Inguinal lymph node presenting as the delayed site of metastasis in early stage endometrial carcinoma: Case report

IntroductionInguinal lymph nodes are the frequent sites of metastasis for malignant lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal, vulva and penis, malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma of skin over lower extremities or trunk. Anatomically, endometrial carcinoma is less likely to spread to the superficial or deep inguinal lymph nodes, thus metastatic involvement of these lymph nodes can easily be overlooked.Case presentationHere-in we report a case of a 65-year old Saudi morbid obese female, who presented with left inguinal lymphadenopathy as initial delayed site of metastasis almost 19 months after the initial treatment for FIGO IA endometrial carcinoma. Patient underwent left inguinal lymph node dissection. Histopathology confirmed metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma, positive for cytokeratin (CK-7), estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), negative for CK-20 and CDX2. Following the post-surgery recovery, she was given extended field radiation therapy to para-aortic, pelvis and bilateral inguinal lymph nodes with concurrent cisplatin chemotherapy followed by high dose rate brachytherapy.ConclusionInguinal lymph nodes as delayed site of metastasis in early endometrial carcinoma is extremely rare entity. Incorporation of FDG-PET during the preoperative screening of inguinal nodes may be helpful. The impact of lymph node dissection and adjuvant radiation therapy on survival needs to be established.     

阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结转移行术前新辅助化疗的临床疗效分析

目的探讨阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结转移行术前新辅助化疗的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2001年至2008年收治的13例接受术前新辅助化疗及手术治疗的阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结转移病例的临床及随访资料,并进行生存分析。结果阴茎癌淋巴结转移13例,均行以顺铂、博来霉素、甲氨蝶呤为主要方案的术前新辅助化疗,其后11例行阴茎部分切除术+单侧或双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,2例行局部放射治疗。从阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结转移治疗后开始计算生存率,1例失随访。1、2、5年生存率分别为75.0%(9/12)、66.7%(8/12)和41.7%(5/12)。结论对阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结转移患者采用新辅助化疗结合手术治疗是一种有效的治疗手段。     

腹腔镜联合髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术在黑色素瘤淋巴结转移中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜联合髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术在黑色素瘤淋巴结转移中的应用效果。 方法回顾性分析第四军医大学西京医院2015年5月至2017年2月收治的9例转移性黑色素瘤患者,均为下肢原发灶切除术后、IFN-β治疗期间经影像学检查发现髂血管旁和(或)腹股沟区淋巴结转移。手术方式为腹腔镜自髂血管分叉逆行清扫髂血管旁淋巴结,开放手术清扫腹股沟区淋巴结。 结果9例手术均顺利完成。平均手术时间(150.9±41.08)min、平均术中出血量(55±21.51)ml、平均术后下床活动时间(3.11±1.67)d、平均术后住院时间(8.57±2.19)d,术后病理均证实为髂血管旁淋巴结和(或)腹股沟区淋巴结转移。 结论腹腔镜联合髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术是治疗下肢黑色素瘤转移的新术式探索,该术式手术创伤较小、恢复较快、清扫彻底,具备一定的临床应用价值。     

Contemporary management of penile cancer including surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy: an experience in Taiwan

This retrospective study reports on the treatment outcomes of 45 men with penile cancer and seeks to address the issue concerning the treatment of inguinal lymph nodes (LN). Of these 45 patients, five had verrucous carcinoma and the other 40 had squamous cell carcinoma. Eighteen patients had inguinal lymph nodes (LNs) metastasis and received treatments of inguinal LNs involving bilateral inguinal LN dissection or unilateral inguinal LN dissection with or without postoperative radiotherapy. The median follow-up was 37 months. The ultimate local and regional controls for patients with verrucous carcinoma were 100 and 100%, respectively. Among the 40 patients with squamous cell carcinoma, the overall local control rate was 90%. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates of patients without or with pathological inguinal LN metastasis were 70 vs. 22% (p=0.01), and 55 vs. 16% (p=0.004), respectively. The regional failure rates after inguinal LN dissection for pathological inguinal LN metastasis were 11% (1/9) and 60% (3/5) in patients with and without adjuvant radiotherapy. This study demonstrates that verrucous carcinoma shows excellent treatment outcomes following surgery alone. Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis is associated with a high incidence of inguinal lymph node metastasis. Elective groin dissection is indicated for all penile cancer patients except those with verrucous carcinoma and pT1 cancer with well-differentiated tumor. For patients with pathologically positive inguinal LN metastasis, adjuvant radiotherapy can increase inguinal control in this study. It warrants further prospective trial to prove the value of adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with pathological documented inguinal LN metastasis in penile cancer.     

Contralateral inguinal lymph node metastasis in patients with melanoma of the lower extremities

A retrospective study was carried out on six patients with contralateral inguinal lymph node metastasis from a melanoma of the lower extremity. All six patients were found to have had a previous homolateral groin dissection and in five patients there was intercurrent disease relapse in the leg before or at the same time as the appearance of contralateral node metastasis. Although the prognosis in these patients is unfavourable, two had a survival period of 24 and 32 months and two were still alive 27 months after contralateral groin dissection. In order to determine possible pathways of dissemination, lymphoscintigraphic studies of the leg were performed in another 16 melanoma patients who in the past had undergone a groin dissection. In 13 of them uptake in the contralateral inguinal lymph nodes was detected, indicating that groin dissection can lead to a different lymphatic flow pattern, which is often directed to the contralateral groin. Contralateral lymph node involvement may be an expression of regional disease. In such patients a contralateral groin dissection is advocated.     

