会厌瓣和胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣在喉癌喉部分切除喉功能重建中的应用

目的:探讨和评价喉癌喉部分切除喉功能重建的手术方法。方法:265例喉癌患者喉部分切除术后同期采用会厌瓣、颈前胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣、会厌瓣加胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣联合修复喉缺损。其中79例同期行颈淋巴结清扫术。结果:265例患者鼻饲管于术后10~15d拔除。术后拔除气管套管218例,拔管率为82.26%。12例术后发生伤口感染,其中2例发生咽瘘。3、5年生存率分别是74.72%、70.88%。结论:喉部分切除术后应用胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣、会厌瓣Ⅰ期喉功能重建,手术操作简单,取材方便,创伤小,成活率高,手术效果好,是值得推广的手术方法。     

会厌和胸骨舌骨肌在T3级声门癌喉功能保全手术中的应用

目的探讨会厌和胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣联合应用在保全喉功能的T3级声门癌手术中的应用价值。方法对36例T3级声门癌患者行喉扩大垂直部分切除术,喉部缺损采用会厌瓣和胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣联合重建。结果所有患者均恢复发音和呼吸功能,拔管率94.4%,3年生存率和5年生存率分别为84.0%和69.2%。结论在保全喉功能T3级声门癌手术中,联合应用会厌瓣和胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣重建喉腔有助于喉功能恢复。     

声门下喉癌的手术治疗

目的探讨声门下喉癌手术治疗的方法及其疗效.方法对14例1989～1998年间山东医科大学附属医院(现名为山东大学齐鲁医院)耳鼻咽喉科手术治疗的声门下喉癌患者进行分析.按1997年UICC修订案分期,T1-2N0 5例,T3N0-2 3例,T4N0-1 6例.11例行喉部分切除术,3例行喉全切除术.根据病变范围不同,可扩大切除到气管或甲状腺.采用单蒂胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣、双蒂胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌骨膜瓣、甲状软骨膜瓣、会厌下移等方法重建喉功能.5例行颈清扫术.结果喉功能保留11例,占全部的78.6%.7例拔除了气管套管,拔管率为63.6%.全部14例患者均恢复吞咽功能,全组患者的3年生存率为78.6%(11/14),5年生存率为63.6%(7/11).结论多数声门下喉癌在彻底切除肿瘤的前提下保留喉功能是可行的.熟练掌握多种修复方法,择优采用,是提高喉功能保留手术水平的重要保证.     

喉次全切除会厌及胸舌骨肌筋膜瓣喉发声及呼吸功能重建

目的 探讨会厌及胸舌骨肌筋膜瓣在喉次全切除喉发声及呼吸功能重建术中的应用价值。方法 对7例T3N0M0声门型喉癌患者进行喉次全切除术，以会厌及胸舌骨肌筋膜瓣重建喉功能。结果 患者均于术后10-12天拔除气管套管及鼻饲管恢复正常饮食，无明显进食呛咳；均恢复正常语言交流，未出现喉腔狭窄和发声失败者。结论 喉次全切除后会厌及胸舌骨肌筋膜瓣是重建喉发声及呼吸功能较为理想的方法。     

单蒂胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣在喉部分切除术中的应用

目的：探讨单蒂胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣在喉部分切除喉功能重建术中的应用价值。方法：对40例喉癌患者进行手术治疗，根据不同病变情况，采用相应的切除方式，以单蒂胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣重建喉功能。结果：患者均于术后10－20d拔除鼻饲管恢复正常饮食，无明显进食呛咳；均恢复正常语言交流，未出现喉腔闭锁发声失败者；31例于术后15d-6个月拔除气管套管，2例分别于术后2年和3年拔管，拔管率为82．5％（33／40）。3年生存率为86．6％，5年生存率为72．5％。结论：单蒂胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣适用范围较广，是喉部分切除喉功能重建较为理想的方法。     

