Release of matrix metalloproteinases following alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVES: This study examined plasma levels of certain matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) species before and after alcohol-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases contribute to tissue remodeling, and endogenous control of MMP activity is achieved by the concordant release and binding of TIMPs. Animal models of MI have demonstrated a role for MMP activation in myocardial remodeling. However, the temporal relationship of MMP and TIMP release following a controlled myocardial injury in humans remains unknown. METHODS: Plasma levels for the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, and for the collagenases MMP-8 and MMP-13, as well as TIMP-1 profiles were examined (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) at baseline and serially up to 60 h following alcohol injection into the septal perforator artery in order to induce an MI in 51 patients with HOCM (age 55 +/- 2 years). RESULTS: Plasma creatine kinase (MB isoform), indicating myocardial injury, increased 2,150% 18 h post-MI (p < 0.05). Plasma MMP-9 increased by over 400% and MMP-8 by over 100% from baseline values by 12 h post-MI (p < 0.05 vs. baseline). A similar temporal profile was not observed for MMP-2 and MMP-13. In addition, a concomitant increase in plasma TIMP-1 levels did not occur post-MI. As a result, MMP/TIMP stoichiometry (MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio) increased significantly post-MI, suggestive of reduced TIMP-1 mediated MMP-9 inhibition, which would potentially enhance extracellular myocardial remodeling. CONCLUSIONS: These unique results demonstrated that induction of a controlled myocardial injury in humans, specifically through alcohol-induced MI, caused species- and time-dependent perturbations of MMP/TIMP stoichiometry that would facilitate myocardial remodeling in the early post-MI setting.     

Serum profiles of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitor in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The effects of short-term atorvastatin administration

There is increasing evidence that abnormal cytokine expression and increased metalloproteinase activity are implicated in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes. This study investigates the serum profiles of representative metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -2, -9) and their tissue inhibitor (TIMP-1) in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and unstable angina (UA) in relation to circulating proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha and IL-6) activity. Furthermore, we examined the effects of a 30-day treatment with atorvastatin on serum levels of these inflammatory factors. Serum concentrations of MMP-1, -2, -9, TIMP-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were measured (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method) in 23 acute myocardial infarction patients and 20 unstable angina patients on 0 day, 1st, 3rd, 7th and 30th day after admission. Sixteen normal volunteers were used as healthy controls. Additionally, 12 patients of myocardial infarction group and 11 patients of unstable angina group were treated with atorvastatin (20 mg/day) for 30 days in a randomized design. In patients with myocardial infarction and unstable angina, serum levels of MMP-2, -9, TIMP-1, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were significantly higher than those of healthy controls in all time frames (p<0.05). In the group of unstable angina patients, we observed a statistically significant reduction in the levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and IL-6 after the 30-day atorvastatin administration. Our results suggest that serum MMPs, TIMP-1 and proinflammatory cytokines play an important role in the pathophysiology of the acute coronary syndromes. The reduction of these factors by short-term atorvastatin administration may provide a new insight into the pleiotropic effects of statins on unstable coronary artery disease.     

白细胞介素-10对急性心肌梗死后细胞外基质重构影响的实验研究

目的 观察白细胞介素-10(IL-10)对大鼠急性心肌梗死后心肌基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2、9,金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子(TIMP)-1表达及胶原代谢的作用,探讨其对急性心肌梗死后心肌基质重构的影响.方法 18只大鼠随机分为假手术组、MI/AAV2转染组作为对照和MI/AAV2-IL-10转染组,每组6只.结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支建立急性心肌梗死动物模型,同时应用基因重组2型腺相关病毒(AAV-2)携带IL-10基因转染心肌组织.RT-PCR和ELISA观察心肌IL-10 mRNA和蛋白的表达.逆转录聚合酶链反应、免疫印迹法、明胶酶谱、免疫组化检测转染后心肌组织表达MMP-2、9,TIMP-1,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原水平的变化.结果 心肌梗死5 d后,MI/AAV2-IL-10组检测到IL-10 mRNA和蛋白的表达;MI/AAV2组较假手术组心肌MMP-2、9,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原表达明显升高;而MI/AAV2-IL-10组较MI/AAV2组梗死心肌各部位MMP-2、9表达减少,TIMP-1表达升高,其中,梗死边缘区的MMP-2表达降低14.6%(P＜0.01),MMP-9降低24.7%(P＜0.01),TIMP-1升高73.1%(P＜0.01),Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原表达分别下降了47.6%(P＜0.01)、23.6%(P＜0.05),Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原比值下降.结论 IL-10通过对MMP/TIMP的作用,改善大鼠急性心肌梗死后心肌胶原沉积和组织重构.     

