我国D2—43株PrM—E基因的复制型载体质粒DNA的免疫原性研究

目的 通过观察含我国登革2型病毒株（D2－43）的PrM-E基因的复制型SFV重组质粒DNA的免疫原性,为登革新型疫苗的研制提供依据。方法 将PrM-E基因自T载体上切下,插入复制型SFV病毒载体质粒DNA中。将此重组质粒DNA以电穿孔法导入BHK21细胞,表达产物的特异性用间接免疫荧光法进行鉴定。采用去除内毒素的质粒提取试剂盒制备重组质粒DNA,然后以不同剂量通过肌肉注射途径免疫Balb/c鼠,鼠血清中的抗体用间接免疫荧光法进行检测。结果 含PrM-E基因的重组SFV质粒DNA在BHK21细胞中可表达登革2型病毒的特异蛋白;经免疫Balb/c鼠后,鼠血清可与登革D2－43感染的C6／36抗原片起特异的抗原抗体反应。结论 含登革2型病毒PrM-E基因的复制型SFV病毒载体质粒DNA在Balb/c鼠中可诱导登革2型病毒特异抗体的产生,但抗体水平较低。     

聚合酶链反应诱导丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)蛋白酶活性位点的突变及突变HCVNS3/4a蛋白的表达

目的 以聚合酶链反应（PCR）突变方法诱导丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）蛋白酶活性位点ser1165的突变，获得全长非结构基因3（NS3）／4a的表达与纯化。方法 分别以NS3 N端正向引物与诱变反向引物，诱变正向引物与NS4a C端反向引物获得2个PCR产物，产物纯化后在新的PCR反应体系中加入以上2个PCR产物与NS3 N端正向引物、NS4a C端反向引物。再次PCR扩增突变模板，分别与野生型模板重组入表达载体pET26-Ub，转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）pCG1，诱导表达后经菌体裂解、纯清化、硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE－Sepharose、NTA纯化，Western blot分析表达蛋白的特异性及PCR诱导突变使HCV蛋白酶活性位点失活的作用。结果 获得诱导突变的模板，Western blot证实该突变可完全阻断对NS3丝氨酸蛋白酶与NS3螺旋酶间的切割，部分阻断了螺旋酶与NS4a间的切割，纯化后的HCV NS3／4a蛋白在SDS－PAGE胶上显示为双带。结论 PCR突变方法简便、有效，获得丝氨酸蛋白酶失活的NS3蛋白表达，NS3蛋白与NS4a蛋白以复合物形式存在。     

CTX—M一3型超广谱β-内酰胺酶原核表达条件的研究

目的探讨重组质粒pET一28a（＋）／CTX—M一3分别在大肠埃希菌ER2566和BL21（DE3）中进行原核表达的最佳条件。方法分别在不同的宿主菌、诱导温度、诱导时间和诱导剂浓度中诱导pET．28a（＋）／CTX—M一3融合表达载体,目的产物经SDS—PAGE和BandScan凝胶分析软件分析,以获得最佳表达条件。结果表达载体的最佳诱导条件是重组质粒在BE21（DE3）中18℃诱导24h,IPTG终浓度为0．8mmol／L;表达载体在最佳条件下表达时,目的蛋白的最高表达量占菌体总蛋白的33％。结论获得pET一28a（＋）／CTX—M一3在大肠埃希菌中表达CTX—M一3型超广谱β一内酰胺酶（extended—spectrumB—lactamase,ESBLs）蛋白的最佳条件,为此酶的大量纯化奠定了基础。     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS3的研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）非结构蛋白NS3共有631个氨基酸组成，具有线氨酸蛋白酶和三磷酸核苷酶（NTPase）和螺旋酶（Helicase）的功能，在HCV多聚蛋白的成熟和病毒复制过程中发挥重要作用。非结构蛋白NS3具有较强的免疫原性和抗原性，是检测HCV感染的主要抗原之一。近年的研究发现NS3内部的裂解产物更具有致癌潜能。此外，NS53蛋白还参与NS5A的超磷酸化修饰过程等。     

