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1.
Katherine Pearson Dereje Habte Mulat Zerihun Jonathan D King Teshome Gebre Paul M Emerson Mark H Reacher Jeremiah M Ngondi 《Ethiopian journal of health sciences》2013,23(2):131-140
Background
Surgery to correct trachomatous trichiasis (TT) is recommended to prevent blindness caused by trachoma. This study evaluated the outcomes of community-based trichiasis surgery with absorbable sutures, conductd in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia.Methods
A simple random sample of 431 patients was selected from surgical campaign records of which 363 (84.2%) were traced and enrolled into the study. Participants were interviewed and examined for trichiasis recurrence, complications of TT surgery and corneal opacity. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between trichiasis recurrence, corneal opacity and explanatory variables at the eye level.Results
The prevalence of trichiasis recurrence was 9.4% (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 6.6–12.8) and corneal opacity was found in 14.3% (95% CI 10.9–18.3) of the study participants. The proportion of participants with complications of TT surgery was: granuloma 0.6% (95% CI 0.1–2.0); lid closure defects 5.5% (95% CI 3.4–8.4) and lid notching 16.8% (95% CI 13.1–21.1). No factors were identified for trichiasis recurrence. Corneal opacity was associated with increased age (Ptrend=0.001), more than 12 months post surgery (OR=2.7; 95%CI 1.3–5.6), trichiasis surgery complications (OR=2.9; 95%CI 1.4–5.9) and trichiasis recurrence (OR=2.5; 95%CI 1.0–6.3).Conclusion
Prevalence of recurrent trichiasis and granuloma were lower than expected but higher for lid closure defects and lid notching. The majority of the participants reported satisfaction with the trichiasis surgery they had undergone. The findings suggest that recurrence of trichiasis impacts on the patients'' risk of developing corneal opacity but longitudinal studies are required to confirm this. 相似文献2.
Background
Low vision and blindness are recognized as one of the major public health problems worldwide, especially in developing countries. The prevalence and cause of blindness and low vision vary from region to region, among different age and population groups in a country or geographical region. The objective of this study is thus to determine the causes of blindness and ocular morbidity among refugees in Southwest Ethiopia.Methods
A cross-sectional clinic based study was conducted on 1,054 refugees in Southwest Ethiopia. A basic anterior and posterior segment examination was done by ophthalmologists with Magnifying Loupe 2.5X and Direct Ophthalmoscope. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0.Results
The most common causes of ocular morbidity identified were trachoma 547(21.2%), cataract 501(19.4%), refractive error 353(13.7%), conjunctivitis 240(9.3%), glaucoma 130(5.1%) and climatic droplet keratopathy 112(4.4%). The overall prevalence of blindness was 26.2% and the prevalence of childhood blindness was 0.7%. The prevalence was higher among females (16.9%) than males (9.3%) and age groups 60 years and above (15.9%) than other age groups (10.3%) (P<0.05). The overall prevalence of low vision was 25.8% and the prevalence of low vision in pediatric age group was 0.9%. The leading causes of blindness were cataract 112(40.6%), trachomatous corneal opacity 58(21.0%) and glaucoma 49(17.8%). The commonest cause of low vision was cataract 102(37.6%) followed by trachomatous corneal opacity 49(18.1%) and refractive error 35(12.9%).Conclusions
There is a very high burden of blinding eye diseases among refugees. Integrated multidisciplinary intervention strategies for the prevention and control of blindness and low vision in the study settings should be initiated. 相似文献3.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Depression in Ethiopia: A Review 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Tesera Bitew 《Ethiopian journal of health sciences》2014,24(2):161-169
4.
L. L. Bawo A. D. Harries T. Reid M. Massaquoi R. Jallah-Macauley J. J. Jones C. S. Wesseh J. Enders L. Hinneh 《Public Health Action》2012,2(4):112-116
Setting:
St John’s District, Grand Bassa County, Liberia.Objectives:
In households with children aged <5 years, to examine the coverage and use of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs), factors associated with non-use and the characteristics and conditions of bed nets.Design:
Cross-sectional study involving interviews with mothers and visual inspection of LLINs.Results:
Of 663 households visited, 492 (74%) had no LLIN and 135 (20%) had one LLIN. Of 171 households with LLINs, these were consistently used by 73 (43%) children. The main reasons for inconsistent use included LLINs being old or damaged, and LLINs generating too much heat for 20–30% of children. Visual inspection of LLINs in 130 households showed that 98% of LLINs were white, 20% were not hung above the child’s sleeping place, 30% had holes, 84% were double-bed sized and 82% had been washed in the previous 6 months.Conclusion:
Despite reports of 100% LLIN coverage in St John’s District, this study showed that only a quarter of households had an LLIN, over half of the children used LLINs inconsistently and the LLINs had several deficiencies. More surveys should be conducted to determine the true coverage of LLINs in Liberia, and measures must be taken to improve the use of LLINs. 相似文献5.
