隐睾发生的危险因素研究

目的：研究隐睾发生的危险因素。方法：采用以医院为基础的1：2配比的病例对照研究方法，按统一的调查方法对99例隐睾及198例对照组面对面问卷调查。应用SAS6。12软件对所调查因素进行单因素及多因素logistic回归分析，结果：胎儿隐睾与母亲孕早期感冒伴发热（OR＝9．37，95％CI：2．25－39．09），孕期发生先兆流产（OR＝4．66，95％CI，2．02＝10．74），孕期发生先兆子痫（OR＝16．33，95％CI：1．40－191．20），父亲职业性接触农药（OR＝12．79％CI；2．90－56．43），低出生体重（OR＝5．77，95％CI：1．39－23．98），母亲怀孕年龄＜24（OR＝2．89，95％CI：1．29－4．06）呈正相关。结论：母亲孕早期感冒伴发热，孕期发生先兆流产及先兆子痫，父亲职业性接触农药，低出体重，母亲怀孕年龄＜24岁是隐睾发病的主要危险因素。     

单纯性尿道下裂发病影响因素病例对照研究

目的了解单纯性尿道下裂发病的影响因素,为预防和减少单纯性尿道下裂的发病提供理论依据。方法采用以医院为基础的1:1病例对照研究方法对2010年5月—2011年4月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院住院的85例先天尿道下裂患儿及同期住院的85例其他疾病患儿父母进行面访调查。结果病例组父亲高中及以上文化程度、母亲高中及以上文化程度、胎儿低出生体重、母亲孕前月经不调、孕前用药、孕早期摄入蛋白质、孕早期服用叶酸、孕期出现异常情况、孕前及孕早期接触化学物及父亲职业接触化学物和家庭从事农牧业生产的比例分别为23.5%、28.2%、32.9%、28.2%、32.9%、47.1%、20.0%、50.6%、42.4%、68.2%和49.4%;对照组分别为50.6%、47.1%、5.9%、15.3%、18.2%、63.5%、36.5%、25.9%、16.5%、42.4%和32.9%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Lo-gistic回归分析结果表明,胎儿低出生体重(OR=2.12,95%CI=1.18,4.14)、母亲孕期出现异常情况和孕前(OR=3.09,95%CI=1.41,6.80)及孕早期接触化学物是单纯性尿道下裂发病的危险因素;父亲高中及以上文化程度(OR=2.12,95%CI=1.18,4.14)是单纯性尿道下裂发病的保护因素。结论胎儿低出生体重、母亲孕期出现异常情况和母亲孕前及孕早期接触化学物的儿童更易患单纯性尿道下裂。     

孕期环境暴露因素与先天性心脏病关系

目的 探讨母亲孕期环境暴露因素与子代先天性心脏病(CHD)之间的关系,为CHD的干预防治提供科学依据.方法 采用1∶1配对病例对照研究,分析115对CHD患儿与对照组父母的环境暴露因素,对CHD可能的危险因素进行单因素及多因素条件Logistic回归分析.结果 母亲怀孕早期接触农药(OR=7.316,95%CI=1.196～44.731)、孕早期感冒(OR=4.806,95%CI=2.092～11.04)、妊娠合并症(OR:2.851,95%CI=1.189～6.838)、孕期情绪状况(OR=3.318,95%CI=1.829～6.018)4个因素为子代发生CHD的危险因素.结论 母亲怀孕早期接触农药、孕早期感冒、孕期患妊娠合并症、孕期情绪紧张或忧郁可能增加子代发生CHD的危险.     