登革病毒Ⅱ型E基因片段在大肠杆菌中的表达及免疫原性分析

目的分析登革病毒Ⅱ型（DEN2）重组包膜蛋白的免疫原性，为登革Ⅱ型亚单位疫苗的研制奠定基础。方法扩增DEN2E基因片段（254—395AA），与表达载体pET-30a连接，构建重组表达载体，在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中表达重组蛋白。重组蛋白经高效液相色谱（HPLC）柱纯化后，进行阻断DEN2感染C6／36细胞试验，同时用重组蛋白免疫小鼠，采用中和实验法测定血清中和抗体效价。结果该基因片段在大肠杆菌中高效表达重组蛋白，重组蛋白可被抗DEN2多克隆抗体识别，纯化后的重组蛋白能有效地抑制DEN2感染C6／36细胞，经重组蛋白免疫的小鼠可产生中和抗体。结论表达的DEN2重组包膜蛋白具有良好的免疫原性，能诱导中和抗体的产生。     

用于肿瘤血管靶向治疗的RGD/tTF融合蛋白的表达及活性鉴定

目的：制备用于肿瘤血管靶向治疗的重组RGD／tTF融合蛋白，并鉴定其生物学活性。方法：利用PCR技术均建RGD与tTF的融合基因，克隆至表达载体pET22b（＋），在E．coliBL21（DE3）中表达，镍亲和层析柱纯化。凝血实验和FX活化实验鉴定融合蛋白中tTF的活性，间接ELISA分析RGD活性。结果：获得序列正确的RGD／tTF／pET22b（＋）重组子，融合蛋白在E．coliBL21（DE3）中高效表达。纯化后的融合蛋白具有活化FX、引起血液凝固的功能，且能与α，β3特异性结合。结论：成功构建RGD／tTF／pET22b（＋）重组子，RGD／tTF融合蛋白具有TF活性且与d，B，特异性结合，为进一步研究其体内特异性诱发肿瘤组织血管栓塞功能创造了条件。     

CAD基因原核表达载体的构建及表达产物的活性鉴定

目的构建pCool—GST—ICAD／CAD的表达载体，并存大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中表达具有生物学活性的CAD核酸酶？方法用PCR扩增CAD基因，将扩增产物克隆入pCool—GST—ICAD载体中构建出pCool—GST—ICAD／CAD表达载体。经酶切和电泳鉴定正确后，在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中诱导表达，表达产物经亲和层析、离子交换层析及凝胶过滤等方法分离纯化。最后用SDS—PAGE和DNA降解实验进行鉴定。结果构建了pCool—GST—ICAD／CAD原核表达载体，重组载体转化后表达出毫克级水平的GST—ICAD／CAD蛋白复合体。经分离纯化后得到纯度很好的CAD—ICAD篮白复合体，在SDS—PAGE电泳上旱现清晰的两条蛋白带。经DNA降解实验证明纯化所得的CAD蛋白具有非特异性降解DNA的核酸酶作用。结论成功制备了具有生物学活性的CAD核酸酶，为进一步研究细胞凋亡的作用机制提供了有效的制剂。     

呼吸道合胞病毒NS1基因原核表达及其免疫原性分析

目的：原核表达呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）非结构NSl蛋白,并对其免疫特性进行研究。方法采用PCR技术获得NS1基因,将其插入pET41a（＋）载体上,导人大肠杆菌后诱导表达;利用GST亲和层析柱对诱导表达的NS1蛋白进行纯化,免疫动物制备抗体,Westernblot法鉴定抗体的特异性。结果重组质粒经酶切鉴定和DNA序列测序完全正确．经IPTG诱导后融合蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21-DE3中得到高效表达．表达产物经超声破碎和GST亲和层析纯化获得重组蛋白,分子量约42000Mr,以抗NS1蛋白的多克隆抗体为一抗进行Westernblot检测,结果只有RSV感染细胞的样品在15000Mr处有特异性带显示,其他病毒感染的细胞和阴性对照没有相应条带。结论NSl基因得到高效表达,免疫制备得到的抗体与RSV感染细胞有特异性反应,与其他常见呼吸道病毒感染细胞无交叉免疫反应。     

颗粒溶素重组表达载体的构建和原核表达

目的：构建人颗粒溶素（Granulysin,GNLY）基因的表达载体并在大肠杆菌中表达。方法：抽提体外培养的单个核细胞总RNA,通过RT-PCR的方法获得含有222bp的颗粒溶素cDNA,克隆到pMD18-T载体,测序正确后再亚克隆到质粒pET28a（＋）中,构建重组表达质粒pET28a（＋）-GNLY,在大肠杆菌中诱导表达并经Ni亲和层析纯化。用SDS-PAGE和Westernblot对表达产物进行鉴定。采用MTT法检测GNLY融合蛋白的生物学活性。结果：酶切结果证实,成功地构建了GN-LY原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中获得稳定的表达,表达产物的相对分子质量（Mr）同预期值相一致。结论：成功构建了重组表达质粒pET28a（＋）-GNLY,并在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）plysS中表达,获得了具有良好的抗原性和特异性的GNLY融合蛋白,为下一步研究人GNLY的功能奠定了基础。     