Naseer Ahmad G Neil Thomas Paramjit Gill Colin Chan Francesco Torella 《Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine》2014,107(12):483-489
Objective
We describe the prevalence of major lower limb amputation across England and its relationship with revascularisation, patient demography and disease risk factors.Design
Retrospective cohort study.Setting
England 1 April 2003 to 31 March 2009.Participants
Patients aged 50–84 years.Main outcome measures
Age standardised prevalence rates were calculated using Hospital Episode Statistics as the numerator with census data as the denominator. The outcome measure ‘amputation with revascularisation’ was created if an amputation could be linked with a revascularisation. Logistic regression determined the odds of having an amputation with a revascularisation across England. Regression was performed unadjusted and repeated after controlling for demographic (age, sex, social deprivation) and disease risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, smoking).Results
There were 25,312 amputations and 136,215 revascularisations, and 7543 cases were linked. The prevalence rate per 100,000 (95% confidence intervals) for amputation was 26.3 (26.0–26.6) with rates significantly higher in Northern England (North: 31.7; 31.0–32.3, Midlands: 26.0; 25.3–26.7, South: 23.1; 22.6–23.5). The revascularisation rate was 141.6 (140.8–142.3) with significantly higher rates again in Northern England (North: 182.1; 180.5–183.7, Midlands: 121.3; 119.8–122.9, South 124.9; 123.9–125.8). The odds of having an amputation with a revascularisation remained significantly higher in the North (OR 1.22; 1.13–1.33) even after controlling demographic and disease risk factors.Conclusions
There is a North–South divide in England for both major lower limb amputation and revascularisation. The higher odds of having an amputation with a revascularisation in the North were not fully explained by greater levels of deprivation or disease risk factors. 相似文献6.
Yuko Kachi Toshiaki Otsuka Tomoyuki Kawada 《Journal of epidemiology / Japan Epidemiological Association》2015,25(7):463-469
Background
Socioeconomic status (SES) as a determinant of obesity has received scant attention in Japan. This study examined the association between SES and overweight among Japanese children and adolescents.Methods
Cross-sectional analyses of a representative sample of Japanese children (6–11 years: n = 397) and adolescents (12–18 years: n = 397) were performed, with measured heights and weights from the 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the 2010 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions. Overweight, including obesity, was defined by International Obesity Task Force cut-offs. SES indicators included household income, equivalent household expenditure, parental educational attainment, and parental occupational class.Results
Overweight prevalence was 12.3% in children and 9.1% in adolescents. Adolescents living in middle-income households were more likely to be overweight than those living in high-income households (OR 2.26, 95% CI, 1.01–5.67) after adjustment for age, sex, and parental weight status. Similarly, adolescents living in households with low expenditure levels were more likely to be overweight than those living in households with high expenditure levels (OR 3.40, 95% CI, 1.20–9.60). In contrast, no significant association was observed among children.Conclusions
Our results indicated that low household economic status was associated with being overweight, independent of parental weight status, among Japanese adolescents.Key words: socioeconomic status, overweight, children, adolescent, Japan 相似文献7.
8.