Plasma MMP-9 and MMP-2 following acute myocardial infarction in man: correlation with echocardiographic and neurohumoral parameters of left ventricular dysfunction

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular dilatation and elevated plasma natriuretic peptide levels predict adverse prognosis and the development of congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction. Altered matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity has been implicated in the structural changes associated with development of heart failure after myocardial injury. The aims of this study were to investigate plasma MMP-2, MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 concentrations following acute myocardial infarction and their relationships with measures of left ventricular function. METHODS AND RESULTS: Plasma MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and N-terminal proBNP (N-BNP) were quantified on 5 consecutive days in 60 patients with acute myocardial infarction (39 anterior). N-BNP was measured on day 3. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular wall motion index and volumes was performed during admission and 6 weeks later. Plasma MMP-9 showed peaks on days 1 and 4. MMP-2 levels, similar on each day, were higher after inferior myocardial infarction. Plasma MMP-2 showed strong, inverse correlation with left ventricular volumes during and after admission. Plasma MMP-9 correlated directly with N-BNP (P=.022) and inversely with wall motion index during admission (P=.05). TIMP-1 levels were higher after anterior (1269, 870-1466 ng/mL) compared with inferior (1183, 856-1419 ng/mL, P=.05) acute myocardial infarction and fell from day 1 through 5 (P <.0005). CONCLUSION: Plasma MMP-9 concentration correlates with neurohormonal and echocardiographic measures of left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Higher left ventricular volumes are associated with lower plasma MMP-2 concentrations. Circulating MMP concentrations may provide insights into left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction.     

基质金属蛋白酶及抑制剂在心肌梗死后心室重构中的作用

目的　研究大鼠心肌梗死后外源性基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂 (多西环素 ,Doxycycline)在心室重构中的作用。方法　 70只SD大鼠随机分为对照组 (10只 )、手术对照组 (9只 )、心肌梗死后 1天组 (10只 )、心肌梗死后 1周组 (10只 )、心肌梗死后 2周组 (8只 )、心肌梗死后 4周组 (7只 )、治疗 2周组 (8只 )和治疗 4周组 (8只 ) ,采用免疫组织化学、酶谱法、免疫印迹 (WesternBlotting)、逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)和AcusonSequoia 5 12超声心动图仪分别测定胶原含量 ,Ⅰ Ⅲ胶原比例、基质金属蛋白酶 2 ,9(MMP 2 ,9)蛋白和mRNA的变化规律及心功能。结果　多西环素治疗后 ,胶原含量明显减少 ,Ⅰ Ⅲ胶原比例下降得以改善 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,MMP 2 ,9蛋白和mRNA在心肌梗死后活性减少 ,基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂 1蛋白含量和mRNA转录无明显变化 ,治疗组心功能在术后 4周得以改善。结论　多西环素治疗后MMP 2 ,9的mRNA转录减少 ,MMP 2 ,9活性降低 ,胶原含量减少 ,Ⅰ Ⅲ胶原比例恢复 ,这些影响可能是其改善心肌梗死后心室重构的机制之一。     