HCV非结构蛋白质5A基因全长和高免疫源区的表达及免疫活性检测

目的探讨HCV非结构蛋白质5A（NS5A）基因全长和高免疫源区的表达并比较其检测灵敏度。方法以含HCV全基因组的质粒pBR^tm／HCV-3011（1b型）为模板，采用PCR方法扩增出NS5A全长基因（以下用NS5AL代替）和高免疫源区基因（以下用NS5AS代替），与pET-32a载体相连接构建重组表达载体pET-NS5AL和pET-NS5AS，分别转化E.coli Rosetta（DE3）pLysS和BL21（DE3）感受态细胞，经异丙幕-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导后，蛋白质印迹法检测其表达，镍螯合（Ni2^＋-NTA）琼脂糖亲和层析柱纯化重组NS5AL和NS5AS蛋白，最后通过ELISA法检测重组蛋白的免疫活性并对其榆测灵敏度进行比较。结果SDS—PAGE鉴定与蛋白质印迹验证结果表明，重组NS5AL和NS5AS蛋白均得到很好地表达；纯化的重组NS5AL和NS5AS蛋白浓度分别为0．146和0．426mg／ml，纯度均〉96％；ELISA检测结果表明，重组NS5AL和NS5AS蛋白均具有较好的免疫活性，且重组NS5AL蛋白的检测灵敏度明显高于NS5AS。结论成功地表达出重组NS5AL和NS5AS蛋白，均具有较高的免疫活性，将有助于提高HCV临床检测的灵敏度。     

Identification and characterization of the NTPase activity of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) expressed in bacteria

The nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) of members of the family Flaviviridae possesses multiple enzyme activities that are likely to be essential for viral replication. Here, we cloned and expressed full-length CSFV NS3 protein (NS3FL) and its N-terminal truncated version (ntNS3) in E. coli. NTPase activities of the purified NS3FL and ntNS3 proteins and their reaction conditions were investigated. The results showed that CSFV NS3FL and ntNS3 proteins contained a specific polynucleotide-stimulated NTPase acitivity. Characterization of ntNS3 NTPase activity showed that optimal reaction conditions with respect to pH, MgCl2 and monovalent cations were similar to those of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Site-directed mutagenesis analysis demonstrated that the GxGK(232)T to GxGAT mutation in the conserved motif I abolished the NTPase activity of ntNS3, whereas substitution of TATPA(354) for TATPV in the motif III had no effect on the enzyme activity. Moreover, the kinetic properties (K(m) and k(cat)) of CSFV NS3 were more similar to those of BVDV. Our results provide insight into the structure-function relationship of CSFV NS3 and facilitate our understanding of its role in the replication cycle of CSFV.     

Expression,purification, and characterization of the RNA 5'-triphosphatase activity of dengue virus type 2 nonstructural protein 3

Dengue virus type 2 (DEN2), a member of the Flaviviridae family of positive-strand RNA viruses, contains a single RNA genome having a type I cap structure at the 5' end. The viral RNA is translated to produce a single polyprotein precursor that is processed to yield three virion proteins and at least seven nonstructural proteins (NS) in the infected host. NS3 is a multifunctional protein having a serine protease catalytic triad within the N-terminal 180 amino acid residues which requires NS2B as a cofactor for activation of protease activity. The C-terminal portion of this catalytic triad has conserved motifs present in several nucleoside triphosphatases (NTPases)/RNA helicases. In addition, subtilisin-treated West Nile (WN) virus NS3 from infected cells was reported to have 5'-RNA triphosphatase activity, suggesting its role in the synthesis of the 5'-cap structure. In this study, full-length DEN2 NS3 was expressed with an N-terminal histidine tag in Escherichia coli and purified in a soluble form. The purified protein has 5'-RNA triphosphatase activity that cleaves the gamma-phosphate moiety of the 5'-triphosphorylated RNA substrate. Biochemical and mutational analyses of the NS3 protein indicate that the nucleoside triphosphatase and 5'-RNA triphosphatase activities of NS3 share a common active site.     