Md Mizanur Rahman Stuart Gilmour Eiko Saito Papia Sultana Kenji Shibuya 《Bulletin of the World Health Organization》2013,91(6):449-458
Objective
To investigate self-reported illness and household strategies for coping with payments for health care in a city in Bangladesh.Methods
A cluster-sampled probability survey of 1593 households in the city of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, was conducted in 2011. Multilevel logistic regression – with adjustment for any clustering within households – was used to examine the risk of self-reported illness in the previous 30 days. A multilevel Poisson regression model, with adjustment for clustering within households and individuals, was used to explore factors potentially associated with the risk of health-care-related “distress” financing (e.g. paying for health care by borrowing, selling, reducing food expenditure, removing children from school or performing additional paid work).Findings
According to the interviewees, about 45% of the surveyed individuals had suffered at least one episode of illness in the previous 30 days. The most frequently reported illnesses among children younger than 5 years and adults were common tropical infections and noncommunicable diseases, respectively. The risks of self-reported illness in the previous 30 days were relatively high for adults older than 44 years, women and members of households in the poorest quintile. Distress financing, which had been implemented to cover health-care payments associated with 13% of the reported episodes, was significantly associated with heart and liver disease, asthma, typhoid, inpatient care, the use of public outpatient facilities, and poverty at the household level.Conclusion
Despite the subsidization of public health services in Bangladesh, high prevalences of distress financing – and illness – were detected in the surveyed, urban households. 相似文献9.
10.
Cumberland P Hailu G Todd J 《Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene》2005,99(2):120-127
Trachoma is the most important infectious cause of blindness worldwide. In two rural populations in Ethiopia, a programme of preventative and treatment measures was initiated in May 2002. A baseline survey was conducted to evaluate the effect of this programme on the prevalence of active trachoma. A total of 1960 children aged 3-9 years, from 915 households in 40 communities, were examined for the presence of active trachoma. Demographic and household information was collected using questionnaires and household amenities and environmental conditions were observed. Overall, 72% of children had active trachoma. Twenty percent of children aged nine years had trachomatous scarring. In children, discharge in the eyes and flies on the eyes were significant indicators of trachoma (odds ratio [OR] = 3.0, 95% CI 1.94-4.55 and OR = 3.4, 95% CI 2.37-4.88, respectively). Frequency of washing children, a clean environment and hygienic disposal of excrement were significant preventative factors for active trachoma. Prevalence of active trachoma varies widely between and within districts. Risk factors comprise a mix of individual characteristics and household factors. This study demonstrates the need for broad target interventions and a flexible approach to the prevention of trachoma in high prevalence endemic rural populations. 相似文献
11.
Yu Liu Meng Dai Yufang Bi Min Xu Yu Xu Mian Li Tiange Wang Fei Huang Baihui Xu Jie Zhang Xiaoying Li Weiqing Wang Guang Ning 《Journal of epidemiology / Japan Epidemiological Association》2013,23(2):115-121
Background
The effect of active smoking on development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is controversial, and there are limited clinical data on the relationship between passive smoking and NAFLD. We investigated whether active and passive smoking are associated with NAFLD.Methods
A total of 8580 subjects (2691 men) aged 40 years or older participated in a community-based survey in Shanghai, China. Information on active and passive smoking was collected using a validated questionnaire. NAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal B-mode ultrasound testing and serum liver enzymes.Results
NAFLD prevalence was 29.4% in never smokers, 34.2% in former smokers, 27.8% in light smokers (<20 cigarettes/day), 30.8% in moderate smokers (20–39 cigarettes/day), and 43.5% in heavy smokers (≥40 cigarettes/day). Fully adjusted logistic regression analyses revealed that, as compared with never smoking, former and heavy smoking were associated with increased risk of prevalent NAFLD, with odds ratios of 1.45 (95% CI 1.05–2.00) and 2.29 (95% CI 1.30–4.03), respectively. Active smoking and body mass index (BMI) had a synergistic effect on the risk of prevalent NAFLD; the combination of these risk factors was associated with the highest observed odds ratio for NAFLD: 8.58. In never-smoking women, passive smoking during both childhood and adulthood was associated with a 25% increase in the risk of prevalent NAFLD (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.05–1.50) as compared with no passive smoking.Conclusions
Passive smoking and heavy active smoking are associated with prevalent NAFLD in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Active smoking and BMI have a synergistic effect on prevalent NAFLD.Key words: active tobacco smoking, passive tobacco smoking, fatty liver 相似文献12.