先天性消化道畸形影响因素的病例对照研究

目的探讨先天性消化道畸形发病的影响因素,为预防先天性消化道畸形发病提供参考。方法采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法,对2011年4月至2012年8月在湖南省儿童医院住院的120例先天性消化道畸形患儿及同期同科室住院的170例非先天性消化道畸形患儿父母进行问卷调查,数据分析采用SPSS 18.0软件。结果先天性消化道畸形与母亲孕前3个月内或孕期服用药物(OR=3.35,95％CI：1.5l～7.41)、服用叶酸(OR=O.28,95％CI：0.15～0.52)、接触油性漆(OR=5.05,95％C1：1.32～19.29)、接触农药(OR=15.20,95％C1：1.55～148.99)及母亲孕前短期内患儿父亲服用药物(OR=3.70,95％CI：1.13.12.10)、吸烟(OR=2.39,95％CI=1.24～4.62)、饮酒(OR=2.47,95％C1：1.20～5.07)、接触室内清洗剂(OR=16.42,95％c,：1.71—157.92)、接触油性漆(OR=9.92,95％C／：2.66～36.98)有关。结论先天性消化道畸形的发生受多种环境因素影响,其中母亲孕前短期内或孕期服用药物、接触油性漆、接触农药、母亲孕前短期内患儿父亲服用药物、吸烟、饮酒、接触室内清洗剂为危险因素,母亲孕前短期内或孕期服用叶酸为保护因素。     

孕期发热事件对妊娠结局影响的回顾性研究

目的 探讨孕期发热事件(体温＞38.0℃)对妊娠不良结局的影响.方法 采用回顾性研究的方法,抽取佛山市禅城区中心医院2008年1月至2011年10月分娩的8 000例产妇病例妊娠及妊娠结局资料,根据孕期有无发热病史,分为暴露组和对照组,分析孕期发热事件与不良妊娠结局之间的关联.结果 孕期有发热病史的产妇占11.6％,其中孕早期发热5.2％、孕中期发热3.1％、孕晚期发热2.7％、产时发热3.8％;Logistic回归分析显示,孕期发热事件与先兆流产(OR=1.43,95％ CI:1.22 ～1.63)、早产(OR=1.36,95％ CI:1.08～1.71)、低出生体重(OR =2.01,95％ CI:1.42 ～ 2.38)、先天畸形(OR=1.98,95％ CI:1.36 ～3.22)、新生儿窒息(OR=1.50,95％ CI:1.13 ～2.51)、新生儿死亡(OR =3.37,95％ CI:1.94 ～5.17)等不良妊娠结局发生风险升高相关.结论 孕期发热事件与不良妊娠结局之间存在一定关联.     

妊娠期妇女发生早期自然流产的相关因素分析

目的:探讨妊娠期妇女发生早期自然流产的危险因素,为预防自然流产提供科学依据。方法:采用问卷调查的方式对该院妇产科2012~2013年收治的65例妊娠早期自然流产妇女作为病例组,按照1∶2的方式进行配对选取同期正常130例孕妇作为对照组;采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归对妊娠期自然流产的危险因素进行分析。结果:单因素分析结果为在病例组和对照组孕妇之间年龄是否≥35岁、是否有人工流产史、是否有自然流产史、是否产前检查、是否孕早期行房、是否伴有孕早期发热或感冒在两组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示:年龄(OR=1.378)、人工流产史(OR=1.447)、自然流产史(OR=1.876)、产前检查(OR=1.310)、孕早期发热或感冒(OR=1.157)为妊娠期妇女发生早期自然流产的影响因素。结论:孕早期发生自然流产的危险因素为年龄超过35岁、既往人工流产和自然流产史、未产前检查、孕期感冒或发热,应针对相关因素对妊娠期妇女进行针对性的孕期指导。     

