四个月婴儿母乳喂养情况调查

本文报道了３０２名婴儿产后四个月母乳喂养情况及其影响因素，发现产假不足四个月，产后母乳不足及痢及未接受母乳健康教育为影响纯母乳喂养的主要因素，根据存在问题，作者提出了本地区提高产后４～６个月纯母乳喂养的措施。     

连云港市4个月婴儿喂养现状

目的了解连云港市4个月婴儿纯母乳喂养情况及不能坚持纯母乳喂养的原因。方法选择在院出生的508名婴儿进行调查。结果4个月纯母乳喂养率为44.9%。结论影响纯母乳喂养的最重要因素为产后奶量不足,加强有关母乳喂养的知识教育可大大提高母乳喂养率。     

连云港市4个月婴儿喂养现状

目的：了解连云港市4个月婴儿纯母乳喂养情况及不能坚持纯母乳喂养的原因。方法：选择在院出生的508名婴儿进行调查。结果：4个月纯母乳喂养率为44．9％。结论：影响纯母乳喂养的最重要因素为产后奶量不足．加强有关母乳喂养的知识教育可大大提高母乳喂养率。     

我国中西部地区农村纯母乳喂养影响因素研究

【目的】调查我国中西部地区农村纯母乳喂养现状,并分析产后保健服务因素对纯母乳喂养的影响。【方法】采用描述流行病学方法探讨纯母乳喂养率、纯母乳喂养持续时间及其分布状况;采用混合效应模型探讨影响纯母乳喂养的因素。【结果】调查地区纯母乳喂养率为76.8%,4个月以上纯母乳喂养率为42.7%,6个月以上的喂养率为16.4%,母乳喂养的平均时间为3.1个月。控制了母亲年龄、文化程度、家庭经济、分娩方式等变量后,混合模型分析结果显示产后母乳喂养指导与纯母乳喂养持续时间存在关联。【结论】调查地区的纯母乳喂养率较低,产后母乳喂养指导可以提高纯母乳喂养时间,亟待采取产后保健相关的干预方法,有效提高农村的纯母乳喂养水平。     

河南省社区母乳喂养现状分析

对河南省８个城市１１个街道５０１例４个月以内婴儿母乳喂养现状进行调查。结果表明：河南省社区纯母乳喂养率为４７．９０％，母乳喂养率为４４．７１％，人工喂养率为６．５９％，喂养方式的改变主要在生后２个月以内，喂养方式改变的原因为自觉乳汁不足，婴儿总哭，乳头问题等。在产院及产后１个月内未正确对待母婴，产后访视及儿童系统管理时未继续进行母乳喂养的宣传和指导，也是影响纯母乳喂养率的重要因素。因此要提高纯母乳喂养率，应继续深入开展创建爱婴医院活动，加强孕期、产时、产后的母乳喂养的健康教育，在产院及产后１个月内正确对待母婴是非常重要的。     

6个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解深圳市6个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养现状,并分析纯母乳喂养影响因素,为促进纯母乳喂养成功提供科学依据。方法 随机抽取在深圳市3个区妇幼保健院儿保科进行6个月内儿童常规体检的婴儿母亲1 000名进行问卷调查。结果 6个月内纯母乳喂养率为61.2%,非纯母乳喂养主要原因为自述母乳不足(42.01%),通过单因素及多因素分析,学历高、家庭月收入高、胎次多的产妇更少选择纯母乳喂养,有产假、坚持6个月内纯母乳喂养有信心、家人对母乳喂养持支持态度、开奶时间早、有夜间哺乳的产妇更多选择纯母乳喂养。结论 为进一步提高6个月内纯母乳喂养率,医务人员应加强母乳喂养宣教及产后指导,鼓励产妇家属共同参与,增强产妇母乳喂养信心,用工单位提供便利支持母乳喂养,医院落实爱婴医院政策。     

产后返岗女性母乳喂养持续时间及其影响因素的研究

目的 调查产后返岗女性母乳喂养现况,探讨母乳喂养持续时间的影响因素。 方法 采用一般资料调查表、母乳喂养知识量表、IOWA 婴儿喂养态度量表、母乳喂养家庭支持问卷、母乳喂养支持的员工感知问卷对344名产后返岗女性进行调查,应用Cox回归探讨产后返岗女性母乳喂养持续时间的影响因素。 结果 产后返岗女性6个月纯母乳喂养率为38.7%;母乳喂养持续时间均值为10.07个月;Cox回归显示,家庭月收入、最小孩子年龄、IOWA婴儿喂养态度对母乳喂养持续时间有显著影响（P<0.05）。 结论 产后返岗女性6个月纯母乳喂养率较低,母乳喂养持续时间不容乐观,应重点关注经济水平较低的家庭,完善母乳喂养体系,保障持续母乳喂养的成功实现。     