Ahmed Ehsanur Rahman Md Moinuddin Mitike Molla Alemayehu Worku Lisa Hurt Betty Kirkwood Sanjana Brahmawar Mohan Sarmila Mazumder Zulfiqar Bhutta Farrukh Raza Sigilbert Mrema Honorati Masanja Daniel Kadobera Peter Waiswa Rajiv Bahl Mike Zangenberg Lulu Muhe 《Bulletin of the World Health Organization》2014,92(9):664-671
Objective
To investigate the clinical characteristics of children who died from diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries, such as the duration of diarrhoea, comorbid conditions, care-seeking behaviour and oral rehydration therapy use.Methods
The study included verbal autopsy data on children who died from diarrhoea between 2000 and 2012 at seven sites in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Pakistan, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania, respectively. Data came from demographic surveillance sites, randomized trials and an extended Demographic and Health Survey. The type of diarrhoea was classified as acute watery, acute bloody or persistent and risk factors were identified. Deaths in children aged 1 to 11 months and 1 to 4 years were analysed separately.Findings
The proportion of childhood deaths due to diarrhoea varied considerably across the seven sites from less than 3% to 30%. Among children aged 1–4 years, acute watery diarrhoea accounted for 31–69% of diarrhoeal deaths, acute bloody diarrhoea for 12–28%, and persistent diarrhoea for 12–56%. Among infants aged 1–11 months, persistent diarrhoea accounted for over 30% of diarrhoeal deaths in Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. At most sites, more than 40% of children who died from persistent diarrhoea were malnourished.Conclusion
Persistent diarrhoea remains an important cause of diarrhoeal death in young children in low- and middle-income countries. Research is needed on the public health burden of persistent diarrhoea and current treatment practices to understand why children are still dying from the condition. 相似文献13.
Objectives
Sex steroid hormones may explain known gender-related variations in asthma prevalence and clinical manifestation. We investigated the relationship between use of hormonal contraceptives and asthma in women, and assessed evidence of biological interaction between use of hormonal contraceptives and body mass index in this relationship.Design
Population-based analysis using data from serial (i.e. 2003, 2008 and 2010) Scottish Health Surveys.Setting
Random samples of the Scottish general population.Participants
A total of 3257 non-pregnant, 16–45-year-old women.Exposure
Current use of hormonal contraceptives.Main outcome measures
Self-reported current physician-diagnosed asthma, current wheezing symptoms, wheezing attacks and treatment for asthma or wheeze.Results
Women comprising 30.9% (95% confidence interval 29.3–32.5) were currently using any hormonal contraceptive and current physician-diagnosed asthma was present in 6.5% (95% confidence interval 5.7–7.4). Use of any hormonal contraceptive was associated with reduced risk of current physician-diagnosed asthma (odds ratio 0.68; 95% confidence interval 0.47–0.98) and receiving ≥3 asthma care episodes (odds ratio 0.45; 95% confidence interval 0.25–0.82), but the evidence was equivocal for wheezing attacks. Use of hormonal contraceptives among overweight or obese women was non-statistically significantly associated with asthma, but there was 42–135% increased risk in overweight and obese non-contraceptive using women.Conclusions
Use of hormonal contraceptives may reduce asthma exacerbations and number of care episodes. Overweight and obese non-contraceptive-using women may be at increased risk of asthma. Prospective studies are now needed to confirm these findings. Both oestrogen and progesterone may stimulate smooth airway muscle function and inhibit the activities of TH2 responses. Future studies should investigate these underlying mechanisms. 相似文献14.
Background:
New tuberculosis (TB) vaccines are required to meet global targets for TB control.Objectives:
To determine willingness to participate (WTP) in new TB vaccine trials, willingness to be vaccinated with a newly licensed TB vaccine and associated factors among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected persons.Setting:
Two primary care clinics in South Africa.Design:
Cross-sectional study design. Participants were asked about WTP and willingness to be vaccinated. Demographic, clinical, knowledge of TB and perception of risk information were collected. Log binomial regression was used to determine associated factors.Results:
A total of 827 participants were included in the analysis: 80.4% female, 72.2% on antiretroviral therapy, median age 35 years (interquartile range [IQR] 29–42 years), CD4 count 523 cells/µl (IQR 427–659 cells/µl). WTP and willingness to be vaccinated were high, at 84.5% and 92.6%, respectively. WTP was associated with knowledge about TB (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.17) and perception of risk (PR 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.13). Willingness to be vaccinated was associated with employment (PR 1.04, 95%CI 1.01–1.08) and perception of risk (PR 1.05, 95%CI 1.01–1.09).Conclusions:
There was high WTP in TB vaccine trials and willingness to be vaccinated among HIV-infected patients with good TB knowledge and high perceived risk of contracting TB. 相似文献15.
