急性缺血性脑梗死动脉内溶栓临床疗效评价

目的评价尿激酶动脉内溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法对162例急性缺血性脑梗死患者应用尿激酶进行局部动脉内溶栓治疗,分析不同阻塞血管部位血管再通率和3个月后格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)之间的关系。结果脑血管造影发现血管闭塞162例,其中颈内动脉系统闭塞119例(73.5%):颈内动脉(ICA)主干闭塞27例(16.7%),大脑中动脉(MCA)闭塞63例(38.9%),大脑前动脉(ACA)闭塞29例(17.9%);椎基底动脉(VBA)闭塞43例(26.5%)。溶栓后再通分别为11例,40.7%;49例,77.8%;20例,68.9%和23例53.5%。治疗后3个月恢复良好者90例(55.6%),预后差72例(44.4%)。颅内出血8例(4.9%);再灌注损伤73例(45.1%);再栓塞6例(3.1%)。分析后认为ICA主干、VBA动脉再通率较低,预后差;MCA、ACA再通率高,预后好;开始治疗时间血管再通率和临床疗效相关(相关系数r=0.86)。结论局部动脉溶栓可以明显改善脑梗死患者的预后;预后和开始治疗的时间、血管再通有相关性,大脑中、前动脉血管再通率高,预后较好;颈内动脉主干血管阻塞很难再通;椎基底动脉血管再通后症状有所改善;血管不能再通或并发脑出血预后较差。     

经颅多普勒检测血透病人脑血流动力学改变结果分析

将３０例尿毒症血透病人的经颅多普勒超声检测结果与对照组作对比分析。结果观察组脑动脉收缩峰值速和平均流速显著增快、血管痉挛，与正常对照组比较。大脑中、前动脉搏动指数减低，与正常对照组比较Ｐ＜０．０１。提示尿素症血透病人有脑动脉的血流动力不显著异常和顺应性、弹性减退。这对血液透析并发症的防治有指导意义。     

TCD对糖尿病合并高血压脑血管病变的研究

目的：应用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）探讨糖尿病合并高血压患者的脑血管功能状态及血流动力学变化。方法：应用TCD检测糖尿病合并高血压患者颅内动脉，并与糖尿病组、对照组就脑动脉平均血流速度、动脉血流速度异常分布状况、血流频谱形态、搏动指数参数的结果进行统计学分析。结果：糖尿病合并高血压组颅内动脉血流速度、血流频谱形态、搏动指数异常检出率明显高于糖尿病组及对照组（P〈0.05；P〈0．001）；血流速度增快以MCA多见，血流速度减慢以椎-基底动脉为主。结论：TCD可对糖尿病合并高血压患者脑血管状态提供客观的信息，在临床诊断、治疗、预防评估中起到重要作用。     

Clinical and radiological outcomes of acute ischemic stroke patients without angiographic occlusion on digital subtraction angiogram. A pooled analysis of case series

Introduction  Approximately 20–30% of the patients with acute ischemic stroke do not have any occlusion demonstrated on initial digital subtraction angiography (DSA). We sought to determine the risk and rates of cerebral infarction and favorable neurological outcome in this group of acute ischemic stroke patients. Materials and methods  Patients were identified from a prospectively maintained stroke database and from literature search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases. All patients had initial neurological assessment on National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Patients then underwent DSA after initial head computed tomography (CT) scans. Follow-up radiological assessment at 24–72 h was performed with CT and magnetic resonance imaging scans. Association of stroke risk factors with clinical and radiological outcomes was estimated. Results  A total of 81 patients was analyzed (mean age 63 years; 28 were women). The median NIHSS score was 8 (range 2–25). None of the patients received either intravenous or intra-arterial thrombolytic. Cerebral infarction was detected in 62 (76%) of the 81 patients. Twenty-four to 48-h NIHSS was available for 51 patients only. Neurological improvement was observed in 22 (43%) of the 51 patients. Favorable outcome ascertained at 3-month follow-up was seen in 48 (59%) of the 81 patients. After adjusting for age, sex, and baseline NIHSS, male patients [odds ratio (OR) 4.5 (1.4–14.3), p value = 0.01] and patients with age ≥65 [OR 4.3 (1.2–16.2), p value = 0.03] have a higher risk of cerebral infarcts on the follow-up imaging. Similarly, patients who presented with <10 NIHSS had a better 3-month outcome than those with >10 NIHSS [OR 0.21 (0.08–0.61), p value = 0.004]. Conclusion  Ischemic stroke patients without arterial occlusion on DSA have a higher risk of cerebral infarction and disability particularly in men, patients over 65 years of age and with NIHSS ≥10. The cause of infarction may have been arterial obstruction with spontaneous recanalization or small vessel occlusion not visible on DSA.     

