急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者临床特点分析

目的 分析急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者的临床特点.方法 对211例NSTEMI和急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)116例患者行冠状动脉造影、超声心动图检查,采集病史和症状特征进行分析.结果 与STEMI患者相比,NSTEMI患者危险因素较多,梗死后心绞痛常见,重度冠状动脉病变和三支病变多见,对心功能影响相对较小.结论 NSTEMI患者冠状动脉病变严重,梗死后心肌缺血常见,应重视对其治疗.     

非急性心肌梗死性ST段抬高

因冠状动脉急性闭塞导致的急性心肌梗死常出现ST段抬高,大量循证医学证明再灌注时间是决定这类患者预后的重要因素,目前指南要求接触患者的医务人员需在十分钟之内决定是否需要进行再灌注治疗,主要依据胸痛的临床表现和心电图出现ST段抬高作出判断。     

非ST段抬高心肌梗死抗血小板治疗的护理观察

目的：观察阿司匹林和氯吡格雷治疗急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死的安全性,总结护理要点。方法：选择非ST段抬高心肌梗死病人76例,采用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷及低分子肝素、抗心绞痛药物等治疗,并进行严密的护理观察。结果：通过治疗和护理,病人的临床症状得到明显改善,且对凝血指标影响不大,活化部分凝血活酶时间由（35±4．1）8延长到（38±5．2）8（P〈O．05）。结论：在常规抗心绞痛治疗基础上加用抗血小板药物对非ST段抬高心肌梗死的治疗安全有效。因抗血小板药物会引起出血,对这类病人要加强护理。     

Antithrombotic therapy for non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction

Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is an acute life-threatening event which has a high rate of recurrence. Combined antithrombotic therapy (including cacetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, heparins and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists) substantially reduced major coronary events during the acute phase of coronary heart disease with a good tolerance because of the short duration of such aggressive strategy. The combined antithrombotic strategy also allows to increase the benefit of an early invasive strategy including coronary angiogram with stent percutaneous coronary angioplasty which recent trials have shown that to be preferable to a conservative approach in these high risk patients. Antithrombotic and antiplatelet therapy in association with coronary revascularization play an important role in the prevention of an adverse outcome. Recently, clopidogrel has been shown reduce recurrent ischaemic events, both early and during the first year after non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. An ideal antithrombotic and antiplatelet strategy will reduce events before revascularization, enhance the revascularization procedure without excessive bleeding.     

ST elevation acute myocardial infarction accelerates non-culprit coronary lesion atherosclerosis

The previously study found, using a mouse model, that acute myocardial infarction accelerated atherosclerosis. This study assessed whether ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) accelerates the progression of non-culprit coronary lesion (NCCL) in patients who underwent percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Four hundred and forty-nine patients who underwent successful PCI with stents and follow-up coronary angiography in a single center were enrolled. The NCCL progression was assessed using three-dimensional quantitative coronary angiography and was defined as ≥10 % diameter reduction of a preexisting stenosis ≥50, ≥30 % diameter reduction of a stenosis <50 %, development of a new stenosis ≥30 % in a previously normal segment, or progression to total occlusion. The patients were classified into two groups according to whether the progression existed or not. The median age of patients was 58.4 years. The mean angiographic follow-up period was 12.3 months, 134 (29.8 %) patients had NCCL progression. Multivariate Cox regression analysis (step-wise) showed that STEMI was the only independent determinant of NCCL progression. Compared to the other coronary artery disease group, the crude hazard ratio (HR) of NCCL progression for the STEMI group was 3.20 (95 % CI 2.27–4.50; p < 0.001), and the association remained significantly after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, SBP, DBP, serum lipids, fasting blood glucose, peak monocyte count, smoking, drinking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and lesion characteristics of NCCL (adjusted HR 3.56, 95 % CI 2.41–5.27; p < 0.001). The ST elevation acute myocardial infarction accelerates non-culprit coronary lesion atherosclerosis.     

