国际情绪图片系统在116名中国老年人中的试用

目的:对美国NIMH情绪与注意研究中心编制的国际情绪图片系统在中国老年人群中进行试用,将结果与NIMH常模进行比较,探讨其异同.方法:在大连市三个社区的老年活动中心选取老年人116名(男:51人,女:65人),年龄60-80岁之间,对从国际情绪图片系统中选取的60幅图片(负性:23幅.中性:12幅,正性:25幅)进行愉悦度、唤醒度、优势度的9点量表评分,结果与NIMH常模进行比较.结果:中国老年人三个维度的评分与NIMH常模的相关系数分别为:0.92,0.54,0.88(P均＜0.001).中国老年人群的唤醒度和优势度评分高于NIMH常模[(5.33±0.93)V8.(4.83±1.25),(5.60±1.20)vs.(5.19±1.21),P＜0.001],而愉悦度评分低于NIMH常模[(4.99±2.28)vs.(5.28±1.85),P=0.020].男女老年人群对大多数图片的情绪感受相近,但女性老年人愉悦度评分高于男性老年人[(5.05±2.33)vs.(4.93±2.24),P=0.002].在愉悦度一唤醒度二维情感空间中,60幅图片呈"＜"形分布.正性图片愉悦度和唤醒度呈线性相关(r=0.71,P＜0.001),负性图片两者的相关性不显著(r=-0.35,P＞0.05).结论:国际情绪图片系统具有较好的国际通用性.但由于中国老年人与NIMH常模在文化、生活、年龄等方面存在差异,故对部分图片的情绪感受不同,提示国际情绪图片系统应用于中国老年人群之前有必要进行本土化的修订.     

情绪图片应答的性别差异研究

目的：了解国际情绪图片系统（IAPS）在不同性别大学生中诱发情绪反应的差异性。方法：265名大学生对140幅情绪图片的愉悦度、唤醒度和优势度进行1-9级的评分。结果：女性对正性图片的愉悦度、优势度评分均显著高于男性；女性对负性图片的愉悦度、优势度评分均显著低于男性，而唤醒度的评分则显著高于男性；在中性图片三个维度的的评分上。均不存在明显的性别差异。结论：与男性相比．女性对正性和负性图片均更敏感、反应也更强烈。这种性别差异在对负性图片的应答中。表现得尤其明显。     

国际情绪图片系统的本土化研究:在中国大学生群体中的评定

目的:国际情绪图片系统(LAPS)是美国情绪与注意研究中心为情绪相关研究编制的标准化图片系统.但其各项参数尚未在中国人群中得以完整地评定与验证.方法:本研究选取中国大学生被试300名,对全部704张LAPS图片从效价、唤醒度、优势度三个维度进行了中国本土化评定.结果:中国被试评定虽然与LAPS原始评分具有较高的相关,但是在效价与唤醒度维度上均具有显著的差异;对于与中国文化特征相冲突的强烈、直接的情绪图片.中国被试在效价方面的评分显著低于原始结果,而唤醒度高于原始评定.结论:IAPS图片虽然具有较好的国际适用性,但虑及东西方文化差异,中国研究中应参考本土评定结果选取相关的LAPS图片.     

国际情绪图片系统在中国的试用研究

目的:对美国NIMH(National Institute of Mental Health)情绪与注意研究中心编制的国际情绪图片系统(IAPS)在中国进行试用研究.方法:男女各24名大学生对330幅图片的愉悦度、唤醒度和优势度三个维度进行了自我报告的9点量表评分.结果:中外被试的三个维度与NIMH结果的相关系数分别为0.913、0.833和0.856,但差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).男女生在三维度上相关系数分别为0.968、0.876和0.945(P均<0.01),其中愉悦度和唤醒度差异有统计学显著性(P<0.01).聚类分析可将图片聚为几类,大致可引发愉快、厌恶、恐惧等情绪.结论:IAPS具有较好的国际通用性,但仍由于文化、个性等因素存在差异,使用前需修订,其图片数据库也有待进一步完善.男女生对部分图片的情绪感受有所不同.聚类分析结果提示可以同时从情绪维度和情绪类型两种途径研究情绪问题,两者结果也有相互比较的可能性.     