The RNA helicase, nucleotide 5'-triphosphatase, and RNA 5'-triphosphatase activities of Dengue virus protein NS3 are Mg2+-dependent and require a functional Walker B motif in the helicase catalytic core

The nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) of Dengue virus (DV) is a multifunctional enzyme carrying activities involved in viral RNA replication and capping: helicase, nucleoside 5'-triphosphatase (NTPase), and RNA 5'-triphosphatase (RTPase). Here, a 54-kDa C-terminal domain of NS3 (DeltaNS3) bearing all three activities was expressed as a recombinant protein. Structure-based sequence analysis in comparison with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) helicase indicates the presence of a HCV-helicase-like catalytic core domain in the N-terminal part of DeltaNS3, whereas the C-terminal part seems to be different. In this report, we show that the RTPase activity of DeltaNS3 is Mg2+-dependent as are both helicase and NTPase activities. Mutational analysis shows that the RTPase activity requires an intact NTPase/helicase Walker B motif in the helicase core, consistent with the fact that such motifs are involved in the coordination of Mg2+. The R513A substitution in the C-terminal domain of DeltaNS3 abrogates helicase activity and strongly diminishes RTPase activity, indicating that both activities are functionally coupled. DV RTPase seems to belong to a new class of Mg2+-dependent RTPases, which use the active center of the helicase/NTPase catalytic core in conjunction with elements in the C-terminal domain.     

Nucleoside triphosphatase and RNA helicase activities associated with GB virus B nonstructural protein 3.

GB virus B (GBV-B) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family. This virus is closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and causes acute hepatitis in tamarins (Saguinus species). Nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) of GBV-B contains sequence motifs predictive of three enzymatic activities: serine protease, nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase), and RNA helicase. The N-terminal serine protease has been characterized and shown to share similar substrate specificity with the HCV NS3 protease. In this report, a full-length GBV-B NS3 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. This recombinant protein was shown to possess polynucleotide-stimulated NTPase and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) unwinding activities. Both activities were abolished by a single amino acid substitution, from the Lys (K) residue in the conserved walker motif A (or Ia) "AXXXXGK(210)S" to an Ala (A), confirming that they are intrinsic to GBV-B NS3. Kinetic parameters (K(m) and k(cat)) for hydrolysis of various NTPs or dNTPs were obtained. The dsRNA unwinding activity depends on the presence of divalent metal ions and ATP and requires an RNA duplex substrate with 3' unpaired regions (RNAs with 5' unpaired regions only or with blunt ends are not suitable substrates for this enzyme). This indicates that GBV-B NS3 RNA helicase unwinds dsRNA in the 3' to 5' direction. Direct interaction of the GBV-B NS3 protein with a single-stranded RNA was established using a gel-based RNA bandshift assay. Finally, a homology model of GBV-B NS3 RNA helicase domain based on the 3-dimensional structure of the HCV NS3 helicase that shows a great similarity in overall structure and surface charge distribution between the two proteins was proposed.     

HCV NS5A-B片段的表达及在酶活性研究中的应用

目的：利用原核表达载体pBVIL1，表达丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白（NS3）丝氨酸蛋白酶催化底物NS5A—B小分子，为进一步研究蛋白酶活性提供方法学。方法：将PCR合成的NS5A—B（2412—2427aa）基因直接插入高效原核表达载体pBVIL1，融合表达NS5A—B片段．包涵体形式的表达产物用8mol／L脲溶解后，采用离子交换和凝胶过滤两步纯化。利用SDS—PAGE、Western blot和ELISA方法，于37℃酶催化条件下，分析NS5A—B底物的降解活性。结果：（1）构建了pBVIL1／NS5A—B重组质粒，鉴定证明NS5A—B基因片段正确地插入表达载体上：融合蛋白在转化质粒的HB101菌中得到高效表达。分离纯化重组蛋白后浓度可达0．73g／L。（2）在NS3蛋白酶作用不同时间后，用SDS—PAGE和Western blot证实，底物带可被明显降解，ELISA分析也证明，NS5A—B具有酶底物活性。结论：含有酶切位点的NS5A—B融合蛋白可被NS3丝氦酸蛋白酶有效地降解，可用作为NS3蛋白酶的底物，可替代全长NS5A—B和化学合成肽用于酶活性和酶阻断剂的研究     

Multimers of the bluetongue virus nonstructural protein, NS2, possess nucleotidyl phosphatase activity: similarities between NS2 and rotavirus NSP2