心肌梗死患者右心房基质金属蛋白酶表达水平的变化

目的 研究冠心病心肌梗死(MI)患者右心房组织基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)及其抑制剂(TIMP)的基因表达,探讨其与右心房结构重构的关系.方法 选取因冠心病接受冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的患者40例,其中MI 22例,不稳定性心绞痛(UA)组18例,术前进行超声心动图检查.于开胸手术时取右心耳标本,分别进行免疫组织化学染色检查、荧光定量PCR方法检测标本中MMP-1、MMP-3、MMP-7、MMP-9及TIMP-1表达.结果 MI组左右心房内径及左心室内径均大于UA组[左心房内径:(40.8±4.2)mm比(33.1±5.1)mm,P<0.01;右心房内径:(44.1±6.8)mm比(28.8±6.0)mm,P<0.01;左心室内径:(48.9±6.0)mm比(39.7±7.1)mm,P<0.01],心房组织中MMP-3、MMP-9及TIMP-1基因表达高于UA组(MMP-3:0.39±0.18比0.28±0.07,P<0.05:MMP-9:0.81±0.21比0.55±0.20,P<0.01;TIMP-1:1.79±0.89比0.94±0.47,P<0.01),MMP-1、MMP-7基因表达有增加趋势,但差异无统计学意义.结论 冠心病心肌梗死患者右心房组织MMP及TIMP表达水平的升高与右心房重构相关.     

冠状动脉支架置入术后患者基质金属蛋白酶变化对再狭窄的影响

目的探讨急性冠状动脉综合征患者支架置入术后基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-3、MMP-9及基质金属蛋白组织抑制剂(TIMP-1)水平变化及其对术后再狭窄的影响。方法选择急性冠状动脉综合征患者255例(治疗组)支架置入术前、术后即刻、术后8、48 h和术后1周的股动脉血标本,采用ELISA法检测标本中MMP-3、MMP-9和TIMI-1水平;其中99例患者随访5～9个月后行冠状动脉造影术,根据冠状动脉造影术结果分为再狭窄患者20例,非再狭窄患者79例;另选同期行冠状动脉造影术结果完全正常者50例为对照组。结果与对照组比较,治疗组患者术前MMP-3和MMP-9水平升高(P<0.01),而TIMP-1水平差异无统计学意义。与术前比较,治疗组患者MMP-3和MMP-9水平明显升高,48 h达高峰,1周时仍明显升高,TIMP-1水平也具有类似的变化,但升高时间延迟。与非再狭窄患者比较,再狭窄患者随访时MMP-3和MMP-9均明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 MMP-3和MMP-9水平升高参与急性冠状动脉综合征患者支架置入术后的病理生理过程,并可能是术后再狭窄的预测因素。     

Evolution of matrix metalloprotease and tissue inhibitor expression during heart failure progression in the infarcted rat

OBJECTIVE: Characterize the timecourse of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, -11, -12, -13, and -14) and endogenous tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4) upregulation during left ventricular (LV) remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. METHODS: The descending left coronary artery of male rats (Rattus norvegicus) was ligated to produce a MI. LV function and dilation were assessed from 1 day to 16 weeks post-MI. Protein and mRNA extraction was done on LV samples containing scar and myocardium together. Gelatinase activity was measured by zymography. Westerns were run on the MMPs known to cleave fibrillar collagen in the rat (MMP-8, -13, and -14) as well as TIMP-1, -2, and -4. RESULTS: Average infarct size was 38.6+/-1.1%, and produced LV dysfunction and progressive LV dilation. Thoracic ascites, a marker of congestive heart failure (HF), was not present until 12 weeks post-MI. Upregulation of MMP-2, -8, -9, -13, and -14 and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was detected at different timepoints during HF progression. Increased MMP protein levels occurred sometimes without a corresponding elevation in mRNA levels, and increased TIMP mRNA levels without increased protein levels. MMP-13 active form was elevated during the first 2 weeks post-MI while TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 protein levels were not significantly elevated until 2 weeks post-MI. MMP-8 and MMP-14 protein levels increased later during heart failure progression. CONCLUSION: MMP/TIMP upregulation evolves over time following infarction in the rat LV. Some MMPs were significantly elevated during the first week post-MI (MMP-13, -2, and -9) and another was not until 16 weeks post-MI (MMP-14). The dissociation between LV MMP/TIMP mRNA and protein levels shows that post-translation processing occurs in the rat heart.     