Emmanuel Chanda Constantino D Remijo Harriet Pasquale Samson P Baba Richard L Lako 《Bulletin of the World Health Organization》2014,92(4):290-296
Problem
Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are important tools in malaria control. South Sudan, like many other endemic countries, has struggled to improve LLIN coverage and utilization.Approach
In 2006, Southern Sudan – known as South Sudan after independence in 2011 – initiated a strategic plan to increase LLIN coverage so that at least 60% of households had at least one LLIN each. By 2008, the target coverage was 80% of households and the Global Fund had financed a phased scale-up of LLIN distribution in the region.Local setting
South Sudan’s entire population is considered to be at risk of malaria. Poor control of the vectors and the large-scale movements of returnees, internally displaced people and refugees have exacerbated the problem.Relevant changes
By 2012, approximately 8.0 million LLINs had been distributed in South Sudan. Between 2006 and 2009, the percentage of households possessing at least one LLIN increased from about 12% to 53% and LLIN utilization rates increased from 5 to 25% among children younger than 5 years and from 5 to 36% among pregnant women. The number of recorded malaria cases increased from 71 948 in 2008 to 1 198 357 in 2012.Lessons learnt
In post-conflict settings, a phased programme for the national scale-up of LLIN coverage may not have a substantial impact. A nationwide campaign that is centrally coordinated and based on sound guidelines may offer greater benefits. A strong partnership base and effective channels for the timely and supplementary deployment of LLINs may be essential for universal coverage. 相似文献16.
Dafna Kanny Yong Liu Robert D. Brewer Paul I. Eke Shanna N. Cox Nancy E. Cheal Yvonne Green 《MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report》2013,62(1):9-13
Background
Excessive alcohol use accounted for an estimated average of 23,000 deaths and 633,000 years of potential life lost (YPLL) among women and girls in the United States each year during 2001–2005. Binge drinking accounted for more than half of those deaths and YPLL. Binge drinking also is a risk factor for many health and social problems among women and girls, including unintended and alcohol-exposed pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and breast cancer.Methods
To describe the prevalence, frequency, and intensity of binge drinking (four or more drinks on an occasion in the last 30 days) among U.S. women aged ≥18 years, CDC analyzed data from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Data were also analyzed from the 2011 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey on the prevalence of current alcohol use (one or more drinks during the past 30 days) and binge drinking (five or more drinks in a row during the past 30 days) among U.S. high school girls in grades 9–12.Results
Among adult women, the prevalence of binge drinking was 12.5%, and among those who binge drank, the frequency of binge drinking was 3.2 episodes per month and the intensity was 5.7 drinks on occasion. Binge drinking was most prevalent among women aged 18–24 years (24.2%) and 25–34 years (19.9%), and among those from households with annual incomes of ≥$75,000 (16.0%). Among those who binge drank, women aged 18–24 years had the highest frequency (3.6 episodes) and intensity (6.4 drinks) of binge drinking. Among high school girls, the prevalence of current alcohol use was 37.9%, the prevalence of binge drinking was 19.8%, and the prevalence of binge drinking among girls who reported current alcohol use was 54.6%.Conclusions
Binge drinking is reported by one in eight U.S. adult women and one in five high school girls. Women who binge drink tend to do so frequently and with high intensity. Most high school girls who reported current alcohol use also reported binge drinking.Implications for Public Health Practice
More widespread implementation of evidence-based interventions, such as those recommended by the Guide to Community Preventive Services and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, would be expected to reduce the frequency and intensity, and ultimately the prevalence of binge drinking among women and girls, and the harms related to it. 相似文献17.
