回肠储袋肛管吻合术后并发症防治研究进展

全结肠、直肠切除术联合回肠储袋肛管吻合术（IPAA）作为溃疡性结肠炎（UC）和家族性腺瘤性息肉病（FAP）的首选手术方式，保留了正常消化通路，极大程度上改善了病人的长期生活质量。然而，IPAA不可避免地会带来相关并发症（如储袋炎等）。认识这些并发症并进行早期积极的处理，是提高IPAA治疗效果的关键。术后发生的近远期并发症可能归因于直肠黏膜残留或回肠储袋结构的改变，机制尚未明确，而慢性储袋炎和其他慢性炎症可增加储袋失败的风险，影响病人术后生活质量。通过不断更新的随访数据，临床医生须意识到储袋的建立并不意味UC治疗的终结，应更加关注术后长期随访监测。     

不同保肛术式对低位直肠癌术后排粪功能的影响

随着外科技术的进步和治疗方式的发展, 越来越多的低位直肠癌患者在不牺牲生存期的前提下实现了保留肛门的目的。但是低位直肠癌患者术后常出现排气排粪失禁、排粪频繁、排粪聚集和排粪急迫等功能障碍。低位直肠癌保肛手术的主要术式包括低位直肠前切除术(LAR)、经括约肌间切除术(ISR)和结肠肛管吻合术(Parks术)等。低位直肠癌行LAR的患者术后重度低位前切除综合征(LARS)的发生率高达84.6%。ISR术后排粪功能劣于LAR术, 且ISR手术范围越大, 术后功能更差。关于Parks术的排粪功能研究较少, 目前证据显示, 术后短期排粪功能劣于LAR, 但是随着时间延长, 功能可逐步恢复。结直肠外科医师尝试通过改变肠道重建方式改善患者术后排粪功能, 但是目前证据表明, 在LAR术中使用J型储袋或端侧吻合并未降低排粪障碍的发生率;ISR术中重建储袋也不能降低重度LARS的发生率。总而言之, 低位直肠癌患者术后排粪功能的保护, 任重而道远。     

全结肠直肠切除回肠储袋吻合方式的选择

近30年来,结肠直肠切除、回肠储袋．肛管吻合术（ileal pouch anal anastomosis,IPAA）或结肠直肠切除、回肠储袋．直肠吻合术（ilealpouch rectal anastomosis,IPRA）已越来越多地被外科医生应用于治疗家族性腺瘤性息肉病（familial adenomatous polyposis,FAP）和严重溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）等疾病,但是在这两种术式如何选择方面．长期以来一直存在着争议,客观公正地评价这两种术式的利弊．对正确选择术式很有意义．     

腹腔镜下全结直肠切除、回肠储袋肛管吻合术治疗溃疡性结肠炎38例临床疗效分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜下行全结直肠切除、回肠储袋肛管吻合术（IPAA）治疗溃疡性结肠炎（UC）的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析南京军区南京总医院普通外科2014年1月至2015年9月行腹腔镜下IPAA治疗的38例UC病人的术中和术后临床资料,探讨该术式的技术要点及治疗效果。结果 38例病人均成功实施 IPAA,34例病人实施腹腔镜下二期手术,4例病人实施三期手术,其中2例在第二期时中转开腹。22例为激素或挽救治疗失败的重症UC病人。手术中位时间为340（210～470）min。术后1例病人发生储袋肛管吻合口瘘,1例发生储袋顶端瘘,均经保守治疗治愈。术后3个月时随访病人平均排便次数为（4.75 ± 1.24）次/d,克利夫兰总体生活质量评价（CGQL）为0.85 ± 0.08。结论 采用腹腔镜技术行IPAA治疗UC安全可行,术后病人排便功能及生活质量满意。部分重度活动期UC病人也可实施二期手术。     

