以复视为首发症状的急性眼外肌麻痹病因分析及治疗

目的:探讨以复视为首发症状的眼外肌麻痹患者临床特征及治疗。方法:以复视为首发症状的的眼外肌麻痹患者89例,根据病史、详细的查体和眼部检查,分析其发病原因,并评价临床特征和疗效。根据病因不同除行相关科室治疗外,眼科给以神经营养、眼部和全身激素治疗、大量维生素类和扩血管药物,6～12mo后治疗无效者,行手术治疗。结果:原因:糖尿病32例,高血压动脉硬化10例,甲状腺相关性眼病8例,眼外伤6例,颅内占位性病变6例,眶内占位性病变5例,重症肌无力4例,急性共同性内斜视3例,颈动脉海绵窦瘘3例,副鼻窦肿瘤2例,原因不明10例。动眼神经麻痹致上下直肌、下斜肌、内直肌麻痹49例,外展神经麻痹致外直肌麻痹26例,滑车神经麻痹致上斜肌麻痹12例,动眼神经麻痹和外展神经麻痹引起的眼外肌麻痹2例。结论:以复视为首发症状的急性眼外肌麻痹病因复杂,容易误诊,眼科医生应高度重视,明确诊断,正确治疗。     

首发为动眼神经麻痹糖尿病的临床分析

目的 探讨以动眼神经麻痹为首发症状的糖尿病性动眼神经麻痹的临床特征，以提高对该病的重视，达到及早治疗。方法 对24例糖尿病性动眼神经麻痹的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 24例患者均以动眼神经麻痹为首发，缺乏糖尿病的典型症状，均为单眼受累，动眼神经眼外肌麻痹16例，合并跟内肌麻痹8例，其中不完全动跟神经麻痹16例（66．7％），完全性麻痹8例（33．3％），24例患者经过及时治疗均完全恢复。结论 1．本病突然发病，其发病机制与微血管病变及代谢障碍有关，多为单侧不完全性动眼神经麻痹。2．眼科医师要重视病因检查，及时诊治，有利于功能早期恢复。     

64例复视病因分析

目的分析后天性麻痹性斜视的常见病因。方法对64例复视患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究。分析复视的病因,各年龄组病因特点,受累眼外肌分布情况。结果20-50岁发病率最高,占48.44%,其病因以外伤和甲状腺相关眼病居多,分别为25.81%、22.58%;50岁以上占35.93%,以血管性疾病为主,占52.17%;20 岁以下占17.18%,以外伤和重症肌无力为主,均为36.36%。眼外肌及颅神经受累情况,外展神经麻痹最多占32.87%,其后依次为复合神经麻痹,占18.75%,内直肌15.62%,上斜肌和上直肌各10.93%。结论发病原因中以血管性疾病和甲状腺相关眼病(Graves病)占多数,而从受累部位来看,外展神经占首位,而且不同年龄的致病因素不尽相同。     

80例以复视为首发症状的眼外肌麻痹病因分析

目的：探讨以复视为首发症状的眼肌麻痹患者的临床特征、鉴别诊断,探讨其病因及发病机制。方法回顾分析2008至2013年我院神经内科收治以复视症状为主症的眼肌麻痹患者80例,根据病史、详细的查体和眼部检查,分析其发病原因。结果80例病例中,糖尿病性眼肌麻痹24例（动眼神经麻痹16例,外展神经麻痹6例,合并动眼神经、外展神经麻痹2例）,脑血管病20例,动脉粥样硬化性动眼神经、外展神经麻痹18例,颅内动脉瘤者10例,重症肌无力眼肌型2例,躯体形式障碍1例,颅内肿瘤2例,多发性硬化1例,神经梅毒1例,脑干脑炎1例。结论很多神经系统疾病可引起复视的神经眼科体征,其中糖尿病性眼肌麻痹为最主要病因,脑血管病、动脉瘤眼肌麻痹、动脉粥样硬化也是重要原因,其他还有重症肌无力（眼肌型）、躯体形式障碍、颅内占位等。以复视为首发症状的急性眼外肌麻痹病因复杂,容易误诊,临床医生应高度重视,明确诊断,以达到正确治疗。     