国际情绪图片系统(IAPS)在中国10-12岁儿童的初步应用研究

目的:了解国际情绪图片系统(IAPS)在中国10-12岁儿童中应用的数据特征,并与IAPS提供的数据进行比较。方法:采用便利抽样调查方法对长沙市某小学10-12岁70名儿童进行图片测评,选择IAPS中126张进行愉悦度、唤醒度和优势度的三维自评的九点评分法进行评定。结果:①本研究所获得的三维评价数据与IAPS提供的评价数据之间具有较好的相关性,但在愉悦度存在统计学显著性差异。②本研究显示的三个维度评价存在男女两性差异的图片中主要以正性图片为主。结论:IAPS具有良好的国际通用性,且适用于儿童,但也需要进行本土化基础数据研究支持以供选择。     

标准化中国竹笛情绪诱发曲库的初步编制与评定

目的建立一套适用于情绪诱发实验的标准化中国竹笛曲库。方法搜集33首有代表性的中国竹笛曲组成曲库,由105名中国大学生对其从愉悦度、唤醒度、优势度3方面进行自我报告的9点量表评分。对评定结果计算内部一致性系数,用快速聚类法对竹笛曲的愉悦度进行聚类分析,并对情绪3个维度得分进行相关分析。结果总体而言,竹笛曲评分的内部一致性信度较高。快速聚类分析将音乐分为3类,正性情绪乐曲12首,中性情绪乐曲15首,负性情绪乐曲6首。对3种类型的乐曲的评定结果进行单因素方差分析,结果显示愉悦度（F=143．03,P〈0．001）、唤醒度（F=32．36,P〈0．001）、优势度（F=48．44,P〈0．001）差异极其显著。愉悦度、唤醒度、优势度得分显著正相关（r=0．85,0．91,0．76;P〈0．01）。结论中国竹笛情绪诱发曲库具有良好的信效度,能够诱发的不同类型的情绪体验,可以为情绪研究提供标准化的实验刺激材料。     

中国面部表情视频系统的初步建立

目的：建立本土化的中国面部表情视频系统（ehinese facial expression video system，CFEVS）以增加情绪研究的取材范围。方法：录制强度分为三等级的喜悦、悲伤、惊奇、恐惧、愤怒、厌恶及中性（无表情及咀嚼动作两种）等面部表情视频片段，经两轮粗选后，请50名中国大学生对剩余视频片段的表情类型、愉悦度、唤醒度及表演者的长相进行自我报告式评定。将表情类型、愉悦度、唤醒度一致性高且表情类型与愉悦度相一致的片段纳入CFEVS，做分布分析，同时分析评测者性别、表演者长相对愉悦度、唤醒度分值的影响。结果：纳入CFEVS的喜悦表情男18女43共61个，悲伤表情男23女28共51个，无表情中性男13女17共31个，咀嚼中性男7女17共24个。散点图显示CFEVS在愉悦度及唤醒度上分布较为广泛。方差分析表明评测者性别及表演者长相对视频片段的愉悦度、唤醒度的影响与其表情类型有关。结论：本研究初步建立了一个拥有喜悦、悲伤及中性表情的CFEVS，并发现评测者的性别及表演者的长相可影响实验结果。     

虚假记忆误导信息干扰范式故事场景图片的编制及评定

目的：以图片形式编制不同情绪效价的生活事件故事场景作为标准化的事件虚假记忆实验材料。方法：通过78名在校大学生对初选的常见生活事件场景进行愉悦度评定,选取9个不同情绪效价的场景进行剧情脚本编制和图片拍摄;再请119名在校大学生对编制的故事场景图片进行愉悦度、唤醒度、熟悉度和趋向度的9点量表评定。结果：构建的生活事件场景在愉悦度上区分为正性（7-9分）、中性（4-6分）、负性（1-3分）三类;编制的三类生活事件故事场景图片在愉悦度上差异显著（F=1223.393,P<0.05）,在趋向度上差异显著（F=360.068,P<0.05）;三类故事场景图片在唤醒度和熟悉度上无显著差异;三类故事场景图片的愉悦度和趋向度呈正相关（r=0.37～0.62,P<0.01）。结论：本研究编制的生活事件场景图片能有效区分不同情绪效价,是事件虚假记忆研究的标准化实验材料。     