机械取栓在急性血栓性脑卒中中的应用

急性血栓性脑卒中是严重威胁人类健康的常见病,其治疗方法主要有静脉溶栓、动脉溶栓和机械取栓.近年来,对于不适合静脉溶栓或静脉溶栓失败的患者,机械取栓由于其所取得的较好的效果受到越来越多的关注,现就其有关方面予以综述.     

DTI在急性缺血性脑卒中所致皮质脊髓束损伤中的应用研究

目的:利用DTI探讨急性缺血性脑卒中病人大脑白质纤维束各向异性特征和皮质脊髓束受损与肌力的关系。方法:对9例正常被试和9例急性期缺血性脑卒中病人进行常规MR T1WI、T2WI和DTI检查,对数据进行离线后处理,采用dTV.II软件处理,获得FA图及方向编码彩色(DEC)图,并重建双侧皮质脊髓束3D纤维束图。结果:在正常组双侧白质纤维束FA值无明显差异,重建FA值图与方向编码彩色图可显示大部分主要的白质纤维束。在脑卒中病人组梗死区FA值显著低于健侧,两侧相比差异有显著性意义(t=4.570,P<0.001)。病变侧皮质脊髓束受压、变形、移位、部分断裂,皮质脊髓束受累情况与肌力有相关性(rs=0.888,P<0.05)。结论:DTI可显示脑内白质纤维束的走行及分布,为大脑白质纤维束的研究开辟了新的广阔领域。DTI FA值图及DEC图可以显示卒中病人梗死区白质纤维的方向与各向异性程度。3D纤维束图可以更立体直观的显示锥体束状况,有利于探讨皮质脊髓束损伤程度与肌力的关系,对临床及判断预后有重要价值。     

Neurosyphilis presenting with focal middle cerebral artery stenosis and acute ischemic stroke: A case report

Despite widespread screening and active management of syphilis infection, the rate of secondary and tertiary syphilis has increased over the past decade in the United States, especially with human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. We report a case of ischemic strokes in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory with focal stenosis of the left M1 segment of the MCA resulting from neurosyphilis with manifestation of subacute intermittent right-sided hemi-body numbness and transient word finding difficulties in a young adult with no prior known history of syphilis or significant cerebrovascular risk factors. A diagnostic cerebral angiogram was done which was initially concerning for possibility of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). The serum Treponema pallidum RPR testing resulted positive (1:32 titer) as well as subsequent reactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) VDRL test (ratio, 1:8). The patient was treated with intravenous ceftriaxone as well as verapamil and recovered without any residual deficits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported evidence of possible RCVS in a case of neurosyphilis and related ischemic stroke. This case underscores the importance of evaluation for syphilis in young patients with fewer known vascular risk factors, who present with an ischemic stroke. Given the higher rates of stroke recurrence in neurosyphilis relative to few other stroke risk factors, early diagnosis, and treatment is furthermore essential to prevent disease progression.     

缺血性脑卒中的颅内血管造影表现及评价

脑卒中是严重危害人类健康的疾病之一.我国脑血管病死亡率仅次于肿瘤.随着介入器材及技术的发展,经动脉溶栓及血管内支架置入治疗脑卒中取得较好的疗效,越来越引起人们重视.正确理解缺血性脑卒中的血管造影表现在介入治疗及疗效评价方面有重要意义.神经介入医师不仅要有娴熟的导管技术,还应熟悉神经血管解剖、病理状况下的血流动力学改变、Willis环及其他重要侧支血管的解剖及其代偿作用.如果梗死发生在较细小的血管,常需要观察动脉期、毛细血管期、静脉期才能作出正确诊断.病变部位及侧支循环的状况也影响到梗死面积的大小及预后.     

Flow dynamics in acute ischemic stroke due to embolic occlusion of a fetal posterior cerebral artery treated with endovascular thrombectomy - report of two cases

The fetal variant of the posterior cerebral artery (fPCA) conserves a major blood flow from the anterior to the posterior cerebral circulation via a strong persistent caudal portion of the embryonic internal carotid artery. We present two cases where endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke was complicated by this flow diversion. Though direct thrombectomy of the fPCA using a stent retriever was feasible and successful in both cases outcome remained unfavourable due to a continuous redirection of embolic material into the posterior circulation. Knowledge of flow dynamics in a fPCA is important for endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke.     

Reliability of cerebral blood volume maps as a substitute for diffusion‐weighted imaging in acute ischemic stroke

Purpose:

To assess the reliability of cerebral blood volume (CBV) maps as a substitute for diffusion‐weighted MRI (DWI) in acute ischemic stroke. In acute stroke, DWI is often used to identify irreversibly injured “core” tissue. Some propose using perfusion imaging, specifically CBV maps, in place of DWI. We examined whether CBV maps can reliably subsitute for DWI, and assessed the effect of scan duration on calculated CBV.

