心肺疾病老年人并发肺栓塞的误诊分析(附23例临床分析)

目的:提高对患心、肺系统疾病老年人并发肺栓塞的认识,探讨及时确诊措施。方法:总结23例老年人肺栓塞的临床表现、实验室检查、影像检查等诊断资料。结果:78%患者表现突发性呼吸困难,以晕厥为首发症状者5例(21.7%),100%有低氧血症,10例行下肢静脉造影者中8例有下肢静脉血栓,14例核素肺扫描和18例肺动脉造影者均有PE诊断依据。误诊时间:<2周12例,6周至2年11例。最多是误诊为心绞痛或心肌梗塞者,共19例(82.6%)结论:晕厥、突发性呼吸困难、下肢静脉血栓为疑诊肺栓塞的主要征象,核素肺扫描、肺动脉造影为其诊断主要手段。     

Clinical validity of a normal perfusion lung scan in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism

The objective of this study was to test the safety of withholding anticoagulant therapy in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism who have normal perfusion lung scans, regardless of the clinical manifestations. Anticoagulant therapy was withheld or withdrawn in 515 consecutive patients except in patients in whom deep-vein thrombosis was detected. Only three of the 515 patients had symptomatic venous thromboembolism on follow-up. The frequency of symptomatic pulmonary embolism on follow-up was one of 515 patients. With knowledge of the normal findings by perfusion scanning, an alternative diagnosis was established in 367 of the 515 patients. Cause of symptoms remained uncertain in 148 patients. It is safe to withhold anticoagulant therapy in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and normal perfusion scans, regardless of the clinical manifestations. The finding of a normal perfusion scan excludes the presence of clinically important pulmonary embolism and makes pulmonary angiography unnecessary.     

Helical CT pulmonary angiography predictors of in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism

PURPOSE: To determine if CT variables predict in-hospital morbidity and mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT scans and charts of 173 patients with CT scans positive for PE were reviewed. CT scans were reviewed for leftward ventricular septal bowing, increased right ventricle (RV) to left ventricle (LV) diameter ratio, clot burden, increased pulmonary artery to aorta diameter ratio, and oligemia. Charts were reviewed for severe morbidity and mortality outcomes: death from pulmonary emboli or any cause, and cardiac arrest. Charts were also reviewed for milder morbidity outcomes: intubation, vasopressor use, or admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) and for multiple comorbidities. RESULTS: No CT predictor was significantly associated with severe morbidity or mortality outcomes. Ventricular septal bowing and increased RV/LV diameter ratio were both associated with subsequent admission to an ICU (P = 0.004 and P = 0.025, respectively). Oligemia (either lung) was associated with subsequent intubation; right lung oligemia was associated with the subsequent use of vasopressors. After controlling for history of congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and pulmonary disease, both septal bowing and an increased RV/LV diameter ratio remained associated with admission to an ICU. CONCLUSION: No CT variables predicted severe in-hospital morbidity and mortality (death from pulmonary embolism, death from any cause, or cardiac arrest) in patients with PE. However, ventricular septal bowing and increased RV/LV diameter ratio were both strongly predictive of less severe morbidity, namely, subsequent ICU admission, and oligemia was associated with subsequent intubation and vasopressor use.     

Diagnostic value of ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism

Differing opinions about the value of ventilation-perfusion lung scanning have created controversy concerning the correct approach to the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. In a prospective study of 305 consecutive patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism and abnormal perfusion lung scans, we evaluated the role of ventilation-perfusion lung scanning, pulmonary angiography, and objective testing for venous thrombosis in the diagnostic process. Segmental or greater perfusion defects with ventilation mismatch have a high probability (86 percent) of pulmonary embolism. Contrary to current clinical practice, however, the approach of ruling against pulmonary embolism by a "low probability" scan pattern is incorrect, even with an improved technique for ventilation imaging; the frequency of pulmonary embolism in these patients ranged from 25 to 40 percent. Objective testing for venous thrombosis provides a practical alternative to performing pulmonary angiography in the diagnostic work-up; by providing an endpoint for commencing anticoagulant therapy, a positive result obviates the need for further testing in 20 to 30 percent of patients.     

Survival and restoration of pulmonary perfusion in a long-term follow-up of patients after acute pulmonary embolism