产后健康教育预防乳头皲裂提高母乳喂养率

全球范围内4个月内纯母乳喂养率不超过35%,远远低于联合国卫生组织提倡4个月内80%纯母乳喂养率,其中,乳头疼痛和皲裂是影响初产妇在产后进行母乳喂养的最重要因素,本研究旨在通过产后健康教育预防乳头皲裂,提高母乳喂养率.     

不同母乳喂养问题和使用吸奶器对乳汁不足产妇产后42d母乳喂养的影响

目的 探讨不同母乳喂养问题、使用吸奶器对乳汁不足产妇产后42 d母乳喂养的影响。方法 选取2021年3—10月在金杨社区卫生服务中心接受产后访视的60名产妇为研究对象。通过问卷调查采集产妇的人口学资料,随访其第1次产后访视后7 d内的乳汁分泌情况和产后42 d的母乳喂养情况。分析产后42 d纯母乳喂养率低的影响因素,比较使用和未使用吸奶器产妇产后7 d内的乳汁分泌量。结果 60名产妇产后42 d纯母乳喂养率为18.3%。吸奶器使用是产后42 d纯母乳喂养率的影响因素,使用吸奶器的产妇第3、4、5天的日平均泌乳量高于未使用吸奶器产妇,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 乳汁不足产妇产后42 d的纯母乳喂养率较低,产后访视时医师应指导其正确、合理地使用吸奶器,以增加产后早期的乳汁分泌量,提高纯母乳喂养率。     

影响母乳喂养因素探讨

目的：了解广州市母乳喂养的影响因素,方法：对广州市160名4－24个月婴幼儿进行母乳喂养的问卷调查。结果：纯母乳喂养率为50．63％,混合喂养率为43．75％,人工喂养率为5．62％,Logistic多变量分析影响母乳喂养的主要因素为母乳量不足,母亲产前对母乳喂养的信心不足及产假休息时间短（OR值分别为32．62,4．58和8．65,P值均＜0．05）,相关分析得母乳量与母亲产前对母乳喂养的信心足,产后首次吸吮前有奶胀感,产后开奶时间早和产后母婴同室时间早间存在存在正相关,产后首次吸吮前有奶胀感与母亲产前对母乳喂养的信心足,产后母婴同室时间早间存在正相关,产后开奶时间早与产后母婴同室时间早间存在正相关,结论：母乳量不足是影响母乳喂养的主要因素。     

Attitudes toward breast-feeding and infant feeding among Iranian, Afghan, and Southeast Asian immigrant women in the United States: implications for health and nutrition education.

A nutritionist analyzed data on 150 immigrant mothers living in California but from Iran, Afghanistan, Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos who had participated in or were eligible for WIC (Women, Infants, and Children), a US supplemental food program, to examine cultural and socioeconomic factors linked with breast feeding practices. 95% of the mothers had exclusively breast fed their infants in their countries compared to 32% after they arrived in the US In fact, 85% exclusively breast fed for at least 5 months in their countries whereas only 14% did so after coming to the US Further, after immigrating to the US, 38% fed their infants both breast milk and formula. Moreover 30% only offered their infants formula. In the US, 82% of Iranian mothers exclusively breast fed their infants compared to 42% of Afghan mothers, 14% of Vietnamese mothers, 19% of Laotian mothers, and 9% of Cambodian mothers (p.00001). Iranian mothers noted societal support for breast feeding in Iran by the postrevolutionary government, by the Moslem religion, and by support groups they formed in the US Mothers who exclusively breast fed their infants reported breast feeding to be more advantageous than the other groups (p.05). The cited advantages included bonding, best food for infant, protection against infection, and successful breast feeding in the past. Mothers who partially or exclusively used formula were more likely to have returned to school, had problems with the infant's presence, consider bottle feeding to be convenient, received free formula, and state economic reasons. Further those who exclusively breast fed were more likely to 1st breast feed their infant in the delivery room than were the other mothers (p.01). These results indicated that economic reasons were the main reason for not breast feeding. Besides US health care providers in the hospital or those involved in WIC did not provide substantial support for breast feeding. Sound recommendations concluded this report.     