老年人糖尿病并发动眼神经不全麻痹分析

目的探讨老年人糖尿病合并动眼神经不全麻痹的临床特点及诊治。方法对14例(14只眼)老年人糖尿病并发动眼神经不全麻痹患者的临床资料进行分析。结果14例中8例以单侧眼睑下垂、6例以复视为首发表现,伴头痛、眼球运动受限,但瞳孔未受累。14例均治愈,治愈时间3～10周。结论该病多为急性发病,疗效与血糖水平及病程无关,积极治疗原发病及对症处理神经系统病变可取得满意效果。     

动眼神经麻痹性斜视的手术方式探讨

目的 探讨动眼神经麻痹性斜视的手术方式.设计回顾性病例系列.研究对象单侧动眼神经麻痹性斜视患者13例.方法 动眼神经不完全麻痹者8例,行外直肌的超常量后退,同侧内直肌折叠,对侧外直肌后退术.动眼神经完全麻痹、上斜肌健康者3例,行外直肌的超常量后退,同侧内直肌折叠,上斜肌转位术,即将上斜肌移位至内直肌上方;动眼神经完全麻痹且伴上斜肌麻痹者2例,行外直肌的超常量后退,内直肌鼻侧眶缘固定术.主要指标手术前后的水平、垂直斜视度.结果 术前外斜视在80^△～120^△以上,5例伴有下斜视15^△～35^△,2例伴有上斜视15^△～20^△;术后随访6～27个月,残余外斜6^△～20^△,残余下斜视4^△～10^△.结论 根据动眼神经麻痹造成的眼外肌麻痹程度的不同,采取不同的手术方式,可获得眼位的美容正位.     

重症肌无力181例眼部情况分析

目的 总结并分析我院重症肌无力(MG)患者的眼部情况.方法 回顾性病例研究.对2009年1月至2011年8月来我科会诊的181例MG患者行眼科检查,包括视力、裂隙灯显微镜检查、眼底、屈光状态、33 cm及6 m眼位、眼球运动、红玻片法检查复视像,部分患者行同视机检查.对数据进行分类、整理和归纳.结果 181例中,眼肌型MG占多数(86例,47.5％);眼位正常者150例(82.9％);上睑下垂175例(96.7％);单眼弱视5例(2.8％);复视156例(86.2％).单条眼外肌麻痹55例(30.4％),多条眼外肌麻痹77例(42.5％),全眼外肌麻痹13例(7.2％).55例单条眼外肌麻痹患者中,内直肌受累最多(14例,25.5％).结论 MG患者中眼肌型占了近半数,绝大多数均有上睑下垂和复视,但绝大多数患者的眼位都是正常的.部分患者因发病较早,上睑下垂造成了形觉剥夺性弱视.MG患者的眼外肌麻痹可为单条、多条或全眼外肌麻痹,其中多条和单条眼外肌麻痹多见.在单条眼外肌麻痹的患者中,内直肌受累更多见.     

改良直肌交叉联结术治疗双眼麻痹性外斜视一例

单独的眼外肌麻痹中以外直肌麻痹和上斜肌麻痹最为常见,而不伴有动眼神经支配的其他肌肉麻痹的单独内直肌麻痹非常罕见。现对华西医院眼科中心一例双眼内直肌麻痹病例治疗报道如下。     