短时正念训练对大学生负性情绪唤醒度的效应

目的:探讨短时正念训练对大学生负性情绪唤醒度的调节作用。方法:选取大学生60人，将其随机分配至正念训练组和对照组，比较基线和10 min干预后两组在多伦多正念量表(TMS)、主观唤醒度及图片唤醒度评分上的差异。在图片唤醒度评定任务中，采用掩蔽技术考察短时正念训练对有意识和无意识负性情绪唤醒度的调节作用。结果:对照组干预后对掩蔽低唤醒图片的唤醒度评分低于基线(P<0.05)。正念训练组干预后的TMS评分高于基线(P<0.01),主观唤醒度评分(P<0.01)及非掩蔽条件下的图片唤醒度评分均低于基线(P<0.05)。结论:短时正念训练能够提高大学生的正念状态、降低有意识的情绪加工，提示短时正念训练可能通过认知重评调节情绪。     

情绪障碍研究用汉语情绪词分类系统的初步建立

目的：建立一套情绪障碍研究用汉语情绪词分类系统，为异常情绪的研究提供标准化刺激材料。方法：54名不同受教育程度的被试对344个双字汉语情绪词（包括115个正性词、114个负性词、115个中性词）的愉悦度、唤醒度和熟悉度三个维度进行9级的情绪等级评定。结果：三类词语在三个维度上的ANOVA结果显示，分别存在愉悦度主效应（F=2514．96，P=0．000）、唤醒度主效应（F=147．43，P=0．000）和熟悉度主效应（F=106．81，P=0．000）。两两比较后发现正性词的愉悦度得分（7．29&#177;0．41）高于负性和中性词（2．81&#177;0．30、5．47&#177;0．66），中性词得分高于负性词；正性词的唤醒度得分（6．57&#177;0．39）高于负性词和中性词（5．33&#177;0．41、5．23&#177;0．67）；正性词的熟悉度得分（5．98&#177;0．57）高于负性和中性词（4．63&#177;0．53、5．21&#177;0．93），中性词得分高于负性词。结论：初步建立的情绪障碍研究用汉语情绪词分类系统较好，为以后的异常情绪的研究提供词语刺激材料。     

Modulation of event-related brain potentials during affective picture processing: a complement to startle reflex and skin conductance response?

The present study compared startle response, skin conductance response (SCR) and subjective variables (valence and arousal ratings, viewing time) assessed in an affective picture paradigm with simultaneously registered event-related brain potentials (ERPs) parameters such as P300 and positive slow waves (PSW). Pleasant, neutral and unpleasant pictures from the International Affective Picture System [Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M., Cuthbert, B.N., 1999. International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical Report A-4, Center for Research in Psychophysiology. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida] were presented for 8 s, and startle probes were delivered during picture presentation. Startle response was modulated by picture valence, and SCR by picture arousal. ERP positivity was greater for pleasant and unpleasant than for neutral pictures for the P300 amplitude and the positive slow wave (PSW). ERPs showed characteristic differences and a distinct time course for pictures of different valence categories and may deliver useful information not contained in startle response or SCR measures. The simultaneous registration of startle responses and ERPs in the affective picture paradigm seems valuable.     

IAPS includes photographs that elicit low-arousal physiological responses in healthy volunteers

This article describes pleasant IAPS pictures that elicit low-arousal rather than the high-arousal physiological responses previously reported in the literature. Thirty-two International Affective Picture System (IAPS) photographs were grouped into 4 sets of 8 photographs: highly pleasant-arousing (sexual content and adventures), highly pleasant-relaxing pictures (landscapes, flowers or babies), neutral on both valence/arousal, and highly unpleasant-arousing ones. These stimuli were shown to 24 healthy Brazilian University students (12 males) who had their physiological responses recorded [corrugator and zygomatic facial electromyography activity, skin conductance, heart rate, and peripheral temperature]. Zygomatic EMG differentiated low-arousal pleasant photographs from high-arousal pleasant stimuli of the same valence.     