婴儿期母乳喂养与孤独症发生的关系

目的:探讨婴儿期母乳喂养与孤独症发生之间的关系。方法:选取2004年1月～2005年12月期间在我院就诊的372例孤独症患儿作为孤独症组,同时随机抽取在我院儿童保健门诊参加系统保健的正常儿童1116例作为对照组,两组儿童的年龄、性别构成一致。参照国外同类调查问卷并结合我国具体情况设计自制调查问卷对研究对象的生长发育情况和婴儿期喂养情况等进行调查,分析婴儿期母乳喂养与孤独症发生之间的关系。结果:单因素分析发现孤独症组儿童4个月内纯母乳喂养率为20.97%,对照组儿童4个月内的纯母乳喂养率为51.08%,对照组明显高于孤独症组(χ2=102.874,P<0.01)。在母乳喂养持续时间方面,孤独症组儿童平均母乳喂养持续时间为(3.82±0.46)月,对照组为(6.61±0.49)月,两组儿童的平均母乳喂养持续时间不同(t=2.74,P<0.01);孤独症组儿童母乳喂养持续时间小于3个月和3～6个月的比例分别是26.34%和15.32%,对照组分别是9.23%和10.66%,孤独症组高于对照组(P<0.01,0.05);孤独症组儿童母乳喂养持续时间大于或等于9个月的比例为35.22%,而对照组为55.02%,孤独症组低于对照组(P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析发现喂养类型是孤独症发生的危险因素(OR=1.429),母乳喂养持续时间是孤独症发生的保护因素(OR=0.528)。结论:婴儿期喂养方式与孤独症的发生有关;4个月内母乳喂养比例越高,母乳喂养持续时间越长,儿童孤独症的发生率越低。     

The Bedouin Infant Feeding Study: study design and factors influencing the duration of breast feeding.

A longitudinal study of infant feeding practices, growth and morbidity among Bedouin Arab infants residing in the Negev, Israel, was conducted during a 3-year period (1981-1983). Follow-up samples were restricted to healthy newborns. The majority of newborns are breast fed at birth but, by 2 months, 50% are also introduced to a milk supplement. Based on the bivariate analysis using the logrank test to examine the factors associated with exclusive versus partial breast feeding during the first 6 months, those born during the wet cool months are exclusively breast fed longer than those born during the dry season. More traditional women, living in tents rather than houses or huts, exclusively breast feed for at least 6 months. In a multiple logistic regression model, parity, house type and birth season are independently associated with the odds of exclusively breast feeding for the first 6 months of life. Factors influencing the duration of any breast feeding for the first 18 months include: house type, place of residence, birthweight, and whether the infant was stunted at 6 months.     

The Bedouin Infant Feeding Study: study design and factors influencing the duration of breast feeding

Summary. A longitudinal study of infant feeding practices, growth and morbidity among Bedouin Arab infants residing in the Negev, Israel, was conducted during a 3-year period (1981–1983). Follow-up samples were restricted to healthy newborns. The majority of newborns are breast fed at birth but, by 2 months, 50% are also introduced to a milk supplement. Based on the bivariate analysis using the logrank test to examine the factors associated with exclusive versus partial breast feeding during the first 6 months, those born during the wet cool months are exclusively breast fed longer than those born during the dry season. More traditional women, living in tents rather than houses or huts, exclusively breast feed for at least 6 months. In a multiple logistic regression model, parity, house type and birth season are independently associated with the odds of exclusively breast feeding for the first 6 months of life. Factors influencing the duration of any breast feeding for the first 18 months include: house type, place of residence, birthweight, and whether the infant was stunted at 6 months.     

NUTRITIONAL ADEQUACY OF BREAST FEEDING

The unique physiocochemical composition of human milk is ideal for the young infant. Growth slowing in a proportion of exclusively breast fed infants at three months of age has led to a re-examination of the nutritional adequacy of breast feeding.     

An exploration of knowledge,attitudes and advice given by health professionals to parents in Ireland about the introduction of solid foods. A pilot study

Background  

For the purposes of this paper "weaning is defined as the introduction of the first solid foods to infants". Global recommendations by the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommend that all infants be exclusively breast-fed for the first six months of life. No global recommendations have been made for formula fed infants. In Europe it is recommended that weaning foods should be introduced between 18 weeks and 26 weeks regardless of whether infants are breast or formula fed. In the United Kingdom it is recommended that solids be introduced at around six-months for both breast and formula fed infants. In Ireland official guidelines recommend that breast fed infants should be introduced solids at 6 months of age while for formula fed infants the recommendation is for 4 months. The disparity between these global, European, UK and local recommendations may be a source of confusion for parents and health care professional based in Ireland. Emerging evidence suggests that babies in Ireland are given solid foods before the recommended age but there has been little investigation of the weaning advice provided by health professionals. Since community health professionals have routine parent interactions in the pre-weaning and early-weaning period and hence are in a unique position to positively influence parental weaning decisions, this study aimed to explore their knowledge, attitudes and advice practices about weaning.     