成人麻痹性斜视病因分析及手术治疗

目的：观察和探讨成人麻痹性斜视的类型和手术矫正效果。
　　方法：回顾性分析了我院2010－06／2013－06成人麻痹性斜视临床病例46例,将所有病例分为水平斜视组和垂直斜视组,其中水平斜视为主者26例,包括外直肌麻痹16例,内直肌麻痹10例;垂直斜视为主者20例,包括上斜肌麻痹7例,上直肌麻痹8例,下直肌麻痹2例,双上转肌麻痹3例。发病原因：先天性者9例,车祸等外伤所致19例,鼻部或颅脑手术史8例,原因不明者10例。手术方式包括直肌后徙术、直肌缩短术、直肌部分移位术或直肌联结术、下斜肌部分切除术、下斜肌后徙转位术等。采用SPSS10．0统计软件对两组的疗效进行卡方检验,同时对水平斜视组的两种术式改善麻痹眼运动情况进行t检验。
　　结果：末次随访时水平斜视组治愈、好转和无效者分别为20例（77％）,5例（19％）,1例（4％）;垂直斜视组分别为15例（75％）,3例（15％）和2例（10％）,两组间统计无显著性差异（P＞0．05）;麻痹眼的眼球运动得到改善。水平斜视中所用的两种术式,均能改善麻痹眼的眼球运动,分别为3．76±0．91,3．72±0．84mm,统计学上无显著性差异（P＝0．93）。
　　结论：成人麻痹性斜视病情复杂,根据不同麻痹肌及麻痹程度不同,采用不同的手术方式,术后可获得眼位的美容正位,改善代偿头位和主要注视野的复视。     

先天性双上转肌麻痹的临床特点和手术治疗

目的探讨先天性双上转肌麻痹的临床特征和有效的手术治疗方法。方法根据病情对11例先天性双上转肌麻痹患者行不同手术治疗,观察手术前后眼位、斜视度数及临床特征的变化。结果11例先天性双上转肌麻痹患者中,10例患眼下斜,1例健眼上斜。患眼向上、内上及外上活动受限,且合并假性上睑下垂。10例以健眼注视的患者中,2例行患眼下直肌后退,8例行患眼上斜肌切断及下直肌后退术,其中2例因第1次手术量不足,术后6个月再行健眼上直肌后退术。7例合并外斜视患者同时行外直肌后退术(单眼5例,双眼2例)。1例以患眼注视的患者行健眼下斜肌切断及上直肌后退术。9例患者第一眼位斜视完全矫正,2例斜视症状明显改善。7例合并外斜视者症状全部消失。患眼下斜肌和上直肌功能均无改善。上睑下垂症状9例患者消失,1例患者明显改善,1例患者无改善。结论先天性双上转肌麻痹是临床较为少见的一种眼球运动障碍性疾病,上直肌和下斜肌同时麻痹是其发病的主要临床特征;其有效的手术治疗方法是垂直直肌后退术和上斜肌切断术。(中华眼科杂志．2004,40：652-654）     

Bilateral multiple extraocular muscle metastasis from breast carcinoma

We report a rare presentation of an initially misdiagnosed case of a pseudotumor, which on histopathology was diagnosed as bilateral breast metastases of lobular carcinoma involving multiple extraocular muscles. A 61-year-old lady presented with external ophthalmoplegia and diplopia. Incisional biopsy was performed using a lid crease approach and the patient received radiotherapy and hormonal therapy. Following prolonged hormonal therapy, complete remission was achieved, with improvement in ocular motility and resolution of diplopia, about 18 months after the initial presentation. Multiple extraocular muscle involvement by breast carcinoma metastasis is very rare and should be considered in the differential diagnosis, especially in patients with a prior history of breast carcinoma.     

Extraocular mitochondrial myopathies and their differential diagnoses

The diagnosis of mitochondrial myopathy depends upon a constellation of findings, family history, type of muscle involvement, specific laboratory abnormalities, and the results of histological, pathobiochemical and genetic analysis. In the present paper, the authors describe the diagnostic approach to mitochondrial myopathies manifesting as extraocular muscle disease. The most common ocular manifestation of mitochondrial myopathy is progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO). To exclude myasthenia gravis, ocular myositis, thyroid associated orbitopathy, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, and congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles in patients with an early onset or long-lasting very slowly progressive ptosis and external ophthalmoplegia, almost without any diplopia, and normal to mildly elevated serum creatine kinase and lactate, electromyography, nerve conduction studies and MRI of the orbits should be performed. A PEO phenotype forces one to look comprehensively for other multisystemic mitochondrial features (e.g., exercise induced weakness, encephalopathy, polyneuropathy, diabetes, heart disease). Thereafter, and presently even in familiar PEO, a diagnostic muscle biopsy should be taken. Histological and ultrastructural hallmarks are mitochondrial proliferations and structural abnormalities, lipid storage, ragged-red fibers, or cytochrome-C negative myofibers. In addition, Southern blotting may reveal the common deletion, or molecular analysis may verify specific mutations of distinct mitochondrial or nuclear genes.     