Materials and Methods:

We retrospectively identified 58 patients who underwent DWI and MR perfusion imaging within 12 h of stroke onset. CBV in each DWI lesion's center was divided by CBV in the normal‐appearing contralateral hemisphere to yield relative regional CBV (rrCBV). The proportion of lesions with decreased rrCBV was calculated. After using the full scan duration (110 s after contrast injection), rrCBV was recalculated using simulated shorter scans. The effect of scan duration on rrCBV was tested with linear regression.

Results:

Using the full scan duration (110 s), rrCBV was increased in most DWI lesions (62%; 95% confidence interval, 48–74%). rrCBV increased with increasing scan duration (P < 0.001). Even with the shortest duration (39.5 s) rrCBV was increased in 33% of lesions.

Conclusion:

Because DWI lesions may have elevated or decreased CBV, CBV maps cannot reliably substitute for DWI in identifying the infarct core. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:1083–1087. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Delayed reperfusion therapy for ischemic stroke tandem occlusion with subsequent secondary prophylaxis of cerebral ischemic events: A case report and literature review

Mechanical thrombectomy is currently the gold standard treatment of large vessel occlusions, especially in anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke. At the same time, the problem of tandem occlusions seems especially important since most of the major clinical mechanical thrombectomy studies did not specifically evaluate patients with concomitant extracranial occlusions or critical stenoses.To date, there is no universally accepted optimal treatment strategy for such tandem lesions in acute ischemic stroke: it remains unclear which lesion – intracranial or extracranial – should be treated first. The selected reperfusion method should be based on the patients’ individual characteristics, data from non-invasive radiologic studies, and the stroke team experience.We present a case of successful reperfusion therapy of acute tandem occlusion of the right internal carotid artery, followed by contralateral carotid artery stenting in a patient with stenosing extracranial atherosclerosis.     

rt-PA溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中临床效果及影响因素分析

目的探讨重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)的临床效果及影响因素。方法回顾性分析2016年1-12月我院收治的48例AIS患者的临床资料。所有患者均于发病6 h内行rt-PA溶栓治疗。应用动脉闭塞评分评价溶栓效果,根据溶栓效果将患者分为有效组(A组)与无效组(B组)。比较两组患者血糖、收缩压、甲状腺激素T3水平、发病至治疗时间(OTT)、心源性卒中例数及美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分。多因素Logistic回归分析rt-PA溶栓治疗效果的影响因素。结果 A组患者血糖、收缩压、甲状腺激素T3水平、OTT及NIHSS评分低于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);心源性卒中比例高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。NIHSS评分、OTT与溶栓效果呈负相关(r值分别为-0.076与-0.083,P均<0.05);甲状腺激素T3水平与溶栓效果呈正相关(r=0.037,P<0.05)。A组患者治疗后24 h神经功能恢复良好比例及7 d转归良好比例均高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 NIHSS评分、甲状腺激素T3水平及OTT是rt-PA溶栓治疗AIS的独立影响因素,具有临床指导意义。     

彩色多普勒超声与临床实验在妊高征监测中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声检测肾内小动脉血流频谱和放免测定血、尿中β2-微球蛋白在妊高征者中的变化，为妊高征的早期诊断及治疗，评估预后提供敏感可靠的指标。材料与方法99例孕产妇分成正常妊娠组46例、妊高征组53例，分别于产前检测血和尿β-微球蛋白，重度妊高征同时产前彩超监测肾小动脉多普勒血流频谱变化。结果产前重度妊高征彩超肾小动脉S/D为2．38，明显高于正常妊娠组，P＜0．01；血、尿β2-G明显高于正常妊娠组，P＜0．01。结论RIAβ2-MG和彩超检测肾小动脉血流频谱可早期发现妊高征轻度肾脏损害，并估价妊高征预后，对于减少孕产妇围产期并发症具有重要意义。     

磁敏感加权成像突出血管征对急性缺血性卒中缺血半暗带的评估价值

目的探讨磁敏感加权成像(SWI)上的突出血管征(PVS)对急性缺血性卒中(AIS)病人缺血半暗带的评估价值。方法连续选取32例发病9 h以内大血管严重狭窄或闭塞脑梗死溶栓分级(TICI)为0~1级并完成多模态MRI检查的病人,其中男23例,女9例,中位年龄59岁。用ASPECTS评分对扩散加权成像(DWI)、SWI及平均通过时间(MTT)异常区域进行评分。将DWI正常/SWI异常和SWI异常>DWI异常的区域定义为缺血半暗带区域。采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验分别比较大脑半球、基底节区域的PVS与MTT评分的差异;采用Spearman相关分析评估DWI-PVS与DWI-MTT、m DWI-PVS与m DWI-MTT的相关性。结果 DWI-PVS与DWI-MTT呈正相关(r=0.433,P=0.013),m DWI-PVS与m DWI-MTT明显正相关(r=0.502,P=0.003);PVS与MTT对大脑半球评分差异无统计学意义(P=0.395),对基底节区域的评分的差异有统计学意义(P=0.029)。结论对于大血管严重狭窄或闭塞的AIS病人,PVS可以用于缺血半暗带评估且对大脑半球区域缺血半暗带的判断更准确。     