双蒂肌瓣法在跨声门癌手术中的使用

目的 探讨双蒂肌瓣法在跨声门癌手术中使用的效果。方法 对32例跨声门癌患者（T2N0M0 10例,T3N0M0 16例,T3N1M0 2例,T4N1M0 4例）行喉部分切除后用双蒂肌瓣修复,术后接受^60Co放疗。结果 32例均在放疗结束后2个月顺利拔管。术后1年内无复发;1－3年内复发10例,复发率37％,其中癌直径＞4cm者,4例均复发。死亡6例,死于术后2年4例（颈部转移2例,局部复发1例,肺转移1例）,3年2例（颈部转移1例,脑转移1例）。结论 双蒂肌瓣法的应用使原来拟行全喉切除的跨声门癌患者可以行喉部分切除,扩大了喉部分切除术的适应症,提高了喉癌患者的生存质量,且并发症少,假喉室的形成增加了术后拔管率。     

声门下喉癌的手术治疗

目的 探讨声门下喉癌手术治疗的方法及其疗效。方法 对14例1989-1998年间山东医科大学附属医院（现名为山东大学齐鲁医院）耳鼻咽喉科手术治疗的声门下喉癌患者进行分析。按1997年UICC修订案分期,T1-2NT5例,T3NO-2 3例,T4NO-1 6例。11例行喉部分切除术,3例行喉全切除术。根据病变范围不同,可扩大切除到气管或甲状腺。采用单蒂胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣、双蒂胸骨舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌骨膜瓣、甲状软骨膜瓣、会厌下移等方法重建喉功能。5例行颈清扫术。结果 喉功能保留11例,占全部的78.6%。7例拔除了气管套管,拔管率为63.6%。全部14例患者均恢复吞烟功能,全组患者的3年生存率为78.6%（11/14）,5年生存率为63.6%(7/11)。结论 多数声门下喉癌在彻底切除肿瘤的前提下保留喉功能是可行的。熟练掌握多种修复方法,择优采用,是提高喉功能保留手术水平的重要保证。     

原发于声带后联合的声门型喉癌的手术治疗

目的 探讨治疗原发于声带后联合的恶性肿瘤的手术方式及预后.方法 总结原发于声带后联合的恶性肿瘤患者8例,其中3例TisN0 M0在支撑喉镜下手术切除;3例T1M0N0、2例T2 N0 M0常规行患侧Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区淋巴结清扫,部分喉切除,创面用带蒂胸骨舌骨肌肌瓣修复.结果 术后2例患者病理证实患侧颈部淋巴结转移.8例患者术后均顺利拔管,有较好的发音和吞咽功能.随访5年,3例复发,其中1例死亡.结论 原发于声带后联合的声门型喉癌,相对于一般声门型喉癌,复发率和颈部淋巴结转移率明显偏高,对于非原位癌的患者最好能同期行同侧颈廓清术.手术切缘应≥5.0mm.带蒂胸骨舌骨肌肌瓣是可以信赖的修复方法.     

胸骨舌骨肌筋膜瓣舌根成形术治疗晚期喉声门上型癌

目的探讨晚期喉声门上型癌治疗中减少误咽的手术方法。方法对19例晚期喉声门上型癌进行手术治疗,采用胸骨舌骨肌筋膜瓣修复延长舌根,再将残喉与新舌根吻合重建喉功能。术后辅以放射治疗。结果19例中15例拔管,拔管率为78.9%,患者均恢复了较好的经口进食功能,无误咽病例出现,发音功能良好。3年生存率为84.2%(16/19),5年生存率为57.1%(8/14)。结论胸骨舌骨肌筋膜瓣舌根成形术操作简单,能恢复满意的喉、舌功能,可有效减轻或避免术后误咽的发生,是晚期喉声门上型癌手术治疗中理想的手术方法。     

胸骨舌骨肌瓣在喉垂直部分切除术中的应用

目的研究垂直喉部分切除术后的修复方法。方法对16例T2￣3喉声门型癌行喉垂直部分切除术,术后采用单蒂或双蒂胸骨舌骨肌瓣修复喉缺损。结果术后拔管率93.8%,T2和T3患者5年生存率分别为85.7%、1/2。患者发音质量良好。结论单蒂或双蒂肌瓣的应用,可获得满意的喉功能恢复效果。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.