77例急性眼外肌麻痹临床与病因分析

目的 探讨急性眼外肌麻痹的病因特点。方法 采用三棱镜、同视机及红玻璃片等方法进行眼位、眼球运动和复像检查，辅以血液生化检查和影像学(CT、MRI)诊断。结果 77例中主要病因依次为神经源性麻痹50例(64．93％)，肌源性麻痹14例(18．18％)，机械性麻痹8例(10．39％)，全身免疫性5例(6．49％)。结论 急性眼外肌麻痹病因复杂，应对病人进行详细的全身和眼部检查。复视可能是系统性疾病的先兆或症状的一部分。     

眼肌麻痹的眼外相关病因分析

目的:探讨眼肌麻痹的眼外相关病因。方法:对157例眼肌麻痹患者采用三棱镜、同视机及红玻片等方法进行常规眼科和眼肌检查,辅以血液生化检查和影像学(CT,MRI,DSA)诊断。结果:眼肌麻痹的眼外相关病因主要有糖尿病(23.6%)、颅脑血管疾病(18.5%)、颅脑外伤(15.9%)、炎症性疾病(10.8%)、甲状腺性相关眼病(7.0%)、颅脑肿瘤(4.5%)、重症肌无力(1.9%)、鼻咽癌(1.9%)等。结论:眼肌麻痹病因复杂,对无法用眼部原因解释的双眼复像患者,应进行详细的全身和眼部检查,以明确病因。     

Causes and outcomes for patients presenting with diplopia to an eye casualty department

PURPOSE: To evaluate the causes and outcomes for patients presenting with diplopia to an eye casualty department. METHODS: Patients presenting with diplopia as a principal symptom, who were referred to the Orthoptic Department from Moorfields Eye Casualty over a 12-month period, were retrospectively investigated. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-one patients were identified with complete records in 165 cases. There were 99 men and 66 women with an age range of 5-88 years. Monocular diplopia accounted for 19 cases (11.5%), whereas 146 patients (88.5%) had binocular diplopia. Cranial nerve palsies were the most common cause of binocular diplopia accounting for 98 (67%) of cases. Isolated sixth nerve palsy was the largest diagnostic group (n=45). Microvascular disease (hypertension or diabetes mellitus, or both) was present in 59% of patients with cranial nerve palsies, and of this group, 87% resolved spontaneously by 5 months rising to 95% by 12 months. CONCLUSION: Patients with clinically isolated single cranial nerve palsies associated with diabetes or hypertension are likely to recover spontaneously within 5 months and initially require observation only. However, patients with unexplained binocular diplopia and those who progress or fail to recover should be investigated to establish the underlying aetiology and managed as appropriate.     

Chronisch-progressive externe Ophthalmoplegie und Kearns-Sayre-Syndrom

BACKGROUND: The main symptom of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) and Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) are upper eyelid ptosis and a slowly progressive weakness of the extraocular muscles. Mitochondrial disorders are much more frequent than previously assumed. Because of great phenotypic variability, early diagnosis may prove to be difficult. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 30 patients with CPEO or KSS with regard to ophthalmological and neurological findings as well as molecular genetic background. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients presented with upper eyelid ptosis as the first clinical symptom. In 11 of these patients, ptosis was either unilateral or asymmetric. External ophthalmoplegia was present in only three patients initially; however, it developed in 27 patients in the later course of the disease. Diplopia was found to be more frequent than previously assumed. Twenty-six patients showed characteristic histological hallmarks in skeletal muscle biopsy. In 22 patients, molecular genetic testing revealed mitochondrial DNA mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Mitochondrial disorders should be included in the early differential diagnosis of patients with etiologically unclear acquired isolated unilateral or bilateral ptosis, atypical eye movement disorders, or diplopia. A correct diagnosis is mandatory for qualified counseling and the management of potentially life-threatening complications, such as cardiac involvement.     