急性ST抬高心肌梗死心电图心肌缺血分级的临床意义

目的 通过对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者入院时心电图QRS波群变化进行缺血分级,探讨缺血分级的临床意义.方法 STEMI患者105例,根据入院时心电图QRS波群变化进行缺血分级:2级缺血组(56例);3级缺血组(49倒).所有患者于梗死后2周行99m锝-甲氧基异丁基异腈(99mTc-MIBI)心肌灌注断层显像(SPECT)和99m锝-红细胞(99mTc-RBC)心血池显像,测定心肌梗死面积和心功能;住院期间观察并发症的发生率.结果 入院时心电图,3级缺血组ST段抬高的幅度(∑ST)显著大于2级缺血组(0.75±0.56)mV vs (0.50±0.32) mV,肌酸激酶同工酶(338±112) U/L vs(178±92)U/L和肌钙蛋白峰值(21.4±11.0)μg/L vs(9.2±5.4)μg/L显著高于2级缺血组(P＜0.05),心肌梗死面积大于2级缺血组(18.82±8.76)％vs(14.75±6.24)％(P＜0.05),而左心室射血分数低于2级缺血组(P＜0.05);在住院并发症包括心律失常发生率、心力衰竭或心源性休克的发生率、住院病死率、室壁瘤发生率方面,3级缺血组均显著高于2级缺血组(P＜0.05);而再梗死发生率,3级缺血与2级缺血组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 入院时心电图呈3级缺血的急性STEMI患者心肌梗死面积大,心功能和预后差,需要采取更加积极的治疗措施.     

aVR导联ST段抬高在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死中的意义

目的 分析急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者aVR导联ST段抬高(aVRSTE)对左主干病变或等同病变的诊断价值及预后的预测价值. 方法 对入选140例患者,行心肌酶检测、心电图、急诊冠状动脉造影及超声心动图检查[均在冠造术后(10±2)d].分析aVRSTE(≥>0.5 mm)对STEMI患者左主干病变(左主干急性闭塞或狭窄≥50%)或左前降支近端急性闭塞、次全闭塞(被定义为左主干等同病变)的诊断价值,并比较aVRSTE和不抬高患者的KILLIP分级及心脏收缩功能. 结果 (1)aVRSTE诊断左主干病变的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为72.73%(8/1)、83.72%(108/129)、27.59%(8/29)、97.30%(108/111);(2)aVRSTE诊断左主干病变或等同病变的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为41.86%(18/43)、88.66%(86/97)、62.07%(18/29)、77.48%(86/111);(3)aVRbqE联合STaVR-STv1>0诊断左主干病变的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为63.64%(7/11)、98.45%(127/129)、77.78%(7/9)、96.95%(127/131);(4)按aVR导联ST段是否抬高分为抬高组29例,非抬高组111例.两组KILLIP分级(P<0.05)和左室射血分数[(53.29±11.29)%vs.(59.45±10.17)%,P<0.05]差异具有统计学意义. 结论 在STEMI患者中:(1)若aVRSTE,考虑左主干病变或左前降支近端急性病变可能性大,若ST aVR-STv1>0,则进一步支持左主干病变;(2)aVILSTE者近期心脏收缩功能损害较无抬高者明显,预后可能较差.     

替格瑞洛在高龄急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者早期介入治疗中的疗效及安全性

目的评价替格瑞洛在高龄(≥75岁)急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者早期(发病24 h内)介入治疗(PCI)中的有效性及安全性。方法连续入选85例资料齐全行早期PCI的高龄NSTEMI的患者,随机分为替格瑞洛组和氯吡格雷组。随访6个月,比较2组患者术中无复流或慢血流的发生情况,发生典型心绞痛、非致死性心肌梗死、心力衰竭和心源性死亡等主要心脏不良事件(MACE)的发生率,出血、药物不良反应情况,以及左室舒张末期内径(LVDD)、左室射血分数(LVEF)等指标变化情况。结果替格瑞洛组术中发生梗死溶栓试验血流分级(TIMI)2级、TIMI心肌灌注分级(TMP)3级的比例显著低于氯吡格雷组(P0.05)。随访6个月,替格瑞洛组总MACE发生率显著低于氯吡格雷组(P0.05)。2组患者术后严重出血发生率无显著差异(P0.05)。2组发生呼吸困难等药物不良反应情况有显著差异(P0.05)。替格瑞洛组LVEF优于氯吡格雷组。结论对于高龄NSTEMI患者早期行PCI时,替格瑞洛可以获得更好的心肌水平再灌注,且不增加严重出血情况的发生,降低总心脏不良事件的发生。     

Gender differences in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging after acute myocardial infarction