Ashleigh L. May Liping Pan Bettylou Sherry Heidi M. Blanck Deborah Galuska Karen Dalenius Barbara Polhamus Laura Kettel-Khan Laurence M. Grummer-Strawn 《MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report》2013,62(31):629-634
Background
The prevalence of obesity among U.S. preschoolers has doubled in recent decades. Childhood obesity increases the risk for adult obesity and is associated with negative health consequences. Trends in the state-specific prevalence of obesity among low-income U.S. preschool children have not been examined since 2008. State-specific obesity prevalence surveillance helps determine the need for and impact of state and local obesity prevention strategies.Methods
Measured weight and height data from approximately 11.6 million low-income children aged 2–4 years from 40 states, the District of Columbia, and two U.S. territories who participated in the Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System during 2008–2011 were used to estimate state obesity prevalence. Obesity was defined as having an age- and sex-specific body mass index ≥95th percentile, according to the 2000 CDC growth charts. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity were used to examine trends in the state-specific obesity prevalence.Results
During 2008–2011, statistically significant downward trends in obesity prevalence were observed in 18 states and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Florida, Georgia, Missouri, New Jersey, South Dakota, and the U.S. Virgin Islands had the largest absolute decreases in obesity prevalence, each with a decrease of ≥1 percentage point. Twenty states and Puerto Rico experienced no significant change, and obesity prevalence increased significantly in three states.Conclusions and Implications for Public Health Practice
Small but significant declines in obesity among low-income preschoolers were observed in 19 of 43 states/territories examined. Continued prevention efforts are needed to sustain and expand the implementation and evaluation of population-level interventions to prevent childhood obesity. 相似文献18.
Li Tang Wei-Yen Lim Philip Eng Swan Swan Leong Tow Keang Lim Alan W.K. Ng Augustine Tee Adeline Seow 《Environmental health perspectives》2010,118(9):1257-1260
Background
Epidemiologic data suggest that Chinese women have a high incidence of lung cancer in relation to their smoking prevalence. In addition to active tobacco smoke exposure, other sources of fumes and airborne particles in the indoor environment, such as cooking and burning of incense and mosquito coils, have been considered potential risk factors for lung cancer.Objectives
We used a case–control study to explore effects of inhalants from combustion sources common in the domestic environment on lung cancer and their modification by active tobacco smoking.Methods
We analyzed 703 primary lung cancer cases and 1,578 controls. Data on demographic background and relevant exposures were obtained by face-to-face interviews in the hospital.Results
We observed a positive relationship with daily exposure to incense or mosquito coils and to cooking fumes only among smokers, and no association among lifetime nonsmokers. Interactions between smoking and frequency of cooking, or exposure to incense or mosquito coils were statistically significant and consistent with synergistic effects on lung cancer. The odds ratio (OR) comparing smokers without daily incense or mosquito coil exposure with nonsmokers without daily exposure was 2.80 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.86–4.21], whereas the OR comparing smokers with daily exposure to the same referent group was 4.61 (95% CI, 3.41–6.24). In contrast, daily exposure to incense or mosquito coils was not associated with lung cancer among nonsmokers (OR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.72–1.16). We observed the same pattern of associations for smokers without (OR = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.52–3.51) and with (OR = 4.50; 95% CI, 3.21–6.30) daily cooking exposure compared with nonsmokers, with no evidence of an association with daily cooking exposure among nonsmokers.Conclusion
Our results suggest that active tobacco smoking not only is an important risk factor for development of lung cancer, but also may cause smokers to be more susceptible to the risk-enhancing effects of other inhalants. 相似文献19.
Hussen Ali Ahmed Zeynudin Abiyu Mekonnen Solomon Abera Solomon Ali 《Ethiopian journal of health sciences》2012,22(1):71-76
Background
World Health organization (WHO) declared tuberculosis as a global emergency because it poses a serious public health threat in different countries especially, in Africa. According to WHO report of 2007, Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) coverage in Ethiopia reached 95 percent of the population; despite this fact the trend of tuberculosis in most of the districts of Ethiopia is not known. Hence, this study has revealed the trend and determined the overall prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in five years (2005/6–2009/10) in Agaro teaching health center, south west Ethiopia.Methods
A retrospective study based on record review was conducted at Agaro Teaching Health center on sputum examination record of patient''s from 2005/6–2009/10(five years). Socio demographic data and sputum laboratory results were collected using pre-designed questionnaire and the data was entered into a computer using SPSS version 16 for windows. Finally, cross tab analysis and Chi-square was calculated at P-value less than 0.05 to check possible association between socio-demographic variables and smear positivity.Results
The overall five years prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis was found out to be 10.9%. On the other hand, the percentage of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases showed gradual decrease from 19.5% in 2005/6 to 5.8% cases in 2009/10.Conclusion
Tuberculosis is still the major problem of Agaro health center catchment area even though there is a decrease in trend from year to year. Hence, the respective health bureau and other stake holders should still need to strengthen their effort to control it. 相似文献20.