成人重症肌无力眼肌型的临床特征

目的：分析成人重症肌无力眼肌型（OMG）患者的临床特征。方法：回顾性系列病例研究。收集2016年6月至2019年10月暨南大学附属第一医院眼科收治的40例成人OMG患者的病例资料,并对病程、性别比例、眼部表现、复视特征、眼外肌麻痹情况和辅助检查结果等进行分析。结果：40例成人OMG患者中男女比例为1∶1。病程中位数6个月（范围：1个月～10年）。27例表现为单纯复视（68%）,9例表现为单纯上睑下垂（22%）,4例表现为复视合并上睑下垂（10%）。31例复视患者中,水平复视20例（64%）,垂直复视11例（35%）,所有复视患者均表现为双眼多条眼外肌呈不同程度麻痹。31例复视患者中主要受累眼外肌分布：外直肌16例（52%）,上直肌6例（19%）,内直肌4例（13%）,下直肌3例（10%）,上斜肌1例（3%）,下斜肌1例（3%）。辅助检查显示新斯的明试验阳性32例（80%）,乙酰胆碱受体抗体阳性4例（10%）,合并胸腺异常5例（13%）,肌电图异常2例（5%）,合并甲状腺异常19例（48%）。结论：成人OMG临床表现多以水平复视为首发症状,其中外直肌受累较为常见。     

爆裂性眼眶骨折早期和晚期临床及CT表现特征

目的观察爆裂性眼眶骨折早期与晚期的临床及CT表现特征。方法前瞻性研究。通过检查记录和随访观察,收集2012年6月至2013年8月来郑州大学第一附属医院就诊的39例爆裂性眼眶骨折患者的早期（受伤7 d内）和晚期（受伤34 d左右）临床表现及CT征象。回顾性总结其致伤原因主要为拳击伤18例（46%）,其次为车祸伤9例（23%）。结果39例患者早期视力下降13例（33%）,眶周软组织淤血肿胀38例（97%）,眼球凹陷≥2 mm有6例（15%）,眼球运动障碍及复视17例（44%）,眶下神经麻痹15例（38%）。晚期视力下降4例（10%）,无眶周软组织淤血,眼球凹陷≥2 mm 26例（67%）,眼球运动障碍及复视5例（13%）,眶下神经麻痹无好转2例（5%）。CT早期表现：折断端清晰锐利35例（90%）;眼外肌增粗36例（92%）,移位31例（79%）,边缘模糊不清33例（85%）;鼻窦积液30例（77%）,眶内积血积气5例（13%）。CT晚期表现：骨折断端模糊柔和28例（72%）;眼外肌肿胀36例（92%）,移位改善31例（79%）,边缘模糊不清2例（5%）,无眶内积气积血。结论爆裂性眼眶骨折早期具有眶周软组织淤血肿胀,骨折断端清晰锐利、眼外肌边缘模糊不清、鼻窦积液、眶内积血积气等特征;晚期具有眼球凹陷,骨折断端模糊不清、眼外肌边缘光滑等特征;掌握其特征对于眼眶爆裂性骨折的诊断及法医学鉴定、临床治疗具有重要意义。     

The incidence of extraocular muscle and cranial nerve palsy in orbital floor blow-out fractures

The frequency of extraocular muscle (EOM) or cranial nerve (CN) palsy as the sole cause of diplopia in orbital floor blow-out fractures has not been previously determined. Of 40 blow-out fracture patients studied prospectively, seven had motility disturbances consistent with palsy of one EOM or CN. All seven patients had negative forced ductions, making entrapment, edema, or orbital hemorrhage unlikely causes of diplopia. The diplopia resolved in four patients in 1 year. Persistent diplopia is a common indication for repair of such fractures. If, however, diplopia is due only to EOM or CN palsy, orbital surgery should be deferred (in the absence of significant enophthalmos) in favor of observation and/or later strabismus surgery.