复发性喉癌的外科挽救治疗

目的：探讨喉癌复发患者采用手术治疗的疗效及预后。方法：采用挽救性手术治疗43例复发喉癌患者。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,Log-rank检验单因素分析临床因素对预后的影响。结果：挽救术后并发症为23.3%（10/43）,其中感染及咽瘘发生率18.6%（8/43）。挽救手术后随访满3年有32例患者,3年生存率为56.3%,满5年有25例患者,5年生存率为32.0%,首诊分期与3年生存率相关（P〈0.05）。喉内复发组及喉功能保留组预后较好,但差异无统计学意义。结论：挽救性手术是复发性喉癌较好的治疗方法,其预后与首诊分期相关,对局部复发的喉癌患者选择性保留喉功能可获得较好的疗效及预后。     

喉全切除气管造口复发癌挽救性手术治疗的相关问题探讨

术前评估和围手术期有关问题的处理.     

喉部分切除术后复发癌的外科挽救治疗

目的 分析喉部分切除术后喉复发癌的外科治疗方法、预后及影响预后的因素.方法 回顾分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科77例喉部分切除患者术后喉复发癌再行外科挽救治疗的临床资料.其中51例行喉全切除术,26例行喉部分切除术,其中19例无放疗史者行手术加放疗的综合治疗.Kaplan-Meier法统计生存率,Cox多因素分析影...     

喉全切除气管造口复发癌挽救性手术治疗的相关问题探讨

s to be done on the condition that indicated candidates are properly selected, preoperative evaluations carefully conducted, and perioperative abnormal conditions unerroneously delt with.     

喉癌单纯放疗失败挽救性喉切除术远期疗效及预后分析

目的 探讨喉癌单纯放疗后原发灶及颈部淋巴结残留和复发患者实施挽救性手术治疗的远期疗效及预后影响因素.方法 对72例患者进行回顾性分析,包括:放疗后原发灶及颈部复发22例,放疗后原发灶及颈部残留50例.均实施喉全切除术+经典性颈清扫术或改良性颈清扫术.应用Kaplan-Meier法计算手术后总生存率,采用Log-rank检验单因素分析临床因素对预后的影响,对影响生存率的有关因素采用Cox模型进行多因素分析.结果 实施挽救性手术的并发症发生率41 7%,其中咽瘘发生率20 8%.术后5年内肿瘤再次复发率34 7%(25/72),远处转移率22 2%(16/72),第二原发癌发生率6.9%(5/72).术后的3、5年生存率为45 8%和36 1%.复发癌N分期(rN)、肿瘤放疗失败类型、切缘情况、浸润深度、有无颈淋巴转移、淋巴结包膜侵犯和颈部非淋巴结构侵犯与患者的预后有关(P值均<0.05).多因素分析结果表明:肿瘤放疗失败类型、切缘情况、肿瘤浸润深度是影响患者预后的独立危险因素.结论 喉癌患者单纯放疗失败后应以手术挽救为主.对于术前及术中发现肿瘤侵犯肌肉及软骨的病例,特别是对根治性放疗效果不佳而肿瘤残留者,术中应充分估计肿瘤的范围,并冰冻病理检查切缘,以保证足够的安全切缘,提高挽救性手术的成功率.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate survival outcomes of salvage surgery preformed for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma that recurred or progressed after radiotherapy alone. Methods A review of 72 patients who underwent salvage laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer failed in initial radiation therapy between 1996 and 2005 was performed. The tumor persistence occurred in 50 cases and recurrence in 22 cases. All patients received salvage total laryngectomy and radical neck dissection. Survival analysis was performed by using Kaplan-Meier method, Log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard model. Results Thirty patients developed a postoperative complication after salvage surgery. Pharyngocutaneous fistula occurred in 15 (20. 8 % ) patients. During 5 years after salvage surgery, the rates of tumor recurrence, distant metastasis and second malignancy were 34.7% , 22. 2% and 6. 9% , respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that overall 3 year and 5 year survival rates of those patients after operation were 45. 8% and 36. 1% ,respectively. Univariate analysis indicated that N restage, tumor persistence/recurrences after radiotherapy,surgical margin status, level of tumor invasion, pathologic N stage, extracapsular nodal spread and invasion of nonlymphatic structures were significantly associated with overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed the most significant prognostic factors were tumor persistence or recurrence after radiotherapy, surgical margin status and level of tumor invasion. Conclusions Surgical salvage remains the gold standard for management after failure of initial radiation therapy. The extent of tumor invasion must be assessed sufficiently before operation, and the surgical margin status must be identified in operation by using a frozen sectioning approach, especially in patients with tumor invasion to muscle/cartilage and tumor persistence after radiotherapy.     