The nonstructural protein, NS2, of bluetongue virus is a nonspecific single- stranded RNA-binding protein that forms large homomultimers and accumulates in viral inclusion bodies of infected cells. NS2 shares these features with the nonstructural protein, NSP2, of rotavirus, which like BTV is a member of the family Reoviridae. Recently, NSP2 was shown to have an NTPase activity and an autokinase activity that catalyzed its phosphorylation in vitro. To examine NS2 for similar enzymatic activities, the protein was expressed in bacteria with a C-terminal His-tag and purified to homogeneity. Recombinant (r)NS2 possessed nonspecific RNA-binding activity and formed 8-10S homomultimers of the same approximate size as rNSP2 homomultimers. Notably, enzymatic assays performed with rNS2 showed that the protein hydrolyzed the alpha, beta, and gamma phosphodiester bonds of all four NTPs. Therefore, rNS2 possesses a nucleotidyl phosphatase activity instead of the NTPase activity of NSP2, which only hydrolyzes the gamma phosphodiester bonds of NTPs. NS2 did not exhibit any autokinase activity in vitro, unlike NSP2. However, both NS2 and NSP2 were phosphorylated in vitro by cellular kinases. Although the nature of the enzymatic activities differs significantly, the fact that both NS2 and NSP2 hydrolyze NTPs, undergo phosphorylation, bind RNA, and assemble into multimers consisting of 6 +/- 2 subunits suggests that they are functional homologs.     

Inhibition of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein, helicase activity, and viral replication by a recombinant human antibody clone

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), with its protease, helicase, and NTPase enzymatic activities, plays a crucial role in viral replication, and therefore represents an ideal target for the development of anti-viral agents. We have developed a recombinant human antibody (Fab) that reacts with the helicase domain of HCV NS3. The affinity-purified Fab antibody completely inhibited the helicase activity of HCV NS3 at equimolar concentration. To evaluate the effect of the Fab on HCV replication, the clone encoding the Fab gene was put into an expression vector, which converts Fab into a complete IgG1 antibody. Using a DNA-based transfection model, we demonstrated that intracellular expression of this antibody resulted in significant reduction of HCV-negative strand RNA synthesis. Intracellular expression of this antibody into either a stable cell line replicating subgenomic RNA, or a transient full-length HCV replication model, reduced both HCV RNA and viral protein expression. These results support the use of recombinant antibody fragments to inhibit NS3 enzyme as a novel, feasible, and effective approach for inhibiting HCV replication.     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构区NS3基因在大肠埃希菌中的可诱导性表达

目的 构建丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）NS3基因的原核细胞表达载体。实现在大肠埃希菌中的可诱导性表达。方法 应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术，以美国HCV-H株全长cDNA质粒为模板，扩增获得NS3基因片段，克隆到原核表达载体pET-30C( )中，构建原核表达载体pET-NS3，转化BL21（DE3）宿主菌，以IPTG诱导，获得NS3蛋白的可诱导性表达，以HCVNS3的单链可变区抗体（ScFv)证实表达的NS3蛋白的特异性，结果 以HCVNS3基因序列特异性引物，PCR扩增获得1893bp的NS3DNA征段，插入pET-30C( )表达载体，转化BL21（DE3）受体菌，经培养，IPTG诱导，获得了重组HCVNS3蛋白的表达，以HCVNS3的ScFv证实了表达的重组蛋白HCVNS3的特异性。结论 以大肠埃希菌表达了HCVNS3的重组蛋白质。     

Expression and purification of enzymatically active recombinant RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5) of the flavivirus Kunjin

The NS5 protein of the flavivirus Kunjin (KUN) contains conserved sequence motifs characteristic of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity. To investigate this activity in vitro, recombinant NS5 proteins with C-terminal (NS5CHis) and N-terminal (NS5NHis) hexahistidine tags were produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells and purified to near homogeneity by nickel affinity chromatography. Purified NS5CHis exhibited RdRp activity with both specific (9 kb KUN replicon) and non-specific (8.3 kb Semliki Forest virus replicon) RNA templates; this activity did not require the presence of additional viral and/or cellular cofactors. RdRp activity of purified NS5NHis protein was reduced in comparison to NS5CHis, while purified NS5NHis incorporating a GDD-->GVD mutation within the polymerase active site (NS5GVD) lacked RdRp activity. RNase A digestion of the RdRp reaction products indicated that they were double-stranded and of a similar size to the KUN replicative form produced in Vero cells, thus demonstrating that the KUN NS5 protein has an intrinsic, albeit low and non-specific RdRp activity in vitro, similar to that reported for recombinant RdRp of other flaviviruses. However, in contrast to RNA polymerases of other Flavivirus species, purified KUN NS5 polymerase produced a single, full-length replicon RNA product, thus demonstrating efficient processivity.