Besides different risk profiles for cardiovascular events in men and women, several studies reported gender differences in mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). As infarct size has been shown to correlate with mortality, it is widely accepted as surrogate marker for clinical outcome. Currently, cardiovascular imaging studies covering the issue of gender differences are rare. As magnetic resonance scar characterization parameters are emerging as additional prognostic factors after acute myocardial infarction, we sought to evaluate gender differences in CMR infarct characteristics in patients after acute myocardial infarction. We prospectively analyzed patients (n = 448) with AMI and primary angioplasty, who underwent contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging on a 1.5 T scanner in median 5 [Galatius-Jensen et al. in BMJ 313(7050):137–140, (1996), Burns et al. in J Am Coll Cardiol 39(1):30–36, (2002)] days after the acute event. CMR scar size was measured 15 min after gadolinium injection. In addition presence and extent of microvascular obstruction (MVO) was assessed. A matched pair analysis was performed in order to exclude confounding by gender related co-morbidities and gender differences in established clinical risk factors. Matching process according to clinical risk defined by GRACE score resulted in 93 mixed gender couples. Women were significantly older than men (64.4 ± 11.9 vs. 60.5 ± 12.3, p = 0.03) and presented with a significantly better ejection fraction before angioplasty (48.9 ± 8.4 vs. 46.2 ± 8.9, p = 0.04). Infarct size did not differ significantly between women and men (13.5 ± 10.7 vs. 15.1 ± 11.8, p = 0.32). Size of MVO was significantly smaller in women than in men (0.48 ± 1.3 vs. 1.2 ± 3.0, p = 0.03). Comparing scar characterization between women and men with similar risk profiles revealed no gender differences in scar size. Size of MVO, however, was significantly smaller in women and might reflect better cardioprotective mechanisms in women. Whether these changes have prognostic implications has to be tested on a larger patient population.     

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance of myocardial infarction after blunt chest trauma: a heartbreaking soccer-shot

Late gadolinium enhanced (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has proven to be the gold standard for viability assessment. LGE CMR is also useful for identifying the nature of cardiac masses or lesions. We report a case of a rare primary cystic tumor of the atrioventricular node, in which CMR proved to be valuable.     

重组人组织型纤溶酶原激酶衍生物治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的护理

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死是一种发病急、致死率高的心血管疾病,其发病机制主要是急性血栓形成导致的冠状动脉完全闭塞。急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死治疗的主要策略是尽早完全疏通梗死的相关动脉,使血流重建,恢复组织水平的血液再灌注,以挽救濒死的心肌,防止梗死扩大或缩小心肌缺血范围,保护和维持心脏功能,降低致死率^[1],主要治疗手段是静脉溶栓和行经皮冠状动脉介入术。目前临床上特别是基层医院应用最多的是溶栓治疗。早期溶栓治疗应用于临床以来,大大降低了急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的致死率,提高了患者的生存机会和生命质量,是一种有效的治疗措施。重组人组织型纤溶酶原激酶衍生物是第三代纤维蛋白选择性溶解药物,具有纤维蛋白选择性强、出血率低、半衰期长的特点,用于急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的早期溶栓治疗中,可使栓塞的血管再通,及时恢复血液供应,对患者急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的急救及存活患者长期生活质量的改善均有十分重要的意义,已成为临床首选药物^[2]。近年来我院采用重组人组织型纤溶酶原激酶衍生物对急性心肌梗死患者进行溶栓治疗,取得了良好的治疗效果。现将2014年5月-2015年4月收治的21例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者应用重组人组织型纤溶酶原激酶衍生物溶栓治疗的护理体会报告如下。     

Prognosis of early pre-discharge and late left ventricular dilatation by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after acute myocardial infarction

The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging - To study the long-term prognosis of early pre-discharge and late left ventricular (LV) dilatation in patients with first ST-elevation...     

Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings in non-ST-segment elevation versus ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing early invasive intervention

To define causes and pathological mechanisms underlying differences in clinical outcomes, we compared the findings of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) between ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). In 168 patients undergoing early invasive intervention for STEMI (n = 113) and NSTEMI (n = 55), CE-MRI was performed a median of 6 days after the index event. Infarct size was measured on delayed-enhancement imaging, and area at risk (AAR) was quantified on T2-weighted images. The median infarct size was significantly smaller in the NSTEMI group than in the STEMI group (10.7% [5.6–18.1] vs. 19.2% [10.3–30.7], P < 0.001). Although there was a trend toward a greater myocardial salvage index ([AAR ? infarct size] × 100/AAR) in the NSTEMI group compared to the STEMI group (48.2 [30.4–66.8] vs. 40.5 [24.8–53.5], P = 0.056), myocardial salvage index was similar between the groups in patients with anterior infarction (39.6 [20.0–54.9] vs. 35.5 [23.2–53.4], P = 0.96). The NSTEMI group also had a significantly lower extent of microvascular obstruction and a smaller number of segments with >75% of infarct transmurality relative to the STEMI group (0% [0–0.6] vs. 0.9% [0–2.3], P < 0.001 and 3.0 ± 2.3 vs. 4.6 ± 2.9, P = 0.001, respectively). Myocardial hemorrhage was detected less frequently in the NSTEMI group than the STEMI group (22.6% vs. 43.8%, P = 0.029). In the multivariate analysis, baseline Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 3 and hemorrhagic infarction were closely associated with ST-segment elevation (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.13–0.81, P = 0.017; OR 5.66, 95% CI 1.77–18.12, P = 0.003, respectively). In conclusion, in vivo pathophysiological differences revealed by CE-MRI assessment include more favorable infarct size, AAR, myocardial salvage and reperfusion injury in patients with NSTEMI compared to those with STEMI undergoing early invasive intervention.     