重建肠系膜下动脉⁃回结肠动脉增加回肠D型储袋血供 有效性及安全性分析

目的探讨肠系膜上下动脉双血供回肠D型储袋在溃疡性结肠炎(UC)和家族性腺瘤性息肉病(FAP)的有效性及安全性。方法采用描述性病例系列研究方法。回顾性总结武汉大学中南医院2018年4—9月期间接受肠系膜上下动脉双动脉血供回肠D型储袋肛管吻合术(D⁃IPAA)的4例UC和1例FAP患者临床及随访资料。观察指标:(1)术中及术后情况:手术情况、术中并发症、总手术时间、D型回肠储袋构建时间、D型回肠储袋容积、术中出血量、术后并发症及术后住院时间。(2)随访情况:采用门诊和电话方式进行随访,通过克利夫兰生活质量评分量表(CGQL)评估患者术后生活质量,采用Wexner评分法评估术后排粪功能,记录24 h及夜间排粪次数;随访截至2019年6月。结果5例患者中男2例,女3例,体质指数(18.0±2.5)kg/m2。均患有低蛋白血症,术前凝血功能正常,UC患者CGQL评分为(0.5±0.2)分,FAP患者CGQL评分0.7分。所有患者均顺利完成手术,术中一般状况可,手术时间(240±30)min,储袋构建时间(35±10)min,储袋容积(160±10)ml。首例UC患者出血量为600 ml,其余患者出血量均为(150±50)ml;1例UC患者术后出现盆腔感染,冲洗引流后痊愈,余无明显并发症发生,术后住院日为(17±3)d。随访1~9个月,均未出现肠梗阻、吻合口漏、储袋炎等近期并发症。术后1个月、3个月及9个月CGQL评分分别为(0.6±0.2)分、(0.7±0.1)分、(0.7±0.1)分,Wexner失禁评分分别为(3.5±0.8)分、(2.7±0.5)分、(2.5±0.6)分。24 h排粪次数分别为(5.4±0.9)次、(4.2±0.8)次、(3.5±0.6)次,夜间排粪次数分别为(2.0±0.6)次、(1.6±0.5)次、(1.5±0.5)次。结论UC和FAP患者完成全结肠直肠切除后,接受动脉双供血回肠D⁃IPAA,围手术期风险可控,安全可行,对储袋黏膜屏障有一定保护作用,可能有助于减轻缺血性储袋炎的发生。     

回肠J型储袋癌变的诊断与手术治疗策略

结直肠切除加回肠“J”型储袋肛管吻合术（ileal pouchanal anastomosis，IPAA）是目前溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis，UC）手术治疗的金标准。回肠储袋取代直肠成为蓄便器官后。其黏膜层的组织也逐渐发生适应性变化，演变成类似结肠黏膜的构造,使之能更有效地吸收粪便中的水分，增强储袋的蓄便功能。由于结直肠癌的发病率大大高于回肠癌，因此适应性变化后．类似结肠黏膜的储袋黏膜，在理论上可能会导致回肠“J”型储袋的癌变率升高。     

储袋炎及回肠肛管储袋功能障碍的诊断与治疗

对于经内科治疗无效或出现不典型增生的溃疡性结肠炎以及家族性腺瘤性息肉病患者．回肠储袋肛管吻合（IPAA）的重建性结直肠切除术已成为外科治疗的首选。但溃疡性结肠炎患者IPAA术后除了一般手术并发症外,还容易出现一系列炎性或非炎性并发症,如储袋炎、储袋克罗恩病、直肠残端封套炎或储袋易激综合征,从而影响患者的手术效果及生活质量。储袋炎是溃疡性结肠炎患者IPAA术后最常见的远期并发症．累计患病率可达50％。储袋镜是储袋功能障碍诊断及鉴别诊断的重要手段。储袋炎可根据病因分为“特发性”与“继发性”．其治疗也不尽相同。抗生素治疗是急性储袋炎的主要治疗方法．一些抗生素依赖的患者则需要长期的维持治疗。对抗生素耐药及依赖的储袋炎的处理是比较棘手的．另外．引起继发性储袋炎的病因亦需尽量发现并进行纠正。     

应用吻合器法改进回肠贮袋肛管吻合术的初步研究

全结肠、部分直肠切除、直肠黏膜剥除、回肠贮袋肛管手法吻合术（ileal pouch-anal anastomosis,IPAA）已成为治疗家族性腺瘤性息肉病（familial adenomatous polyposis,FAP）和溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）的标准术式,约50%的患者术后出现夜间的粪污。近年采用不剥离直肠黏膜、直接采用吻合器行保留肛门移行区（anal transitional zone,ATZ）的回肠贮袋肛管吻合术（ileal pouch anal canal anastomosis,IACA）,明显提高了术后的控便功能。     