手术治疗保留喉功能的声门下喉癌

原发于声门下区癌肿少见,由于其解剖生理特点,特发症状不明显,容易造成漏诊、误诊,就诊时多属晚期,手术治疗难度较大.就声门下喉癌的生物学特性、手术治疗依据及保留喉功能的可行性、手术中淋巴结的处理、声门下区喉癌的喉功能保留及重建方法等做了综述.     

鼻咽癌局部复发或残留患者挽救手术进路的选择

目的 根据鼻咽癌局部复发和残留累及的部位和范围,选择不同手术进路切除肿瘤,观察治疗效果、并发症,并观察其预后.方法 回顾性分析从1991年3月至2005年1月因首次治疗失败、手术挽救治疗的鼻咽癌患者37例,男23例,女14例;年龄26～57岁,中位年龄46.5岁.Ⅰ期4例,Ⅱ期10例,Ⅲ期14例,Ⅳ期9例.5例患者颈部淋巴结复发.37例患者经活检证实为鼻咽癌复发和残留.行鼻内镜手术8例,硬腭进路12例,上颌骨外翻进路5例,上颌骨外翻进路+翼点入路4例,鼻侧切+冠状切口双额开颅进路2例,面中部切口鼻锥体翻转进路6例.其中5例同时行颈淋巴清扫术.31例术后2周放疗60 Gy,其中放疗同期化疗15例;6例切缘组织为阴性者未予放疗及化疗.中位随访时间45个月(12～72个月).Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率.结果91.8%(34/37)患者复发肿瘤完全切除,次全切除8.2%(3/37).手术并发症发生率24.3%(9/37).总的3年和5年无瘤生存率分别为62.1%和43.3%.总的3年和5年生存率分别为72.9%和51.3%.Ⅰ～Ⅳ期复发患者的5年无瘤生存率分别为100%、40%、28%和1l%(χ2=10.0,P＜0.01＝,5年累积生存率为100%、70%、35%和28%(χ2=11.5,P＜0.01),差异有统计学意义.结论鼻咽癌复发手术挽救治疗是可行的.根据鼻咽癌复发灶具体部位和范围,采用一种手术进路方法或加以改良,或联合神经外科进路,术中使肿瘤充分暴露,可以安全切除病变,挽救局部复发晚期鼻咽癌患者.

Abstract：

Objective The choice of surgical approaches for salvage surgery based on the location and invasion of recurrent and residual lesions of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC),surgical results,complications,and survival were assessed.Methods Thirty-seven cases with recurrent and residual lesions of NPC underwent salvage surgery between March 1991 and January 2005 were analysed retrospectively.Of 37 patients,23 were men and 14 women,with a median age of 46.5 years (26 -57 years) ;4 were at stage Ⅰ,10 at stage Ⅱ,14 at stage Ⅲ,and 9 at stage Ⅳ; 5 cases were with cervical metastasis,including 3 cases of N1 and 2 cases N2.All recurrent and residual lesions of NPC were determined by biopsy.On the location and invasion of recurrent and residual lesions of NPC,8 cases underwent endoscopic resection of lesions,12 cases of the palate nasopharyngectomy,5 cases of maxillary swing,4 cases of maxillary swing plus preronal approach,2 cases of lateral rhinotomy plus coronalflap approach,and 6 cases transfacial plus nasal pyramid swing approach.Five cases with cervical metastasis received neck dissection in addition to the operations for recurrent and residual lesions of NPC. Postoperatively 31 cases received radiotherapy with dosage of 60 Gy,among them 15 cases with concurrent chemoradiation therapy,and 6 cases with clear surgical margin did not received radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The cases were followed up for 12 - 72 months,with a median of 45 months.Results Total resection for the recurrent and residual lesions of NPC acounted for 91.8% (34/37) and subtotal resection for 8.2% (3/37). The accidence of perioperative complications was 24.3% (9/37). The 3- and 5-year overall disease-free survival rates (DFSR) were 62.1% and 43.3%,respectively. The 3- and 5-year overall survival rates (OSR) were 72.9% and 51.3%,respectively.The 5 year DFSR of cases at stage Ⅰ - Ⅳ were 100%,40%,28% and 11% (χ2 =10.0,P ＜0.01＝,respectively.The 5 year OSR were 100%,70%,35% and 28% (χ2 = 11.5,P ＜0.01),respectively.Conclusions Salvage surgery is a justified treatment for the recurren and residual lesions of NPC,by which some patients with recurren and residual lesions of NPC can be salvaged.     