孕前及孕早期非遗传因素与胎儿先天性心脏病的相关性研究

目的探讨孕前及孕早期非遗传因素与胎儿先天性心脏病(CHD)的相关性。方法选取2013年1月-2014年10月间在该院行产前超声检查并确诊为CHD的胎儿728例为研究组;对照组选取与研究组相差2周以内的健康胎儿孕妇以1∶1比例进行匹配。调查两组胎儿母亲孕前及孕早期非遗传暴露因素,对可能诱发CHD的因素进行风险分析。结果孕早期感冒(OR=1.892,95%CI:1.204~3.143)负性生活事件(OR=2.272,95%CI:1.376~3.781)、生殖系统感染(OR=2.081,95%CI:1.269~3.507)、居住或工作地在化工厂附近(OR=1.936,95%CI:1.143~2.937)为胎儿先天性心脏病发生的独立危险因素。孕前及孕早期补充叶酸(OR=0.573,95%CI:0.376~0.916)、补充复合维生素(OR=0.541,95%CI:0.363~0.852)为胎儿先天性心脏病发生的保护因素。结论怀孕前及孕早期遭遇负性事件、孕早期感冒、生殖系统感染、居住地或单位附近有工厂会提升先天性心脏病发生风险;而孕前及孕早期补适量的复合维生素和叶酸可降低胎儿先天性心脏病发生的风险。     

上海某区足月新生儿低出生体重的影响因素分析

[目的]探讨孕期健康及行为相关因素对足月新生儿低出生体重的影响. [方法]采用队列研究,将上海某区孕期＜20周的孕早期妇女纳入队列,最后分娩单胎足月活产儿的孕妇共2768人.采用x2检验和logistic回归分析孕期被动吸烟、文化程度、经济状况等因素和低出生体重的关系. [结果]在2768名产妇中,有1284人(46.4％)至少在孕早期或孕晚期有二手烟暴露的情况,孕妇低身高(模型1:OR=0.9,95％CI为0.840～0.996;模型2:OR=0.9,95％CI为0.860～0.998)及怀孕后患有疾病(模型1:OR=2.7,95％CI为1.1～6.5;模型2:OR=2.7,95％CI为1.1～6.6)会增加发生低出生体重儿的风险,孕早期或孕晚期的被动吸烟史对胎儿的出生体重没有影响. [结论]本研究并未发现孕期被动吸烟与胎儿低出生体重发生率之间的关联.     

孕期环境因素对儿童先天性心脏病的影响探讨

目的探讨孕早期及孕期周围环境因素对儿童先天性心脏病(CHD)的影响。方法选择2012年12月-2014年12月本院生产的60例CHD儿童及母亲以及60例健康儿童及母亲,分别为观察组与对照组,采用入户问卷形式调查两组母亲生育年龄、早孕反应、慢性病史、孕早期感冒、被动吸烟史、丈夫饮酒史等孕早期及孕期周围环境因素,采用logistic回归分析方法进行多因素分析。结果单因素分析结果显示,早孕反应、慢性病史、孕早期感冒、被动吸烟史、丈夫饮酒史、孕早期服药史、孕前未补充维生素与儿童CHD发生有统计学关联(P值均0.05);多因素分析结果显示慢性病史(OR=3.648,95%CI为1.342~10.621)、孕早期感冒(OR=2.869,95%CI为1.142~9.432)、被动吸烟史(OR=2.456,95%CI为1.321~7.456)、孕前未补充维生素(OR=3.421,95%CI为1.375~9.213)与儿童CHD发生有统计学关联。结论应针对儿童CHD发生的危险因素,加强健康教育,严格进行孕期保健,降低CHD的发病风险。     