Lower serum concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-3 in the acute stage of myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVES: The importance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the progression and rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque is gaining increasing recognition but the mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of MMP-3 in the acute phase of myocardial infarction (MI) and the influence of the -1612 5A/6A MMP-3 gene promoter polymorphism on serum MMP-3 concentration. SUBJECTS: One-hundred and sixty-four patients admitted with ST-elevation MI and receiving thrombolysis treatment were included in this study. Serum MMP-3 was analysed at admission, after 48 h and at 3 months. RESULTS: Serum MMP-3 concentration was significantly increased at 3 months when compared with admission and 48 h (19.5 ng mL(-1) [14.4-24.7] vs. 15.5 ng mL(-1) [10.5-21.8] at admission, P < 0.001; and 14.7 ng mL(-1) [9.9-23.8] at 48 h, P < 0.001). Furthermore, we found the -1612 5A/6A polymorphism to influence the serum concentration of MMP-3 at all time-points: 14.1 ng mL(-1) [10.2-18.8] in 5A/5A; 19.6 ng mL(-1) [15.0-24.4] in 5A/6A; and 24.0 ng mL(-1) [20.1-32.3] in 6A/6A genotype at 3 months (P < 0.001 between all groups). Female patients had lower serum MMP-3 concentration than male patients at all time-points (14.8 ng mL(-1) [9.4-20.8] vs. 19.9 ng mL(-1) [16.0-26.9], P < 0.0001 at 3 months). CONCLUSIONS: Serum concentration of MMP-3 is significantly lower in the acute stage of MI than during recovery and is significantly influenced by -1612 5A/6A genotype and gender. Together with previous findings, these results primarily implicate MMP-3 in atherosclerosis progression rather than in acute MI.     

Matrix metalloproteinases: significance in remodeling of the myocardium in valvular heart disease

AIM: To assess concentration of metalloproteinase (MMP) -9 and its inhibitor in blood serum of patients with defects of left cardiac chambers, associated with pressure or volume overload. RESULTS: Elevation of MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio at the account of MMP-9 was characteristic for patients with volume overload while elevation of blood serum level of TIMP-1 was characteristic for patients with pressure overload. MMP-9/TIMP-1 coefficient was directly related to left ventricular myocardial mass index and negatively related to myocardial contractile capacity. In patients with aortic stenosis elevation of TIMP-1 content was associated with lowering of global left ventricular contractility. Concentration of MMP-9 in blood serum and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio depended on etiology of valvular heart disease. Values of the given parameters were maximal in patients with mesenchymal dysplasia and sclerodegenerative calcinosis of the aortic valve. CONCLUSION: Serum levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1, as well as MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio reflect type and severity of hypertrophy of the myocardium and can be looked upon as markers of myocardial remodeling.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂对梗死心脏纤连蛋白的调节