二期与三期全结直肠切除联合回肠储袋肛管吻合术对溃疡性结肠炎临床结局影响比较分析

目的 比较溃疡性结肠炎（UC）行二期或三期全结直肠切除（TPC）联合回肠储袋肛管吻合术（IPAA）后的近期并发症及远期临床结局。方法 回顾性分析2014-2020年南京大学医学院附属金陵医院普通外科炎症性肠病治疗中心行TPC+IPAA的188例病人临床资料，比较术后近期（二期手术的第一期及三期手术的第一、二期）并发症及远期并发症。采用单因素分析、倾向值匹配分析和问卷调查观察病人术后并发症和远期生活质量。结果 188例病人中，136例（72.3%）病人实施二期IPAA，52例（27.7%）病人实施三期IPAA。三期手术的病人体重指数（BMI）、术前血红蛋白、术前白蛋白水平低于二期手术病人，而C-反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素（IL）-6、降钙素原增高（P均<0.05）。二期手术病人的Clavien-Dindo Ⅲa级以上近期并发症（储袋出血、切口感染、腹盆腔感染、肠梗阻、储袋相关瘘）、远期并发症（储袋炎、肠梗阻、储袋瘘、吻合口狭窄）发生率与三期手术病人比较差异无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。二期手术病人的24 h排便次数、夜间排便次数、生活质量评分、健康状况评分与三期手术病人差异无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。采用倾向值匹配分析后，两组术后近远期结局差异无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。二期手术病人的住院费用低于三期手术病人（P<0.05）。结论 IPAA是治疗UC的安全有效的手术方式，二期和三期手术的术后并发症无明显差异。     

全结直肠切除回肠储袋肛管吻合术治疗溃疡性结肠炎

全结直肠切除回肠储袋肛管吻合术（ileal pouch-anal anastomosis,IPAA）是溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）外科治疗的首选标准术式,该术式既可以彻底切除结直肠病变靶器官从而达到治愈疾病的目的,又因为完整保留了括约肌而保证了肛门自制功能,兼顾了治愈性和生活质量。由于其疗效满意,临床应用安全,已得到国内外的广泛认可。但是IPAA手术技术较复杂,学习曲线较长．需要有一定经验的专科医生来完成。现结合我们的临床体会谈一下IPAA治疗UC的相关问题。     

家族性腺瘤性息肉病的外科治疗

为了提高家族性腺瘤性息肉病（ＦＡＰ）的外科治疗效果，对１６例ＦＡＰ患者的外科治疗情况进行了回顾性总结。１６例中除１例行全结肠直肠切除、回肠造口外，其余１５例均行全结肠直肠切除、回肠贮袋肛管吻合术。贮袋式中Ｊ型３例、Ｈ型１例，Ｓ型１１例，术后全部患者获１～５年随访，随访结果表明，病人排便功能均较满意，其中以Ｓ型贮袋者为好。笔者认为全结肠直肠切除是治疗ＦＡＰ唯一彻底有效的方法，而回肠贮袋肛管吻合则是减少术后排便次数、提高术后生活质量的良好术式，并讨论了手术方式的选择、手术操作等     

全大肠切除回肠贮袋肛管吻合术的远期疗效评价

目的　探讨全大肠切除回肠贮袋肛管吻合术治疗溃疡性结肠炎 (UC)和家族性腺瘤性息肉病 (FAP)的远期疗效。方法　 1985～ 2 0 0 2年间共对 6 1例患者行全结肠直肠切除回肠贮袋肛管吻合术 ,其中UC 2 5例、FAP 34例、其他 2例 ,应用S袋 2 5例、S J袋 13例、J袋 17例以及W袋 6例 ,术后随诊 1～ 18年、平均 8年 ,比较分析术后控便功能及并发症。结果　全部患者存活。并发症发生率为 16 % ( 10 / 6 1) ,其中UC患者 ( 2 4 % ,6 / 2 5 )高于FAP患者 ( 12 % ,4 / 34) ,W袋高于其他各袋 ,手法吻合 ( 2 0 % ,8/ 4 1)高于吻合器吻合 ( 10 % ,2 / 2 0 ) ,但差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。术后 2 4h大便次数平均为 4 2次。日间 84 % ( 4 3/ 5 1)、夜间 75 % ( 38/ 5 1)的患者排便能自控 ,6 % ( 3/ 5 1)的患者有明显的大便失禁。大部分患者对目前的生活质量表示满意。结论　全大肠切除回肠贮袋肛管吻合术治疗可维持UC与FAP患者肛管自控功能和可接受的大便次数 ,术后并发症较少 ,是较为理想的手术方式     

家族性腺瘤性息肉病两种术式的对比研究

目的探讨家族性腺瘤性息肉病采用回肠贮袋肛管吻合术与回肠直肠吻合术两种术式的手术效果。方法回顾性分析两组在手术结果、术后排便功能和生活质量的差异。结果30例患者中行回肠直肠吻合术12例,贮袋吻合术18例,术后无死亡,无吻合口瘘等严重并发症,均无膀胱和性功能障碍。平均住院时间、手术时间和失血量直接吻合组优于贮袋组(P<0 01),在并发症发生率、术后排气排便时间和肠蠕动次数两组相似(P>0 05)。随访时间最短6个月,最长16年。3例(25% )直接吻合者术后直肠息肉癌变需切除直肠。两种术式的术后排便功能相似,仅在白天排便次数和肛周刺激方面IRA组优于IPAA组(P<0 05)。结论两组患者术后排便功能和术后生活质量相似,但回肠贮袋肛管吻合术可减少术后残留的直肠黏膜癌变机会,因而是较理想的手术方式。     

Ileal pouch anal anastomosis in pediatric familial adenomatous polyposis: A 24-year review of operative technique and patient outcomes

Background

Total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the operative procedure of choice for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients. We review 24 years of operative experience and outcomes in pediatric patients with FAP.