The effect of visual sexual content on the event-related potential

In the present study we investigated the effect of emotional valence and arousal value of non-erotic visual stimuli on event-related potentials. We also directly compared the effects of erotic and non-erotic stimuli of comparable valence and arousal levels. Sixteen sexually functional heterosexual males rated 150 computer screen pictures, selected from the International Affective Picture System, representing five stimulus types differing along dimensions of emotional valence and arousal, and erotic vs. non-erotic content. A positive deflection of the ERP between 300 and 500ms after stimulus onset (P300) was found to be sensitive to stimulus differences, with positive valence and high arousal resulting in larger P300. Furthermore, the positive slow wave (PSW) between 500 and 750ms revealed additive effects of valence and arousal value. High arousal and positive valence of the stimuli resulted in larger PSW. Importantly, an interaction effect was absent here. In addition, sexual content led to a larger P300 and PSW than expected on the basis of a mere additive contribution of high arousal and positive valence.     

Emotional information processing in patients with narcolepsy: a psychophysiologic investigation

OBJECTIVES: Cataplexy is the key symptom of the narcoleptic syndrome. It is usually triggered by emotions, which play an important role in the manifestation and severity of the disease. Accordingly, we compared the psychophysiologic effects on patients with narcolepsy and healthy subjects of processing visual stimuli that have established emotional valences. METHOD: Eight drug-free patients with narcolepsy with severe cataplexy and 8 controls were studied. Fifty-four color pictures (pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant) selected from the International Affective Picture System were presented on a monitor to the subjects. The effects of exposure to the pictures were assessed in muscular (corrugator, zygomatic and mylohyoid electromyographic activity), autonomic (blood pressure, heart rate, and skin conductance responses) cognitive (scalp-recorded event-related potentials), and subjective (valence, arousal, and dominance by Self-Assessment Manikin) systems. RESULTS: The autonomic, muscular, and cognitive systems showed an attenuated reaction to visual stimuli in patients compared to controls. Furthermore, patients with narcolepsy showed the lowest responses when unpleasant pictures were presented. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that, compared to the group of healthy subjects, patients with narcolepsy suffer from a temporal disadvantage in input processing, in particular, of unpleasant stimuli. The drawback exhibited by these patients suggests reduced reactivity of the aversive motivational system responsible for negative or unpleasant emotions.     

Attenuation of positive and negative affect in men and women at increased risk for hypertension: A function of endogenous barostimulation?

We hypothesized that activation of endogenous baroreflexes would be associated with reduced responsivity to affective stimuli and that this effect would be enhanced in individuals at risk for hypertension. Images from the International Affective Picture System were presented during systolic and diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle. Affective responsivity was measured using electromyographic activity, skin conductance, and ratings of arousal and valence. Compared to offspring of normotensives, individuals with a parental history of hypertension showed reduced responsivity to both positive and negative affective stimuli; however, responsivity did not differ as a function of cardiac cycle phase. Although these findings do not support a barostimulation mechanism of affective dampening, it is premature to discount the baroreflex inhibition hypothesis given the limited affective reactions elicited by visual stimuli presented in the laboratory.     

Amygdala responses to valence and its interaction by arousal revealed by MEG

It is widely accepted that the amygdala plays a crucial role in the processing of emotions. The precise nature of its involvement is however unclear. We hypothesized that ambivalent findings from neuroimaging studies that report amygdala's activity in emotions, are due to distinct functional specificity of amygdala's sub-divisions and specifically to differential reactivity to arousal and valence. The goal of the present study is to characterize the amygdala response to affective stimuli by disentangling the contributions of arousal and valence. Our hypothesis was prompted by recent reports claiming anatomical sub-divisions of amygdala based on cytoarchitecture and the functional maps obtained from diverse behavioral, emotional, and physiological stimulation. We measured magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings from 12 healthy individuals passively exposed to affective stimuli from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) collection using a 2 (Valence levels) × 2 (Arousal levels) design. Source power was estimated using a beamformer technique with the activations referring to the amygdala sub-divisions defined through probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps. Right laterobasal amygdala activity was found to mediate negative valence (elicited by unpleasant stimuli) while left centromedial activity was characterized by an interaction of valence by arousal (arousing pleasant stimuli). We did not find a main effect for amygdala activations in any of its sub-divisions for arousal modulation. To the best of our knowledge, our findings from non-invasive MEG data indicate for the first time, a distinct functional specificity of amygdala anatomical sub-divisions in the emotional processing.