胎儿神经系统发育异常与外界环境的相关性调查

目的探究胎儿神经系统发育异常与外界环境的相关性,为先天性神经系统发育异常的预防提供理论依据。方法选取2014年1月-2017年1月深圳市人民医院行产前检查确诊的30例先天性神经系统发育异常的围生儿设为观察组,随机选择同时期出生的60例正常新生儿设为对照组。调查两组新生儿父母年龄、生育情况、受教育情况、宠物饲养情况、日常生活及工作环境等外界因素,单因素分析胎儿神经系统发育异常的危险因素,采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨其独立危险因素。结果单因素分析结果显示导致胎儿神经系统发育异常的危险因素有饲养宠物、接触农药、受教育程度、被动吸烟、孕早期感冒、房屋新装修、负性生活事件、父亲饮酒及孕早期服药史等(P0.05),两组结婚至生育时间、生育年龄、怀孕次数及流产次数及人工流产史等比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示被动吸烟(OR=2.213,95%CI为1.354~9.435)、接触农药(OR=2.006,95%CI为1.124~13.543)、负性生活事件(OR=2.765,95%CI为1.132~12.786)、孕早期感冒(OR=2.005,95%CI为1.345~9.543)、房屋新装修(OR=3.321,95%CI为1.457~12.556)及孕早期服药史(OR=2.328,%95CI为1.412~10.225)是胎儿神经系统发育异常的独立危险因素。结论被动吸烟、接触农药、负性生活事件、孕早期服药史、早期感冒以及房屋新装修等均会增加胎儿神经系统发育异常风险,应注意孕期生活环境,加强孕期保健,降低神经系统畸形风险。     

Agricultural pesticide use and hypospadias in eastern Arkansas

INTRODUCTION: We assessed the relationship between hypospadias and proximity to agricultural pesticide applications using a GIS-based exposure method. METHODS: We obtained information for 354 cases of hypospadias born between 1998 and 2002 in eastern Arkansas; 727 controls were selected from birth certificates. We classified exposure on pounds of pesticides (estimated by crop type) applied or persisting within 500 m of each subject's home during gestational weeks 6 to 16. We restricted our analyses to 38 pesticides with some evidence of reproductive, developmental, estrogenic, and/or antiandrogenic effects. We estimated timing of pesticide applications using crop phenology and published records. RESULTS: Gestational age at birth [odds ratio (OR) = 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.83-0.99], parity (OR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65-0.95), and delaying prenatal care until the third trimester (OR = 4.04; 95% CI, 1.46-11.23) were significantly associated with hypospadias. Risk of hypospadias increased by 8% for every 0.05-pound increase in estimated exposure to diclofop-methyl use (OR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15). Pesticide applications in aggregate (OR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70-0.96) and applications of alachlor (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.89) and permethrin (OR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.86) were negatively associated with hypospadias. CONCLUSIONS: Except for diclofop-methyl, we did not find evidence that estimated exposure to pesticides known to have reproductive, developmental, or endocrine-disrupting effects increases risk of hypospadias. Further research on the potential effects of exposure to diclofop-methyl is recommended.     

Spontaneous abortion and maternal work in greenhouses

BACKGROUND: A positive association between maternal occupational exposure to pesticide and spontaneous abortion has been reported in some studies. Work in greenhouses may imply exposure of pregnant women to pesticides continuously and at elevated level. METHODS: A total of 717 women working in greenhouses provided information on 973 pregnancies, including 110 spontaneous abortions. These pregnancies were classified as exposed or not exposed according to maternal occupation, re-entry activities and application of pesticides in greenhouses during at least 1 month in the first trimester of pregnancy. The ORs for spontaneous abortion were estimated through a generalised estimate equations model for all orders of pregnancy together, and through a logistic regression model limited to first pregnancies. RESULTS: Increased risks of spontaneous abortion were found for maternal re-entry activities within 24 hr after pesticides were applied (all orders of pregnancy: OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-7.7; first pregnancies: OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.0-13.9) and for those who applied pesticides (all orders of pregnancy: OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0-6.6; first pregnancies: OR 3.7, 95% CI 0.7-20,6) CONCLUSIONS: The observed results support the hypothesis of an association between maternal work in greenhouses and spontaneous abortion. The main limitations of the study are lack of information on the specific chemicals used and the small number of pregnancies heavily exposed to pesticides.     