老年性喉癌保留喉功能的体会

我科1996-2004年收治了老年性喉癌患者75例,其中行喉功能保留术者45例,术后效果较佳,现报告如下. 1 资料与方法 1.1 临床资料 75例老年性喉癌患者中,45例行喉功能保留术,其余3o例因身体状况或T4期病变而放弃治疗.45例患者中,男43例,女2例;年龄65～76岁,中位年龄69岁.按 1997年 UICC修订案分期,声门上癌13例,其中T1NoMo3例,T2N1Mo10例;声门癌27例,其中T1NoMo5例,T2NoMo8例,T2N1Mo10例,T3N1Mo3例,T4N1Mo1例;声门下癌5例,其中T2N1Mo2例,T3N1Mo3例.     

保留喉功能的T3期声门上喉癌的手术治疗

目的：探讨T3期声门上喉癌喉功能保留手术的可行性、技术操作和临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析1994～2003年收治的T3期声门上癌70例，均行喉功能保留手术，其中喉声门上水平部分切除术42例，喉声门上水平垂直部分切除术19例，喉环状软骨上部分切除术8例，喉近全切除术1例。以胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、双蒂接力肌甲状软骨膜瓣、甲状软骨膜瓣等修复喉腔组织缺损，重建喉功能。全部患者均接受术后放疗（剂量50～60Gy）。结果：3年生存率为79．2％，5年生存率为68．4％。70例患者中已拔管60例，拔管率为85．7％。全部患者均恢复经口进食，无明显呛咳及吞咽困难。所有患者均发声成功，无一例因喉腔闭锁而致发声失败。结论：T3期声门上癌虽属晚期喉癌，但只要严格掌握适应证，熟练运用多种修复方法，提高外科手术技巧，保留喉功能是可行的。     

保留喉功能喉咽癌手术治疗的临床资料分析

目的：评价喉咽癌保留喉功能及不保留喉功能手术临床疗效和影响预后的因素。方法：回顾性分析1974—092006—07收治的93例喉咽癌临床治疗效果。其中梨状窝癌57例,环后癌20例,喉咽后壁癌16例。保留喉功能手术53例,不保留喉功能手术40例。对喉咽癌切除手术患者的手术效果、并发症、生存率、修复材料和方法等进行分析。结果：采用Kaplan-Meier法行生存分析,生存曲线显示总的3、5年生存率分别为69．9％和43．0％,保留喉功能组和未保留喉功能组的3年生存率分别为73．6％和67．50．4,5年生存率分别为49．1％和32．5％,2组差异无统计学意义（χ^2=2．566,P〉0．05）。单因素分析显示生存率与T分期、术前颈淋巴结转移、病理分化程度有关（分别P〈0．05、P％0．01、P％0．01）。Cox回归模型分析显示T分期、病理分化程度是否行手术治疗是影响患者预后的独立因素。保留喉功能与不保留喉功能在肿瘤发生部位、并发症、肿瘤残留、肿瘤复发等相关因素比较差异无统计学意义。结论：喉咽癌保留喉功能手术不影响生存率,保留喉功能喉咽癌手术是可行的,提高了喉咽癌患者的生存率及生存质量并取得较满意的治疗效果。     