Methods

Patients with FAP, age < 20 years, presenting to a single institution between 1987 and 2011 were included. Operative technique and outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. Primary outcomes included postoperative complications (30 days), long-term bowel function, and polyp recurrence at the anal anastomosis.

Results

95 patients with FAP underwent IPAA. Mean age at IPAA was 15.5 years with a mean follow-up of 7.6 years. 29 patients underwent 1-stage IPAA, 65 patients had a two-stage IPAA, and 1 patient underwent a 3-stage procedure. 67 patients had an open procedure, 25 underwent a laparoscopic approach, and more recently 3 patients underwent single incision laparoscopic IPAA. Patients with 1-stage IPAA demonstrate better long term bowel control vs. 2-stage IPAA patients (10.7% vs. 36.0% occasional incontinence, p = 0.018). However, 1-stage IPAA patients suffered increased short-term complications, such as anastomotic leak (17.2% vs. 0%, p = 0.002) and reoperation (20.7% vs. 4.6%, p = 0.02) compared to 2-stage IPAA. Anal anastomosis polyp recurrence occurred in 22.7% of 1-stage patients and 10.0% of 2-stage patients. Short-term complications, polyp recurrence, or long-term continence were equivalent between open and laparoscopic cases.

Conclusion

Single-stage IPAA in children with FAP is associated with better bowel control but increased anastomotic leak, reoperative rate, and polyp recurrence. In experienced hands, laparoscopic IPAA is equivocal to open IPAA.     

The ileo-anal pouch procedure: Complications, quality of life, and long-term results

The ileo-anal pouch procedure: Complications, quality of life, and long-term results. Restorative proctocolectomy with construction of an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has evolved as the surgical therapy of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). 662 patients (493 UC, 169 FAP) consecutively received IPAA. Marked differences were observed between UC and FAP patients regarding the rates of overall complications (33.1 % vs. 12.5 %), pouchitis (29 % vs. 2 %), and pouch extirpation (3.2 % vs. 0.6 %). Pouchitis occurred as primary (79 %) and secundary (21 %) form, with acute (67.2 %) or chronic (32.8 %) course. Each form and course required specific therapy. Chronic pouchitis implies the risk of malignant transformation of the pouch mucosa. Quality of life improves significantly after IPAA in patients with UC and is equal to that in normal individuals, in UC and FAP, if postoperative complications are either prevented or under control.     

Laparoscopic total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis: initial experience in Mexico

Background Since the introduction of laparoscopic colectomy in 1991, experience in laparoscopic bowel surgery has gradually increased. Several reports from specialized centers have demonstrated that laparoscopic colorectal resections are feasible and safe, providing an acceptable alternative to laparotomy for a variety of diseases. Some studies have shown the feasibility, safety, and good functional outcome of the minimally invasive procedures for ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). No known studies have investigated laparoscopic proctocolectomy in México. This report aims to describe the first laparoscopic proctocolectomies with ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) performed at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ). Methods All the patients in the authors’ institution who underwent a one- or two-stage laparoscopic total proctocolectomy with IPAA between June 2005 and December 2006 were included in the study. All the operations were performed by the same surgeon, who had already completed the learning curve for colorectal laparoscopic procedures. Results For the study, 10 patients underwent a laparoscopic proctocolectomy with IPAA by a single surgeon. Eight of the patients underwent a one-stage procedure, whereas two patients with severe colitis underwent a two-step procedure. All the cases were managed with a diverting loop ileostomy. Six patients underwent a standard double-stapled IPAA anastomosis, and two patients with FAP underwent a mucosectomy with a manual IPAA anastomosis. The mean operative time was 187 min, and the mean blood loss was 46 ml. There were two postoperative complications. One patient presented with an early small bowel obstruction due to an internal hernia, which required reoperation. The other complication was a wound infection. The mean return to oral intake was 1.5 days, and the mean length of hospital stay was 3.4 days. Conclusion Although this was not a comparative study and although sample size imposed limitations, with this preliminary data, we conclude that the laparoscopic approach to UC and FAP at our institution is safe, feasible, and effective. However, to achieve the benefits in postoperative outcome, this procedure should be performed only by experienced laparoscopic surgeons.     