Association of transposition of the great arteries in infants with maternal exposures to herbicides and rodenticides

The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study, a case-control study of congenital heart defects in liveborn infants conducted in 1981--1989, interviewed parents about a wide range of environmental exposures that occurred during and before the pregnancy. In the period 1987--1989, the questionnaire was expanded to include a detailed inquiry about exposures to pesticides. An analysis of these latter data revealed an association of maternal exposure to any pesticides during the first trimester with transposition of the great arteries in their infants (TGA; n = 66 infants), relative to 771 control infants, with an odds ratio of 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 3.3). No other heart defects were associated with pesticides. When analyzed by type of pesticide and adjusted for covariates, there were associations of TGA with maternal exposures to herbicides (odds ratio (OR) = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.3, 7.2) and to rodenticidal chemicals (OR = 4.7; 95% CI: 1.4, 12.1) but not to insecticides (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 0.9, 2.6). No data were collected on specific chemicals or brand names. These results raise new questions about the possible epidemiologic association of TGA with some classes of pesticides and warrant new, carefully targeted investigations.     

Parental occupational exposure to pesticides and the risk of childhood leukemia in Costa Rica

OBJECTIVES: Parental exposure to pesticides and the risk of leukemia in offspring were examined in a population-based case-control study in Costa Rica. METHODS: All cases of childhood leukemia (N=334), in 1995-2000, were identified at the Cancer Registry and the Children's Hospital. Population controls (N=579) were drawn from the National Birth Registry. Interviews of parents were conducted using conventional and icon-based calendar forms. An exposure model was constructed for 25 pesticides in five time periods. RESULTS: Mothers' exposures to any pesticides during the year before conception and during the first and second trimesters were associated with the risk [odds ratio (OR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.0-5.9; OR 22, 95% CI 2.8-171.5; OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.4-14.7, respectively] and during anytime (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.8). An association was found for fathers' exposures to any pesticides during the second trimester (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.3). An increased risk with respect to organophosphates was found for mothers during the first trimester (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.0-12.2) and for fathers during the year before conception and the first trimester (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.2 and OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.6, respectively), and benzimidazoles during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.4; OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-5.0; OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-5.2, respectively). There was a suggestion of an exposure-response gradient for fathers as regards picloram, benomyl, and paraquat. Age at diagnosis was positively associated with fathers' exposures and inversely associated with mothers' exposures. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that parental exposure to certain pesticides may increase the risk of leukemia in offspring.     

Exposure to phenoxy herbicides and the risk of spontaneous abortion.

The Ontario Farm Family Health Study was designed to assess retrospectively the potential adverse effects of exposure to pesticides on pregnancy. Information on the health and life style of approximately 2,000 farm couples, as well as a history of use of pesticides on the farm, was collected by questionnaire. This analysis focuses on pre- and postconception exposure to phenoxy herbicides and the risk of spontaneous abortion using the complete (to date) pregnancy history for each woman. Preconception exposure (from 3 months before conception to the month of conception) was weakly associated with the risk of spontaneous abortion at <20 weeks' gestation [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.6-1.9]. When the analyses were restricted to spontaneous abortions of <12 weeks, the risk was more than doubled (adjusted OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.0-6.4), but the results were sensitive to the cutpoint used. If the husband did not normally wear protective equipment during application, the crude OR for early spontaneous abortions was 5.0 (95% CI = 0.7-36.2). Exposure to phenoxy herbicides during the first trimester was generally not associated with increased risk of spontaneous abortion. The results suggest a possible role of preconception (possibly paternal) exposures to phenoxy herbicides in the risk of early spontaneous abortions.     