目的探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)受体(AT1,AT2)拮抗剂对梗死心脏心肌基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)及细胞外基质纤连蛋白(fibronectin,FN)的影响。方法结扎大鼠左冠状动脉建立心肌梗死模型,术前7天起分别用安慰剂、AT1受体拮抗剂缬沙坦(10mg.kg-1.d-1)、AT2受体拮抗剂PD123319(30mg.kg-1.d-1)。术后1、3、7天免疫沉淀法分别检测左心室游离壁(LVFW)、室间隔、右室壁心肌组织基质金属蛋白酶MMP-2、3、9及基质金属蛋白酶抑制物-1(TIMP-1)及细胞外基质FN的表达,免疫荧光检测LVFW、室间隔、右心室心肌FN的分布。结果术后7天右心室心肌排列基本正常,室间隔心肌肥厚,LVFW心肌有不同程度的坏死、肥厚及纤维化。术后1、3、7天室间隔MMP-2、3、9蛋白表达呈逐渐增加的趋势,TIMP-1及FN表达逐渐减少,各时相点与基础值相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术后1、3、7天LVFWMMP-2、3、9蛋白表达一直处于高水平,TIMP-1和FN蛋白表达处于低水平,各时相点与基础值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。FN在右心室心肌组织中表达较多,其次为室间隔和LVFW,MMP-2、3、9表达与FN表达结果相反。室间隔和LVFWMMP表达,手术+缬沙坦组低于手术组和手术+PD123319组(均P<0.01),手术组与手术+PD123319组比较差异无统计学意义。手术+缬沙坦组室间隔及LVFWFN表达高于手术组和手术+PD123319组(P<0.01),手术组与手术+PD123319组比较差异无统计学意义。手术组心肌梗死面积(51.0%±2.8%)高于手术+缬沙坦组(40.4%±2.1%,P<0.05),手术组与手术+PD123319组(49.5%±2.1%)比较,差异无统计学意义。结论血管紧张素Ⅱ受体AT1拮抗剂通过增加MMP-2、3、9的表达而降解心肌细胞外基质FN参与心肌重构的病理过程,进一步恶化心功能。     

Time dependent alterations of serum matrix metalloproteinase-1 and metalloproteinase-1 tissue inhibitor after successful reperfusion of acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that changes in serum matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) after acute myocardial infarction reflect extracellular matrix remodelling and the infarct healing process. PATIENTS: 13 consecutive patients with their first acute myocardial infarction who underwent successful reperfusion. METHODS: Blood was sampled on the day of admission, and on days 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, and 28. Serum MMP-1 and TIMP-1 were measured by one step sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Left ventricular volume indices were determined by left ventriculography performed four weeks after the infarct. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of both MMP-1 and TIMP-1 changed over time. The average serum MMP-1 was more than 1 SD below the mean control values during the initial four days, increased thereafter, reaching a peak concentration around day 14, and then returned to the middle control range. Negative correlations with left ventricular end systolic volume index and positive correlations with left ventricular ejection fraction were obtained for serum MMP-1 on day 5, when it began to rise, and for the magnitude of rise in MMP-1 on day 5 compared to admission. Serum TIMP-1 at admission was more than 1 SD below the mean control value, and increased gradually thereafter, reaching a peak on around day 14. Negative correlations with left ventricular end systolic volume index and positive correlations with left ventricular ejection fraction were obtained for serum TIMP-1 on days 5 and 7, and for the magnitude of rise in TIMP-1 on days 5 and 7 compared to admission. CONCLUSIONS: Both MMP-1 and TIMP-1 showed significant time dependent alteration after acute myocardial infarction. Thus MMP-1 and TIMP-1 may provide useful information in evaluating the healing process as it affects left ventricular remodelling after acute myocardial infarction.     

Circulating level of gelatinase activity predicts ventricular remodeling in patients with acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) plays an important role in the development of ventricular remodeling in an animal model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We examined whether circulating MMP activity can predict left ventricular (LV) remodeling after AMI in humans. METHODS: We measured the circulating level of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities (gelatinase activity) at 14 days after the onset of AMI by gelatin zymography in 52 consecutive patients (age 62+/-2). All patients underwent direct PTCA and stenting at an acute stage, and were treated subsequently with losartan or enalapril. Biplane left ventriculography was performed at admission, and 2 weeks and 6 months after the onset of AMI. RESULTS: We expressed gelatinolysis activity as the ratio to MMP-2 standard. Mean gelatinase activity was 0.721+/-0.013. We divided patients into two groups, groups with gelatinolysis activity <0.72 (low group, n=27) and >0.72 (high group, n=25). Either change in LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI, ml/m(2)) or end-systolic volume index (LVESVI, ml/m(2)) from admission to 2 weeks was not different between the two groups. Changes in both LVEDVI and LVESVI from 2 weeks to 6 months were greater in high gelatinolysis activity group than those in low activity group. Moreover, circulating level of gelatinolysis activity was positively correlated with changes in LVEDVI and LVESVI from 2 weeks to 6 months. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that circulating level of gelatinase activity can predict LV remodeling after AMI. Inhibition of gelatinase activity at the acute phase may be a therapeutic strategy for the prevention of remodeling after AMI.     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者支架植入术后再狭窄与基质金属蛋白酶相关性的研究