Postoperative defecatory function of an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis after a restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis: evaluation using fecoflowmetry

An ileal pouch is usually reconstructed as an alternative to a neorectum after a total proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the real defecatory function of an ileal pouch is uncertain. This study was designed to analyze the functional and clinical outcomes after a proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for UC using fecoflowmetry (FFM). Sixteen patients who underwent IPAA for UC between 1990 and 2005 were studied. They were evaluated by FFM, together with Kelly's clinical score (KCS), and anorectal manometric assessments were also performed. FFM showed that the fecoflow pattern (FFP) of 14 patients (87%) was the block type and of 2 patients (13%) was the segmental type. The clinical score and tolerance volume showed no improvement 1 year or more after IPAA. However, the value of the maximum fecal stream flow rate (Fmax) improved with time. FFM shows that the defecatory function improved after IPAA, and it may therefore contribute to a good long-term outcome after the surgery.     

Complications after proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in pediatric patients: A systematic review

Background/purposeColectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the standard of care for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). The rates of postoperative complications are not well established in children. The objective of this systematic review is to establish benchmark data for morbidity after pediatric IPAA.MethodsPubMed, Embase, and The Cochrane Library were searched for studies of colectomy with IPAA in patients ≤ 21 years old. UC studies were limited to the anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents era (1998–present). All postoperative complications were extracted.ResultsThirteen studies met the inclusion criteria (763 patients). Compared to patients with FAP, UC patients had a higher prevalence of pouch loss (10.6% vs. 1.5%). Other major complications such as anastomotic leak, abscess, and fistula were uncommon (mean prevalence 4.9%, 4.2%, and 5.0%, respectively, for patients with UC; 8.7%, 4.2%, and 4.3% for FAP). The most frequent complication was pouchitis (36.4% of UC patients).ConclusionsDevastating complications from colectomy and IPAA are rare, but patients with UC have poorer outcomes than those with FAP. Much of the morbidity may therefore stem from patient or disease factors. Multicenter, prospective studies are needed to identify modifiable risks in patients with UC undergoing IPAA.Level of evidencePrognostic, level II.     

结肠成型袋对改善中低位直肠癌术后排便功能的作用

目的：探讨结肠成型袋对改善中低位直肠癌术后排便功能的作用。方法：将62例中下段直肠癌患者根据消化道重建方法分为两组,32例行传统的结肠断端与直肠肛管直接端端吻合（CAA组）,30例断端结肠先行结肠成型术制成结肠贮袋再与直肠肛管行端端吻合（TCP组）。分别于术后1、3、6、9个月和1年、1年半对排便功能进行评估,比较两组的手术并发症和排便功能指标。结果：CAA组和TCP组平均大便次数：术后6个月分别为5次和2次（P〈0.001）,术后1年分别为3次和1次（P〈0.05）,术后1年半均为2次（P〉0.05）。TCP组定性排便控制能力近期优于CAA组。结论：中下段直肠癌低位前切除结肠成型术后直肠肛管吻合不增加手术并发症,在术后第1年内有明显改善排便功能的作用。     

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??Laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis: An analysis of clinical outcomes in 38 patients GONG Jian-feng, WEI Yao, GU Li-li, et al. Department of General Surgery, the General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command of PLA, Nanjing 210002, China
Corresponding author: ZHU Wei-ming, E-mail: juwiming@126.com
Abstract Objective To investigate the feasibility and outcome of laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods The clinical data of 38 patients undergoing laparoscopic IPAA in Department of General Surgery, the General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command of PLA from January 2014 to September 2015 were analyzed retrospectively, and technical notes were summarized. Results Laparoscopic IPAA was performed in 34 patients with two-stage surgery , 4 patients with three-stage surgery, and 2 patients had conversion. Twenty-two patients had acute severe UC with intravenous steroid or salvage therapy failure. Median operation time was 340 (210—470) min. Two fistulas occurred after surgery, one at pouch-anal anastomosis and one at the tip of the pouch. Both were successfully treated non-operatively. Defecation frequency 3 months after surgery was 4.75 ± 1.24 times per day. The mean Cleveland Global Quality of Life was 0.85 ± 0.08. Conclusion Laparoscopic IPAA for UC is safe and feasible, and postoperative defecation and quality of life are satisfactory. A two-stage surgery is suitable for selected patients with acute severe UC.