母乳喂养婴儿肥胖的危险因素及预后研究进展

母乳喂养可以为健康婴儿的生长发育提供最佳的营养。近年来的研究显示母乳喂养能预防儿童期肥胖的发生,但某些母乳喂养特别是纯母乳喂养的婴儿为何肥胖,这种现象对远期健康产生怎样的影响等问题逐渐引起学者们的重视。本文对母乳喂养婴儿肥胖的危险因素及预后研究进行总结,母乳中的高蛋白质含量,高水平的胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、胃饥饿激素、瘦素以及寡糖多样性可能是导致母乳喂养婴儿生长过快的危险因素;人乳奶瓶喂养、夜间喂养次数多、每次喂养持续时间长、每次喂养间隔时间短等喂养行为问题也是母乳喂养婴儿肥胖的高危因素。不论是对母乳喂养还是配方奶喂养的婴儿,婴儿期超重或肥胖都会增加以后儿童期肥胖的风险。     

Breast feeding very-low-birthweight infants at discharge: a multicentre study using WHO definitions

Human milk has several advantages in the nutrition of very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants. However, there are limited data on breast feeding (BF) in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). The aim of this study was to identify a practical definition of BF rate in VLBW infants and to test its applicability and reproducibility in Italian NICUs. The study population included all VLBW infants discharged from 12 level 3 NICUs, over a 12-month period. Type of feeding was recorded according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) definition, with a 72-h recall period.
We enrolled 594 VLBW infants. Mean birthweight was 1105 g (SD: 267), mean gestational age was 29.2 weeks (SD: 2.7) and mean length of stay in NICUs was 62.5 days (SD: 56.5). At discharge, 30.5% of VLBW infants were exclusively breast fed, 0.2% were predominantly breast fed, 23.8% were on complementary feeding and 45.5% were exclusively formula fed. A wide variability in BF rates was seen between centres. Among exclusively breast-fed VLBW infants, only 10% sucked directly and exclusively at the breast. WHO definitions can be used to assess type of feeding at discharge from NICUs. We speculate that common feeding definitions may allow both comparisons among different NICUs and ratings of quality improvement programmes.     

Evaluation of an Australian intervention to encourage breast feeding in primiparous women

Breast feeding has nutritional, immunologic and antiallergicadvantages for the infant. Although it has been widely recommendedthat infants be exclusively breast fed until 4–6 monthsof age, only about half of all Australian babies currently receiveextended breast feeding. The present study evaluated an intensiveprogramme designed to increase the proportion ofprimi-parousmothers who breast fed for 4 months or longer. Women who registeredwith the hospital at least 20 weeks before delivery and whointended to breastfeed were eligible for the study. Two hundredand thirty-five women were allocated to receive either usualcare or an intensive breast feeding programme when they registeredwith the hospital. The intensive programme consisted of writtenmaterials, and group and individual sessions with a lactationcounsellor. It also included a visit from a breastfeeding consultantwhile in hospital after the birth and contact on return home.Women were followed up 6 weeks and 4 months after delivery.There were no significant differences in breastfeeding ratesbetween the control and intervention groups at either follow-uppoint. Breast feeding until 4 months was more likely among womenwhose baby did not receive a bottle feed while still in hospitaland who did not smoke, use the combined oral contraceptive pillor introduce solid food before 4 months. Those mothers who enjoyedand felt satisfied with breastfeeding were more likely to continueto 4 months. It seems likely that programmes designed to increasebreastfeeding will need to address underlying factors such ashospital policy rather than simply providing more health education.     

Is breast feeding the solution to the infant nutrition problem in underdeveloped countries?

One hundred and thirty-three children from birth to 1 year of age were studied to investigate the value of breast milk as a solution to the infant nutrition problem. Fifteen per cent of the children were being fed exclusively breast milk, 44 (44.4%) were fed breast milk plus cow's milk and 40.6% were fed only cow's milk. Thirty-three per cent of the breast fed children, 44.4% of those on mixed feeding and 47% of those on cow's milk alone, were malnourished.