Comparative evaluation of cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow in acute ischemic stroke by using perfusion-weighted MR imaging and SPECT

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between relative cerebral blood volume (CBV) measured with perfusion-weighted (PW) MR imaging and relative cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured with SPECT in acute ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen patients who had acute unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion underwent both PW MR imaging and 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT with an interval less than 20 min between the two examinations within 6 h after stroke onset. Lesion-to-contralateral relative CBV and CBF ratios measured in multiple regions of interest were compared to evaluate the relationship of the two parameters. RESULTS: An overall linear relationship was found between relative CBV and relative CBF ratios (R2 = 0.54, p < 0.0001). The two parameters correlated linearly to each other in regions with evolving infarction (R2 = 0.43, p<0.0001), but not in regions without evolving infarction (R2 = 0.001, p>0.05). Regions with evolving infarction had more severe hypoperfusion (mean relative CBF ratio, 0.38 +/- 0.22) than regions without (mean relative CBF ratio, 0.70+/-0.13) (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: A significant linear relationship existed between relative CBV and relative CBF in acute ischemic stroke, although relative CBV did not change linearly to relative CBF in mild hypoperfusion. Relative CBV can be used as an alternative to relative CBF within 6 h after stroke onset, particularly in regions with severe hypoperfusion proceeding to infarction.     

人工智能在急性缺血性脑卒中成像中的应用进展

人工智能(AI)技术可采用多种算法模拟人类认知和信息处理过程,与CT和MRI相结合可用于急性缺血性脑卒中成像,包括梗死灶的检测、影像分割、头颈大血管闭塞的检测和病人预后预测等。采用AI技术分析或构建模型有助于临床医师对脑卒中病人的尽早诊疗、及时干预和随访评估。概述AI的概念,并就其在急性缺血性脑卒中病人CT平扫、CT血管成像(CTA)、CT灌注成像(CTP)、MRI中的应用进展进行综述。     

Isolated arteritis misdiagnosed as bilateral orbital tumors in a patient with acute ischemic stroke

Vasculitis is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by multifocal segmental inflammation of the small and medium vessels of the central nervous system. The predominant symptoms of cerebral vasculitis are stroke, headache, and encephalopathy. Additional symptoms include seizures, cranial nerve palsies, and myelopathy. Imaging techniques play a crucial role in identifying the diagnosis of vasculitis and demonstrating brain involvement. An 89-year-old woman with permanent atrial fibrillation developed an embolic stroke. In treatment, intravenous thrombolysis and thrombectomy with complete antegrade reperfusion of the left middle cerebral artery was used, without the clinical effectiveness. Brain MRI revealed bilateral oval lesions in medial parts of the orbits, which were initially misinterpreted as orbital tumors. Final diagnosis confirmed thickened arterial walls as orbital changes due to inflammatory arteritis. Ten days later, follow-up MRI was performed and showed complete regression of the orbital masses. Primary central nervous system vasculitis, manifesting as acute ischemic stroke, may be reversible with early systemic thrombolytic treatment.     

替罗非班在急性颅内大血管闭塞血管内治疗中应用的安全性分析

目的探讨颅内大血管闭塞性缺血性脑卒中行血管内再通治疗术中合并使用替罗非班对颅内出血的影响。 方法回顾性分析本中心接受血管内再通治疗的急性颅内大血管闭塞性缺血性卒中患者的临床资料,比较术中使用替罗非班与未使用替罗非班两组患者的一般临床特点、治疗方式以及颅内出血并发症等差异。 结果共计纳入173例患者接受血管内再通治疗,其中替罗非班组87例,非替罗非班组86例,替罗非班组中后循环（39.08% vs 25.58%,P=0.034）、糖尿病（24.14% vs 10.47%,P=0.026）比例显著高于非替罗非班组,非替罗非班组中房颤患者比例显著高于替罗非班组（P<0.001）,两组患者手术再通率及随访90 d预后良好比例相当,围手术期颅内出血并发症未见差异。 结论血管内再通治疗合并使用替罗非班是相对安全的,并未增加出血风险。