Risk of stillbirth from occupational and residential exposures.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the risk of stillbirth from 12 residential and occupational maternal exposures during pregnancy. METHODS: Stillbirths and neonatal deaths in 1984 within 24 hours of birth from 10 California counties were identified from death certificates. Controls were randomly selected from live births born in 1984 and frequency matched to cases by maternal age and county. Data sources included vital statistics and a self-administered postal questionnaire. Logistic regression and proportional hazards modelling were performed; the proportional hazards considered the truncated opportunity for exposure among cases. Special focus was given to two cause of deaths groups: congenital anomalies (12% of deaths) and complications of the placenta, cord, and membranes (37% of deaths). RESULTS: Occupational exposure to pesticides during the first two months of gestation was positively associated with stillbirths due to congenital anomalies (odds ratio (OR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.0 to 5.9), and during the first and second trimesters with stillbirths due to all causes of death (risk ratios (RR) 1.3-1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.7) and stillbirths due to complications of the placenta, cord, and membranes (RR 1.6-1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3). Occupational exposure to video display terminals in the third trimester was found to have a modest inverse association with stillbirths (RR 0.7, 95% CI 0.6, 0.9). Home pesticide exposure was positively associated with stillbirths due to congenital anomalies (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.9). CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposure to pesticides, especially during early pregnancy, had a clear positive association with stillbirths regardless of cause of death. Methodologically, this study of stillbirths is unique in its analysis of specific causes of death and use of time specific exposure windows.     

Risk factors for early infant mortality in Sarlahi district, Nepal

OBJECTIVES: Early infant mortality has not declined as rapidly as child mortality in many countries. Identification of risk factors for early infant mortality may help inform the design of intervention strategies. METHODS: Over the period 1994-97, 15,469 live-born, singleton infants in rural Nepal were followed to 24 weeks of age to identify risk factors for mortality within 0-7 days, 8-28 days, and 4-24 weeks after the birth. FINDINGS: In multivariate models, maternal and paternal education reduced mortality between 4 and 24 weeks only: odds ratios (OR) 0.28 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.12-0.66) and 0.63 (95% CI = 0.44-0.88), respectively. Miscarriage in the previous pregnancy predicted mortality in the first week of life (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.37-2.87), whereas prior child deaths increased the risk of post-neonatal death (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.24-2.75). A larger maternal mid-upper arm circumference reduced the risk of infant death during the first week of life (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81-0.95). Infants of women who did not receive any tetanus vaccinations during pregnancy or who had severe illness during the third trimester were more likely to die in the neonatal period. Maternal mortality was strongly associated with infant mortality (OR = 6.43, 95% CI = 2.35-17.56 at 0-7 days; OR = 11.73, 95% CI = 3.82-36.00 at 8-28 days; and OR = 51.68, 95% CI = 20.26-131.80 at 4-24 weeks). CONCLUSION: Risk factors for early infant mortality varied with the age of the infant. Factors amenable to intervention included efforts aimed at maternal morbidity and mortality and increased arm circumference during pregnancy.     

Parental occupational exposure to pesticides and childhood germ-cell tumors

In a recently completed US case-control study (Children's Oncology Group, 1993-2001) with 253 cases and 394 controls, the authors investigated the association between parental occupational exposure to pesticides and risk of childhood germ-cell tumors. Information on occupational pesticide exposure was collected using job-specific module questionnaires and assessed by an experienced industrial hygienist. Odds ratios for childhood germ-cell tumors associated with maternal exposures before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and after the birth of the index child were 1.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8, 1.4), 1.1 (95% CI: 0.7, 1.6), and 1.3 (95% CI: 0.9, 1.8), respectively. Paternal exposures before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and after the birth of the index child were not related to germ-cell tumors (odds ratios (ORs) were 0.9 (95% CI: 0.7, 1.2), 0.8 (95% CI: 0.5, 1.2), and 0.8 (95% CI: 0.5, 1.3), respectively). When both parents had ever been occupationally exposed to pesticides before the index pregnancy, the odds ratio was 0.8 (95% CI: 0.4, 1.3). Subgroup analyses showed a positive association between maternal exposure to herbicides during the postnatal period and risk of germ-cell tumors in girls (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.0, 5.2) and an inverse association between paternal exposure to pesticides during the index pregnancy and germ-cell tumors in boys (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1, 1.0). This study did not provide strong evidence supporting a relation between parental pesticide exposure in the workplace and risk of germ-cell tumors among offspring.