目的 测定急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)支架植入术后再狭窄患者动脉血基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-3、-9及其组织抑制剂TIMI-1水平变化,初步分析支架内再狭窄与基质金属蛋白酶水平之间可能存在的相关性. 方法 132例ACS患者,分别收集其冠状动脉内支架植入术前和术后即刻、8、48 h和1周的股动脉血标本,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测MMP-3、MMP-9和TIMI-1水平;随访5～10个月后行冠状动脉造影,根据造影结果分为再狭窄组21例,非再狭窄组111例,均于造影术前股动脉采集动脉血标本重复指标测定.50例冠状动脉造影正常者为对照组. 结果 与对照组比较,ACS组动脉血MMP-3和MMP-9浓度明显升高[MMP-3:(15.99±4.30)ng/L与(4.86±2.98)ng/L,t=2.290,P=0.022;MMP-9:(1.41±3.06)ng/L与(3.79±1.46)ng/L,t=2.011,P=0.041],TIMP-1浓度有升高趋势.支架植入术后MMP-3和MMP-9水平均较术前明显升高,48 h达到高峰,1周时仍明显升高,TIMP-1水平也具有类似的变化,但高峰时间延迟.再狭窄组术前MMP-9水平较非再狭窄组升高[(17.94±6.44)ng/L与(9.93±2.19)ng/L,t=3.180,P=0.003],而两组间术前MMP-3和TIMP-1水平差异无统计学意义;随访时再狭窄组MMP-3和MMP-9水平均较非再狭窄组明显升高[MMP-3:(21.66±2.72)ng/L与(14.27±1.28)ng/L,t=2.181,P=0.033;MMP-9:(22.81±5.31)ng/L与(12.10±2.76)ng/L,t=2.108,P=0.039],而TIMP-1水平差异无统计学意义. 结论 动脉血MMP-3和MMP-9水平升高可能参与了ACS患者支架置入术后的病理、生理过程,并可能与术后再狭窄的发生有一定相关性.     

血清基质金属蛋白酶9和组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂1与急性脑梗死的临床关系

目的探讨脑梗死患者血清基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)和组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂1(TIMP-1)的动态变化及对临床预后的影响。方法选择急性脑梗死患者60例,按照TOAST分型方法将脑梗死患者分为3组,心源性脑栓塞(CE)组,大动脉粥样硬化性卒中(LAA)组,腔隙性脑梗死(SA)组,每组20例;另选健康体检者20例作为对照组,分别测定急性脑梗死患者发病24 h内,第5、10天的血清MMP-9、TIMP-1含量,记录患者入院时的美国国立卫生研究所脑卒中量表(NIHSS)评分;记录发病1、6个月时的Barthal指数(BI)来评价顸后。结果发病后24 h内,脑梗死各组患者血清MMP-9、TIMP-1含量较对照组均明显升高(P<0.05),其中,CE组和LAA组MMP-9、TIMP-1含量持续至第5天仍未下降.而SA组已逐渐降至正常水平。发病后24 h内血清MMP-9含量与相应时间段NIHSS评分呈正相关。近期预后较好患者发病24 h内血清MMP-9含量明显低于预后较差患者(P<0.05)。结论MMP-9与病情的严重程度有关。脑梗死后24 h内的血清MMIP-9含量是预后的独立预测因素。     

Effect of pegylated interferon alpha 2b plus ribavirin treatment on plasma transforming growth factor-β1, metalloproteinase-1, and tissue metalloproteinase inhibitor-1 in patients with chronic hepatitis C

