狭窄治疗中的应用价值研究

目的探讨内镜下扩张联合黏膜下注射曲安奈德治疗食管良性狭窄的安全性及其应用价值。方法69例患者随机分为3组,分别接受单纯内镜下扩张治疗（A组）、内镜下扩张联合单次注射注射曲安奈德治疗（B组）和内镜下扩张联合多频次注射注射曲安奈德治疗（C组）。比较3组并发症发生情况、治愈率、持续症状缓解时间、再次行内镜下扩张治疗的间隔时间、内镜治疗结束后Stooler分级评分。结果术后部分患者出现胸痛及反流症状,均经对症治疗后症状改善,未出现严重出血、感染、穿孔及局部组织萎缩坏死等并发症。内镜治疗结束后3组Stooler分级评分均较术前有明显改善（P〈0．05）,各组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。随访至52周,A组平均持续症状缓解时间及再次行内镜下扩张治疗的间隔时间分别为（14．4±3．2）周和（18．2±3．7）周,B组分别为（19．3±3．9）周和（24．6±4．2）周,C组分别为（20．2±4．2）周和（26．1±4．5）周,B组和C组均明显长于A组（P〈0．05）,B、C组问差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;A组治愈率为29．2％（7／24）,B组为27．3％（6／22）,C组为43．5％（10／23）,C组明显高于A组和B组（P〈0．05）,A、B组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论食管良性狭窄采取内镜下扩张联合黏膜下注射曲安奈德治疗是安全的,多频次注射可明显提高治愈率。     

曲安奈德联合5-氟尿嘧啶治疗瘢痕疙瘩疗效观察

目的观察曲安奈德联合5-氟尿嘧啶局部注射治疗瘢痕疙瘩的疗效及安全性。方法选取瘢痕疙瘩患者120例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组60例。观察组给予曲安奈德联合5-氟尿嘧啶以及利多卡因治疗,对照组给予曲安奈德和利多卡因治疗,比较两组临床疗效。结果治疗后观察组疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组复发率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论曲安奈德联合5-氟尿嘧啶治疗瘢痕疙瘩,疗效显著,复发少,值得临床推广应用。     

难治性中心气道狭窄的综合介入治疗

目的 评价5种介入技术联合应用在难治性中心气道狭窄治疗中的价值.方法 2001年1月至2008年6月第四军医大学唐都医院呼吸科收住的138例难治性中心气道狭窄患者,经临床、肺功能评价后,根据狭窄的病因、类型、部位、程度、长度以及狭窄远端肺组织和气道功能的不同,选择高频电力、氩等离子体凝固(APC)、冷冻、支架置入和高压球囊扩张等5种技术中的2种(包括2种)以上方法.138例中高频电刀+APC治疗42例,高频电刀+冷冻+APC治疗54例,高频电刀+冷冻+APC+支架置入治疗29例,冷冻+APC+高压球囊扩张治疗13例.达到理想效果1个月后评价气道开放、近期疗效和肺功能改善情况.结果 138例患者近期总有效率为100%,气道直径术前为(2.6±1.5)mm,术后为(6.2±1.7)mm;气促评分由术前的(2.4±0.8)减少到术后的(0.7 4±0.6).FEV_1由术前的(1.8±0.6)%上升到术后的(3.1±0.7)%.23例良性病变(包括4例良性肿瘤,15例结核性狭窄和4例其他肉芽肿狭窄)的患者,3个月随访有5例发生再狭窄需要介入治疗,有效率为78.3%(18/23),6个月随访有3例再狭窄需要介入治疗,有效率为86.9%(20/23),12个月随访23例患者均未见明显狭窄.恶性肿瘤狭窄患者未进行远期随访.结论 高频电刀、APC、冷冻、支架置入和高压球囊扩张等5种介入技术联合应用,对难治性中心气道狭窄有较好的效果,该方法并发症少,安令可行,值得临床推广应用.     

曲安奈德皮损内注射联合放疗治疗瘢痕疙瘩的疗效观察

目的观察曲安奈德皮损内注射联合放疗治疗瘢痕疙瘩的临床疗效。方法将60例瘢痕疙瘩患者随机分为两组,A组采用曲安奈德40~80 mg皮损内注射,每4周1次,至瘢痕疙瘩变软、变平;最后一次注射后1周内行局部6 M eV电子线外照射,共1 600~2 000 cGy;B组行单纯曲安奈德皮损内注射,方法同A组,瘢痕疙瘩变平、变软后加强1次。结果 A、B组总有效率分别为87.23%、79.59%,治愈率分别为55.32%、34.69%,两组治愈率比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。结论曲安奈德皮损内注射联合放疗治疗瘢痕疙瘩疗效确切,其疗效优于单纯曲安奈德皮损内注射治疗。     

球后注射曲安奈德治疗黄斑水肿对老年患者血糖水平的影响

目的糖皮质激素是所有药物中对血糖影响最大的药物,观察球后注射曲安奈德治疗老年人糖尿病性及非糖尿病性黄斑水肿(DME)对血糖的影响。方法选取北京老年医院眼科≥65岁DME患者80例,分为糖尿病组和非糖尿病组,每组40例,40只眼,给予患眼球后注射曲安奈德20 mg治疗。监测患者给药前、治疗后连续7 d及治疗后14 d的空腹血糖和餐后2小时血糖。采用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行分析。组内比较采用方差分析,组间比较采用独立样本t检验。结果非糖尿病组患者的空腹血糖[(5.35±0.33)mmol/L]、餐后2小时血糖[(7.66±0.34)mmol/L]及糖尿病组患者的空腹血糖[(8.53±0.59)mmol/L]在第2天升为最高,糖尿病组患者的餐后2小时血糖[(13.32±2.70)mmol/L]在第3天升至最高。非糖尿病组在治疗后第4、5、6、7及14天的血糖水平和治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义,而糖尿病组在注射的第14天血糖升高相比治疗前,差异仍有统计学意义(P0.05)。糖尿病组较非糖尿病组的空腹血糖最大差值[(0.65±0.21)vs(2.91±0.27)mmol/L]和餐后2小时血糖最大差值[(1.10±0.37)vs(4.59±2.15)mmol/L]均显著增加(P0.01)。结论球后注射曲安奈德可引起血糖升高,升高峰值出现在注射后第2天或第3天,且对糖尿病患者影响更明显。眼科医师应对此类药物的副作用给予关注。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.