喉癌术后局部复发与手术切缘的关系

目的 :探讨喉癌术后局部复发与手术切缘的关系。方法 :对 1991～ 1999年行手术治疗并随访满 3年以上的喉癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析 ,分别选取手术切缘、T分期和术后放疗等因素进行统计学分析。结果 :① 16 0例喉癌患者术后局部复发 36例 ,复发率为 2 2 .5 % ;②局部复发与肿瘤的T分期有关 ,差异有统计学意义 ;③切缘≤ 3mm组的局部复发率高于切缘 4～ 5mm组和 >5mm组 ,差异有统计学意义 ;④手术切缘≤3mm的 6 9例中 ,32例行术后放疗的局部复发率低于 37例未行放疗者 ,差异有统计学意义 ;⑤声门型喉癌 5mm的手术切缘与切缘≤ 3mm组相比 ,局部复发率较低 ,差异有统计学意义。而 5mm的手术切缘对声门上型喉癌不够安全 ,与≤ 3mm组相比 ,局部复发率相似 ,差异无统计学意义。结论 :①以 5mm作为声门型喉癌的手术切缘是相对安全的 ;②以 5mm作为声门上型喉癌的手术切缘不够安全 ,如局部条件许可 ,建议以 10mm为安全切缘 ;③对手术切缘不够者行术后放疗可降低局部复发率 ,但不主张因此而放宽对安全切缘的标准。     

Role of surgical salvage for regional recurrence in laryngeal cancer

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to analyze the pattern of regional recurrence in laryngeal cancer, evaluate the role of surgical salvage, and identify factors affecting salvage outcome. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was conducted on medical records from a 16-year period. Of 463 patients diagnosed with laryngeal cancer, 25 patients with regional recurrence managed with salvage neck dissection were identified and subject to study. Isolated local recurrences and all distant metastases were excluded. RESULTS: All patients were male with a median age of 61 years. The overall rate of regional recurrence was 5.4%. Median time to regional recurrence was 13 months. Isolated regional recurrence occurred in 76% of cases, whereas locoregional recurrence occurred in 24%. A 5-year survival rate for patients undergoing neck dissection as salvage management was 61.2%. Patients with recurrence in the contralateral neck were definitely associated with poor prognosis. Although standard statistical significance was not met, trends for poorer salvage result were identified in patients with a history of local recurrence before regional recurrence, recurrence in a previously dissected neck, and recurred node size of 3 cm or above. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that salvage neck dissection for regional recurrence in laryngeal cancer is an acceptable approach. Surgical eradication of disease should be warranted whenever possible. Prudent planning of management is mandatory in the presence of history of local recurrence before regional recurrence, previously dissected neck, large size of recurrent node, and contralateral neck recurrence.     

Salvage conservation laryngeal surgery after irradiation failure for early laryngeal cancer

OBJECTIVES: One third of recurrences after radiotherapy for early laryngeal cancer remain localized. Salvage conservation laryngeal surgery, with total laryngectomy held as reserve, is a surgical management option that is arguably underused. The aim of this review is to report the oncologic and functional results of salvage conservation laryngeal surgery, using the external or the endolaryngeal laser approach. STUDY DESIGN: Review article. METHODS: A computerized literature search of the Medline database from 1985 to 2005 was performed using the following search strategy: laryngeal neoplasm/AND salvage therapy/. Studies with a sample size less than 10 and an average follow-up of less than 24 months were excluded from analysis. The oncologic outcome, functional outcome, length of hospitalization, and the frequency of complications were recorded. RESULTS: The average reported local control rate for recurrent early glottic cancer after radiotherapy salvaged by using the external or the endolaryngeal laser approach is 77% and 65%, respectively. The average reported overall local control rate, including cases that subsequently required total laryngectomy, is 90% and 83%, respectively. The endolaryngeal approach when compared with the extralaryngeal approach does have the advantage of reduced complications, lesser requirement for tracheostomy and nasogastric feeding, and shortened hospitalization time. CONCLUSIONS: Conservation laryngeal surgery is a safe and effective treatment for recurrent localized disease after radiotherapy for early stage glottic cancer. Local control may be achieved without the sacrifice of laryngeal function, and total laryngectomy may be held in reserve as the ultimate option for salvage without compromising ultimate survival significantly.     