AIM: To evaluate the effect of antiviral treatment on plasma levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in patients with chronic hepatitis C.METHODS: TGF-beta1, MMP-1, and TIMP-1 plasma concentrations were measured by an enzyme immunoassay in 28 patients, during 48 wk of treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha 2b (PEG-IFN-alpha2b) plus ribavirin (RBV) and after 24 wk of follow-up. Patients were divided into two groups: responders (R) and non-responders (NR) related to achieved sustained virologic response. Normal values were evaluated in plasma samples of 13 healthy volunteers.RESULTS: Baseline plasma concentrations of TGF-beta1 and TIMP-1 (30.9+/-3.7 and 1 506+/-61 ng/mL respectively) measured in all subjects significantly exceeded the normal values (TGF-beta1: 18.3+/-1.6 ng/mL and TIMP-1: 1 102+/-67 ng/mL). In contrast, pretreatment MMP-1 mean level (6.5+/-0.9 ng/mL) was significantly lower than normal values (11.9+/-0.9 ng/mL). Response to the treatment was observed in 12 patients (43%). TGF-beta1 mean concentration measured during the treatment phase decreased to the control level in both groups. However at wk 72, values of NR patients increased and became significantly higher than in R group. TIMP-1 concentrations in R group decreased during the treatment to the level similar to normal. In NR group, TIMP-1 remained significantly elevated during treatment and follow-up phase and significant difference between both groups was demonstrated at wk 48 and 72. MMP-1 levels were significantly decreased in both groups at baseline. Treatment caused rise of its concentration only in the R group, whereas values in NR group remained on the level similar to baseline. Statistically significant difference between groups was noted at wk 48 and 72.CONCLUSION: These findings support the usefulness of TGF-beta1, TIMP-1, and MMP-1 in the management of chronic hepatitis C. Elevated TIMP-1 and low MMP-1 plasma concentrations during antiviral therapy may indicate medication failure.     

Nicorandil suppresses the increases in plasma level of matrix metalloproteinase activity and attenuates left ventricular remodeling in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Nicorandil, a hybrid K_ATP channel opener and nicotinamide nitrate, reduces no-reflow phenomenon and improves cardiac function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We repoted that nicorandil suppresses radical formation in patients with AMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that nicorandil treatment suppresses MMP activities and predicts ventricular remodeling in AMI. Sixty-two patients with AMI were randomized into nicorandil pretreatment (n = 31) and control (n = 31) groups after admission and underwent primary PCI. Nicorandil was administered as a bolus injection (4 mg) followed by constant infusion (8 mg/h) for 24 h just after admission. On days 1, 2, and 14 after the onset of AMI, the plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the activities by gelatin zymography. There were no differences in the baseline clinical characteristics between the two groups. On day 1, there were no differences in both MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels and their activities between the two groups. However, both MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels and their activities were significantly lower in nicorandil than in control group on day 2 (MMP-2 level, 1 014 ± 39 vs 1 174 ± 44 ng/ml; MMP-9 level, 17 ± 1 vs 23 ± 2 ng/ml; both P < 005) and on day l4 (MMP-2 level, 970 ± 38 vs 1 221 ± 44 ng/ml; MMP-9 level, 17 ± 1 vs 23 ± 1 ng/ml; both P < 0.05). Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) at acute phase was not different between the two groups. At 6 months after AMI, LVEDVI was significantly smaller in nicorandil than in the control group (83 ± 4 vs 96 ± 4 ml/m², P < 0.05). The change in LVEDVI from acute phase to 6 months was positively correlated with MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels and activities. Nicorandil suppresses the increases in MMP levels and activities and prevents the development of ventricular remodeling in AMI.     