We followed prospectively 834 consecutive patients (70% inpatients), evaluated for suspected pulmonary embolism, for a median time of 2.1 years (range, 0-4.8 yr), and compared the survival rates in patients with proven pulmonary embolism (n=320) with those without (n=514). In multivariate analysis, we modeled the probability of surviving in patients with pulmonary embolism as a function of the extent of pulmonary vascular obstruction at baseline. Among patients with pulmonary embolism, a scintigraphic follow-up was pursued to assess the restoration of pulmonary perfusion over a 1-year period. We found that massive pulmonary embolism (vascular obstruction>or=50%) is a risk factor for mortality within the first few days after onset but, subsequently, has no significant effect on survival. The adjusted risk of death in patients with massive pulmonary embolism was 8-fold higher than in patients without embolism within the first day after the incident event. By contrast, the adjusted risk of death for patients with minor or moderate pulmonary embolism (vascular obstruction<50%) was no higher than in patients without embolism at any time after onset. Most of the patients who survived a year after pulmonary embolism showed a nearly complete restoration of pulmonary perfusion with a considerable improvement in arterial oxygenation. Four (1%) of the 320 patients with pulmonary embolism at presentation developed chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. These patients featured persistent large perfusion defects in sequential lung scans. Pulmonary embolism with vascular obstruction>or=50% is a strong, independent predictor of reduced short-term survival. This underscores the need for a prompt diagnosis of the disease. Monitoring the resolution of pulmonary embolism by lung scanning may prove useful in identifying patients with persistent perfusion abnormalities who may be at risk of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.     

急性肺栓塞患者右室功能不全与肺血流灌注的相关性

目的观察血压正常的急性肺栓塞患者右室超声心动指标与肺血管阻塞严重程度相关性及治疗有效性的预测价值。方法回顾我院6年间收治的56例血压正常的急性肺栓塞患者的临床资料,分析其超声心动图所测得的右室收缩末期及舒张末期面积与肺灌注扫描灌注缺损数和增强螺旋CT所代表的肺血管阻塞之间的相关性。结果与正常对照相比,肺栓塞患者右室舒张末面积和收缩末面积增大,且与肺灌注缺损数呈正相关（r=0.76,P<0.01;r=0.77,P<0.01）,而舒张与收缩末面积的变化率则降低,与肺灌注缺损数呈负相关（r=-0.44,P<0.01）。增强CT显示血管阻塞越广泛,收缩末面积越大（P<0.05）,舒张与收缩末面积的变化率越小（P<0.05）。治疗有效时,肺灌注缺损数随右室功能的好转而降低。结论血压稳定的急性肺栓塞患者右室功能的异常程度与肺血管的阻塞程度密切相关,右室功能的检查可用于观察肺灌注情况以及治疗有效情况的相关指标。     

Syncope in patients with pulmonary embolism: comparison between patients with syncope as the presenting symptom of pulmonary embolism and patients with pulmonary embolism without syncope

Syncope as an initial presentation of pulmonary embolism occurs in 10% of patients. We compared clinical and instrumental parameters in patients with syncope as the presenting symptom of pulmonary embolism and in patients with documented pulmonary embolism without syncope. Seventy patients with the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and apparently stable clinical conditions were evaluated. They were divided in two groups: 10 patients with syncope as the presenting symptom of pulmonary embolism (group 1) and 60 patients without syncope (group 2). Patients with syncope showed a more pronounced tendency to present with main pulmonary artery embolus than patients without syncope (contingency coefficient = 0.301, p < 0.04; one-tailed). However, despite the evidence that patients with syncope have significant reductions in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure, shock was not observed in any patient. In no case was thrombolytic treatment given and all patients received standard anticoagulation with unfractioned heparin and oral anticoagulant. We suggest that syncope in the setting of non-massive pulmonary embolism may be due to vaso-vagal mechanism that can lead to a reduction of arterial blood pressure when central artery thrombosis is involved.     

Early discharge of patients with pulmonary embolism: a two-phase observational study.

The aim of the present study was to assess whether patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) could be managed as outpatients after early discharge from hospital using low molecular weight heparin instead of remaining as in-patients until effective oral anticoagulation was achieved. Phase 1 of the study identified criteria for the safe discharge of selected patients; phase 2 treated a cohort of low-risk patients with PE as outpatients with tinzaparin using existing deep venous thrombosis services. In phase 1, 127 (56.4%) of 225 patients were considered unsuitable for outpatient management. Reasons included: admission for another medical reason; additional monitoring or requirement for oxygen; bleeding disorders; previous PE/further PE while on warfarin; co-existing major deep venous thrombosis; likelihood of poor compliance; significant immobility; and pregnancy. In phase 2, 157 patients with PE received outpatient anticoagulation therapy. There were no deaths, bleeding or recurrent thromboembolic events during acute treatment with low molecular weight heparin. The median (range) length of hospital stay was 1.0 (1-4) day, with a median saving of 5.0 (1-42) bed-days per patient. Patients were highly satisfied with outpatient management; 144 (96.6%) indicated that they would prefer treatment as outpatients for a subsequent pulmonary embolism. Early discharge and outpatient management of pulmonary embolism appears safe and acceptable in selected low-risk patients, and can be implemented using existing outpatient deep venous thrombosis services.     