Gender disparity in emergency department non-ST elevation myocardial infarction management

Background

Many studies have looked at differences between men and women with acute coronary syndrome. These studies demonstrate that women have worse outcomes, receive fewer invasive interventions, and experience delay in the initiation of established medical therapies.

Objective

Using innovative technology, we set out to unveil and resolve any gender disparities in the evaluation and treatment of patients presenting with a positive troponin while in the emergency department. Our goal was to assess the feasibility of using a business management query system to create an automated data report that could identify deficiencies in standards of care and be used to improve the quality of treatment we provide our patients.

Methods

Over a 12-month period, key markers for patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) were tracked (e.g., time to electrocardiogram, door to medications). During this time, educational endeavors were initiated utilizing McKesson’s Horizon Business Insight™ (McKesson Information Solutions, Alpharetta, GA) to illustrate gender differences in standard therapy. Subsequently, indicators were evaluated for improvement.

Results

Substantial improvements in key indicators for management of NSTEMI were obtained and gender differences minimized where education was provided.

Conclusion

The integration of these information systems allowed us to create a successful performance improvement tool and, as an added benefit, nearly eliminated the need for manual retrospective chart reviews.     

ST段抬高型与非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死的比较研究

现在普遍的观点认为，炎症反应、脂质代谢、斑块动力学、血小板和凝血系统相互联系、相互作用，导致斑块破裂、血小板聚集和血栓扩展，最终引发急性心肌梗死（AMI）。AMI可归结为长期缺血所致心肌细胞死亡，心电图ST—T变化可反映出心肌缺血的特征。为了采取不同对策早期积极干预AMI，临床上根据患者发病时心电图ST段的变化特点，将心肌梗死分为ST段抬高型和非ST段抬高型两型。ST段抬高型与非ST段抬高型AMI的临床表现、病理生理机制、治疗方法都有所不同，但对两者的合并症、冠状动脉（冠脉）血管病变特点、发生部位及预后是否存在差异尚很少报道。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死PPCI后发生再灌注心律失常的危险因素分析

目的分析急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者在经直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PPCI)后再灌注心律失常(RA)的发生率及危险因素。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年5月188例经PPCI治疗的STEMI患者的临床资料。利用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析STEMI患者经PPCI治疗后发生RA的危险因素。结果 188例STEMI患者中,87例发生RA设为RA组,未发生RA的101例设为对照组。单因素分析显示,RA组有吸烟史、合并高血压病、合并2型糖尿病、血管开通时间<6 h、合并低钾血症、罪犯血管为右冠患者占比以及肌红蛋白水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,合并高血压病、合并2型糖尿病、血管开通时间<6 h、合并低钾血症、罪犯血管为右冠是影响STEMI患者PPCI后发生RA的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论对于采取PPCI治疗的STEMI患者,合并高血压病、合并2型糖尿病、血管开通时间<6 h、合并低钾血症、罪犯血管为右冠可增加RA的发生。     

Treatment of patients with unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction

Emergency department (ED) management of patients who present with suspected unstable angina (UA) and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is especially challenging. Therapies that demonstrate benefit in patients who experience proven disease may not be indicated in patients who present with suspected disease. The emergency practitioner must have a clear understanding of the benefit and harm of each therapy, allowing formulation of a simple approach to treatment selection based on disease presentation. This article reviews current literature and discusses the treatment recommendations from the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) for patients who experience UA and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).     

早期不同治疗方法对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死的疗效分析

目的探讨早期不同的治疗方法对急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死的疗效和安全性。方法将69例急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMl)按治疗方法的不同分为急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗组(PCI组)22例,早期药物溶栓治疗组14例,普通药物治疗组33例,分析不同治疗的急性心肌梗死患者的血管再通率、住院时间和并发症的发生率。结果平均住院时间急诊PCI组和溶栓治疗组明显短于常规治疗组;急诊PCI组血管再通率显著高于溶栓治疗组;急诊PCI组手术后获得前向血流TIMI3级100%,急诊PCI组住院死亡率显著低于其他两组,分别为0.0%,7.1%,12.1%。急诊PCI组治疗后ST段回落50%时间、胸痛缓解时间、CKMB达峰时间与溶栓治疗组比较有显著性差异。结论 STEMI行急诊PCI治疗优于溶栓和常规治疗。急诊PCI可以显著降低急性心肌梗死患者的住院病死率。