鼻咽癌放疗后局部复发挽救性手术入路的探讨

目的探讨鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽部复发挽救性手术入路的方法和效果。方法1998年1月—2003年1月对13例鼻咽癌放疗后鼻咽部复发进行挽救性手术治疗。手术采用经口腔硬腭入路2例，鼻锥内翻入路2例，上颌骨外旋入路5例，经颞下窝入路4例，术后随访2～5年。回顾性分析4种不同的手术路径与方法、适应证以及治疗效果。结果T1和T2a各2例患者经硬腭入路和鼻锥内翻入路，随访生存均达3年以上。3例T2b和2例13上颌骨外旋入路，分别在术后2个月、2年死亡，1例术后复发光敏治疗后带瘤生存13个月死亡；2例健在，随访分别达2年和4年。T44例经颞下窝入路，术后咬殆）功能均有影响，术后1年内死亡3例，1例随访2年健在。13例均无术中并发症，术后发生鼻咽部颅底骨坏死、脑脊液漏并发颅内感染、上消化道大出血各1例，2年生存率54％（7／13）。结论根据鼻咽复发肿瘤的部位、侵犯范围，以尽可能小的创伤获得足够的显露的原则选择手术入路。T1和他病变可外科手术根治，手术效果良好。肿瘤侵犯咽旁组织和中耳者，预后较差，手术可以减轻患者痛苦，延长生命。     

成人喉乳头状瘤复发的相关因素研究

目的 :研究成人喉乳头状瘤复发的相关因素。方法 :收集成人喉乳头状瘤复发标本 5 0例 ,另选 10例炎症病变黏膜组织作为对照。应用SP法检测石蜡标本中耐药基因胎盘型谷胱甘肽 S 转移酶 (GST π)、DNA拓朴酶Ⅱ (TopoⅡ )、P 糖蛋白 (Pgp)和Ki 6 7、血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)的表达 ,并用形态计量方法检测肿瘤内微血管密度 (MVD) ,对所得的各项指标进行统计学分析。结果 :①耐药基因Pgp、GST π和TopoⅡ的表达与年龄、性别、肿瘤大小及肿瘤复发无显著相关 (P >0 .0 5 )。②Ki 6 7在复发肿瘤与非复发肿瘤组织之间差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。多元回归分析显示该指标是肿瘤复发的独立危险因素之一 ,以 39%为分界点 ,大于 39%者容易复发。③MVD >19(× 2 0 0 )的成人喉乳头状瘤比 <19的成人喉乳头状瘤容易复发。结论 :用Cox 逐步回归模型进行多因素分析 ,筛选出了与成人喉乳头状瘤复发有密切关系的 5个指标 :Ki 6 7阳性率是最重要的复发因子 ,其次为MVD ,而肿瘤耐药因子Pgp、TopoⅡ、GST π无明显意义。     

喉癌术后复发相关因素的临床分析

目的　探讨喉癌术后复发的相关因素和总结喉癌手术治疗失败的原因。方法　回顾性分析解放军总医院耳鼻咽喉科 1958～ 1999年喉癌手术病例 574例的临床资料。患者随访 3年以上 ,确诊复发 56例。对复发的相关因素包括年龄 ,性别 ,病史 ,住院时间 ,吸烟 ,病理分级 ,并发症 ,肿瘤分期 ,术式 ,输血 ,放射治疗 ,淋巴结转移等进行分析。结果　经统计学分析显示肿瘤T分期 (P =0 0 0 0 2 ) ,治疗方式 (P =0 0 0 17) ,输血 (P =0 0 0 0 1) ,放射治疗 (P =0 0 0 0 1) ,颈淋巴结转移 (P =0 0 2 2 8)与喉癌术后复发有显著意义。结论　肿瘤分期、术式、输血、放射治疗和淋巴结转移是引起喉癌术后复发的重要因素     

Survivin在喉鳞状细胞癌手术切缘中的表达及与预后的关系

目的:探讨Survivin在喉鳞状细胞癌(LSCC)手术切缘中的表达情况及与肿瘤局部复发和5年生存率的关系。方法:选择常规病理学检查手术切缘为阴性的LSCC患者54例,应用免疫组织化学技术(SP法)和图像分析技术,定量检测切缘与原发灶中Survivin的表达,并结合随访资料进行分析。结果:①Survivin在原发灶中66.7%(36/54)阳性表达,手术切缘中40.7%(22/54)阳性表达,在对照组的20例中,Survivin表达均阴性。原发灶、手术切缘及对照组间的阳性指数(positiveindex,PI)差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。②局部复发组手术切缘SurvivinPI(92.7±10.3)显著高于无局部复发组(52.4±16.7),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。③手术切缘Survivin阳性组与阴性组的5年生存率分别为29.3%和58.5%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:手术切缘Survivin表达阳性在一定程度上提示喉癌术后局部复发的可能和预后较差,可望指导术后辅助治疗。