Effect of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber on blood metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 plays a role in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber (PMX-F) treatment improves circulatory disturbance and oxygenation in ARDS patients. We aimed to assess whether PMX-F treatment alters the blood MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 levels in ARDS patients. METHODS: Twelve ARDS patients who received PMX-F treatment and 20 healthy control volunteers were included in this study. PMX-F was carried out twice at a rate of 100 ml/min for 2 h with a time interval of 24 h. Blood MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels were measured before and after PMX-F treatment. We monitored blood pressure and the PaO2/FiO2 (PF) ratio before and after PMX-F treatment. RESULTS: The mortality of ARDS patients after PMX-F treatment was 16.7%. Chest X-ray abnormalities were ameliorated in surviving patients after PMX-F treatment. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased significantly after PMX-F treatment (p < 0.01). The PF ratio also increased significantly after PMX-F treatment (p < 0.01). Blood MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels in ARDS patients (126.4 +/- 36.4 and 326.5 +/- 52.5 ng/ml) were significantly higher than in controls (34.5 +/- 12.5 and 160.5 +/- 24.5 ng/ml; p < 0.01). PMX-F treatment reduced these levels significantly (the first treatment: MMP-9 85.4 +/- 28.6 ng/ml, p < 0.05, TIMP-1 265.8 +/- 36.6 ng/ml, p < 0.05; the second treatment: MMP-9 56.5 +/- 18.8 ng/ml, p < 0.01, TIMP-1 220.6 +/- 30.5 ng/ml, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that MMP-9 and TIMP-1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of ARDS and that PMX-F treatment ameliorated increased MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels in ARDS patients.     

Plasma matrix metalloproteinase and inhibitor profiles in patients with heart failure

BACKGROUND: Changes in myocardial matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) have been demonstrated in congestive heart failure (CHF). The first objective of this study was to measure plasma profiles of MMPs and TIMPs in CHF patients (n = 24; 62 +/- 3 years; left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] = 24 +/- 2%) and age-matched nonfailing patients (n = 48; 63 +/- 2 years; LVEF >/= 55%). Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha can induce MMP expression in vitro. The second objective of this study was to determine the relationship between soluble TNF-alpha receptors (TNFR1; TNFR2) and MMP plasma profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS: Plasma levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-8, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TNF-alpha, TNFR1, and TNFR2 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Plasma MMP-9 levels were increased in CHF patients (25 +/- 6 versus 72 +/- 15 ng/mL, P <.05). Interestingly, plasma levels of MMP-8 were decreased in CHF patients (16 +/- 2 versus 9 +/- 2 ng/mL, P <.05). The MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was increased by 3-fold, whereas the MMP-9/TIMP-2 ratio was increased by 16-fold in CHF patients (both P <.05). With a 48-week follow-up in CHF patients, an absolute reduction in plasma TNFR1 from baseline was accompanied by reduced MMP-9 levels (-30 +/- 16 ng/mL; P =.058), whereas stable or increased plasma TNFR1 resulted in persistently elevated MMP-9 levels. CONCLUSIONS: The unique findings of this study were 2-fold. First, a discordant change in plasma MMP and TIMP levels occurred in CHF patients. Second, changes in cytokine activity were related to changes in plasma MMP levels. These changes in MMP/TIMP levels likely reflect the progression and/or acceleration of the LV remodeling process in CHF. Thus serial measurements of plasma MMP/TIMP levels may hold diagnostic/prognostic significance in CHF patients.     

Multinucleate giant cells release functionally unopposed matrix metalloproteinase-9 in vitro and in vivo

Multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) are characteristic of granulomatous inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, the major monocyte-derived matrix metalloproteinase, is key in inflammatory tissue damage. At 72 h, MGCs secrete 153 +/- 2.5 ng/mL MMP-9, compared with 115 +/- 3.8 ng/mL during macrophage differentiation (P<.05). In contrast, the level of MGC secretion-specific tissue inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, is lower (P<.05). Mature MGCs secrete constitutively greater concentrations of MMP-9 than do monocytes or macrophages (P<.05). MGCs in tuberculous lymph-node biopsy samples express high MMP-9 levels adjacent to areas of necrosis, whereas TIMP-1 is not detected. Thus, MGCs are potentially important sources of MMP-9 secretion and may contribute to inflammatory tissue damage in human tuberculosis.