肺动脉造影与核素肺灌注/通气扫描在肺栓塞诊断价值相关性研究

目的 :探讨选择性肺动脉造影与核素肺灌注 通气扫描在肺栓塞诊断的相关性。方法 :回顾性分析 2 3例肺栓塞选择性肺动脉造影与核素肺灌注 通气扫描显像。结果 :2 3例选择性肺动脉造影与核素肺灌注 通气扫描显像结果比较 ,肺血管堵塞≥ 8支以上者 ,二者相关性达 10 0 % ;<8支者二者相关性为 90 5 %。 7例冠状动脉造影阴性患者 ,经肺动脉造影证实为肺栓塞。结论 :选择性肺动脉造影是临床肺栓塞诊断和病变定位的可靠依据 ,而核素肺灌注 通气扫描显像检查则是目前临床诊断肺栓塞的有价值的无创性诊断方法之一。     

Association of right ventricular dilatation with bilateral pulmonary embolism, pulmonary embolism in a main pulmonary artery and lobar, segmental and subsegmental pulmonary embolism in 190 patients with acute pulmonary embolism

BACKGROUND: Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) may result in right ventricular (RV) pressure overload with a dilated RV which can be diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in 190 unselected patients who had acute PE documented by contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomographic scanning. The 190 patients included 104 women and 86 men, mean age 58 +/- 15 years. RESULTS: RV dilatation was present in 45 of 70 patients (64%) with bilateral PE, in 19 of 120 patients (16%) without bilateral PE, in 42 of 47 patients (89%) with main pulmonary artery embolism, in 34 of 84 patients (40%) with lobar PE, in 16 of 70 patients (23%) with segmental PE and in 6 of 36 patients (17%) with subsegmental PE; p < 0.001 comparing bilateral with no bilateral PE and main pulmonary artery embolism with no main pulmonary artery embolism, with lobar, segmental and subsegmental PE; p < 0.025 comparing lobar with segmental PE, and p < 0.02 comparing lobar with subsegmental PE. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of RV dilatation is highest in patients with main pulmonary artery embolism or bilateral pulmonary artery embolism; furthermore, the prevalence of RV dilatation is higher in patients with lobar PE than in patients with segmental or subsegmental PE.     

Criteria for the safe use of D-dimer testing in emergency department patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a multicenter US study

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We derive a decision rule to partition emergency department patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) into a small, high-risk group (>40% pretest probability) that is unsafe for D -dimer testing and a larger group that is safe to have PE ruled out with either a whole-blood D -dimer plus alveolar deadspace measurement or a quantitative D -dimer assay. METHODS: Nine hundred thirty-four patients with suspected PE were studied at 7 urban EDs in the United States. Patients were prospectively interviewed and examined for recognized symptoms, signs, and risk factors associated with PE. These data were collected before standard objective imaging for PE. Selected variables were analyzed by multivariate logistic analysis to determine factors associated with PE (P <.05). A decision rule was then constructed to categorize approximately 80% of ED patients as safe for D -dimer testing. RESULTS: Pretest prevalence of PE was 19.4% (181/934; 95% confidence interval [CI] 16.3% to 21.7%). Six variables found to be significant on multivariate analysis were used to construct the decision rule. Unsafe patients had either a shock index (heart rate/systolic blood pressure) more than 1.0 or age older than 50 years, together with any one of the following conditions: unexplained hypoxemia (SaO (2) <95%; no prior lung disease), unilateral leg swelling, recent major surgery, or hemoptysis. These criteria were met by 197 (21.0%) of 934 patients, and 83 of 197 (42.1%; 95% CI 35.3% to 49.6%) patients had PE. Exclusion of these 197 unsafe patients significantly decreased the probability of PE in the remaining 737 (79.0%) safe patients to 13.3% (95% CI 10.9% to 15.9%). CONCLUSION: Simple clinical criteria can permit safe D -dimer testing in the majority of ED patients with suspected PE. These criteria warrant prospective validation.     

Incidence and predictors of major hemorrhagic complications from thrombolytic therapy in patients with massive pulmonary embolism

PURPOSE: The risk factors for bleeding in patients receiving recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for massive pulmonary embolism are not known.PATIENTS AND METHODS: The hospital records of 132 consecutive patients who received recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for massive pulmonary embolism were retrospectively reviewed. Bleeding was estimated by using the bleeding severity index, a method previously validated in patients receiving anticoagulants. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for bleeding. Four other definitions of bleeding in large pulmonary embolism thrombolytic trials were also used, and the agreement among these criteria was assessed.RESULTS: According to the bleeding severity index, 33 patients (25%) had one or more major bleeding complications. Hemorrhage at the venous puncture site for angiography was the most frequent complication (15 patients, 11%). Major bleeding at the catheterization site was more common at the femoral site (14 of 63 patients = 22%) than at the brachial site (1 of 63 patients = 2%; P = 0.0004). The use of the five different bleeding definitions resulted in a variation in the major bleeding rate from 3% to 43%. The kappa coefficient varied from 0.07 to 0.84, indicating poor agreement between most of the classifications.CONCLUSION: The use of the femoral vein for pulmonary angiography was the only variable significantly associated with major bleeding. Most of the differences observed in the pulmonary embolism thrombolytic trials are likely related to the differences in the definition of bleeding rather than to the thrombolytic regimen.