Risk factors for lymph node metastasis in clinically node-negative penile cancer patients

Objectives:   To analyze the effects of pathological T stage, grade, extent of surgery for primary tumor, and age group on the risk of developing lymph node metastasis in clinically node-negative penile cancer patients.
Methods:   We performed a retrospective analysis of 200 clinically node-negative penile cancer patients who were kept under surveillance, after treatment of the primary tumor in our institution. The primary outcome parameter was cytologically or histologically proven lymph node metastasis. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute odds ratios in univariate and multivariate settings.
Results:   Lymph node metastasis occurred in 31 patients at a median time of three months. Histological grade 3 and grade 2 tumors had a statistically significant increased odds ratio for lymph node metastasis, (7.1[ P  < 0.001] and 2.7 [ P  = 0.04], respectively), compared with grade 1 tumors. Although increasing pT stage was associated with increasing odds ratios, the differences were not statistically significant. Nor did the extent of surgery of the primary tumor or the age group significantly influence the risk of developing lymph node metastasis.
Conclusions:   Histological grade is the most significant parameter influencing the risk of lymph node metastasis in clinically node-negative penile cancer patients on surveillance. Patients with grade 3 and grade 2 tumors may benefit from elective inguinal lymphadenectomy.     

阴茎鳞状细胞癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

目的 探讨阴茎鳞状细胞癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的危险因素,筛选淋巴结转移的高危患者.方法 回顾性分析81例阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者临床及病理资料.年龄27～81岁,中位年龄49岁.病程＜1年者46例(56.8%),≥1年者35例(43.2%).行单侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫6例,双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫75例.按2002年TNM分期标准进行分期,并记录患者年龄、有无包皮过长/包茎史、肿瘤部位、大小、数目、形状、分级、腹股沟淋巴结体格检查情况和淋巴结大小等指标.结果 81例患者中经病理证实有区域淋巴结转移者pN+42例(51.9%),无淋巴结转移者pN0 39例(48.1%).G1、G2、G3患者区域淋巴结转移发生率分别为32.0%(16/50)、78.3%(18/23)和100.0%(8/8),各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.015).根据腹股沟淋巴结体格检查结果,cN+和cN0患者区域淋巴结转移发生率分别为63.5%(40/63)和11.1%(2/18),2组差异有统计学意义(P=0.012).81例均获随访,随访时间2～127个月,中位时间40个月.腹股沟淋巴结转移阳性患者与阴性患者的5年无病生存率分别为71.4%与92.3%(P=0.005),5年总生存率分别为79.0%与91.4%(P=0.001),差异均有统计学意义.结论 腹股沟淋巴结体格检查结果和肿瘤分级是腹股沟区域淋巴结转移的独立危险因素.腹股沟淋巴结转移患者5年无病生存率和总生存率较低,对淋巴结转移高危患者,应采取积极治疗措施.     

阴茎鳞状细胞癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

目的 探讨阴茎鳞状细胞癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的危险因素,筛选淋巴结转移的高危患者.方法 回顾性分析81例阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者临床及病理资料.年龄27～81岁,中位年龄49岁.病程＜1年者46例(56.8%),≥1年者35例(43.2%).行单侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫6例,双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫75例.按2002年TNM分期标准进行分期,并记录患者年龄、有无包皮过长/包茎史、肿瘤部位、大小、数目、形状、分级、腹股沟淋巴结体格检查情况和淋巴结大小等指标.结果 81例患者中经病理证实有区域淋巴结转移者pN+42例(51.9%),无淋巴结转移者pN0 39例(48.1%).G1、G2、G3患者区域淋巴结转移发生率分别为32.0%(16/50)、78.3%(18/23)和100.0%(8/8),各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.015).根据腹股沟淋巴结体格检查结果,cN+和cN0患者区域淋巴结转移发生率分别为63.5%(40/63)和11.1%(2/18),2组差异有统计学意义(P=0.012).81例均获随访,随访时间2～127个月,中位时间40个月.腹股沟淋巴结转移阳性患者与阴性患者的5年无病生存率分别为71.4%与92.3%(P=0.005),5年总生存率分别为79.0%与91.4%(P=0.001),差异均有统计学意义.结论 腹股沟淋巴结体格检查结果和肿瘤分级是腹股沟区域淋巴结转移的独立危险因素.腹股沟淋巴结转移患者5年无病生存率和总生存率较低,对淋巴结转移高危患者,应采取积极治疗措施.     

阴茎鳞状细胞癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

目的 探讨阴茎鳞状细胞癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的危险因素,筛选淋巴结转移的高危患者.方法 回顾性分析81例阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者临床及病理资料.年龄27～81岁,中位年龄49岁.病程＜1年者46例(56.8%),≥1年者35例(43.2%).行单侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫6例,双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫75例.按2002年TNM分期标准进行分期,并记录患者年龄、有无包皮过长/包茎史、肿瘤部位、大小、数目、形状、分级、腹股沟淋巴结体格检查情况和淋巴结大小等指标.结果 81例患者中经病理证实有区域淋巴结转移者pN+42例(51.9%),无淋巴结转移者pN0 39例(48.1%).G1、G2、G3患者区域淋巴结转移发生率分别为32.0%(16/50)、78.3%(18/23)和100.0%(8/8),各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.015).根据腹股沟淋巴结体格检查结果,cN+和cN0患者区域淋巴结转移发生率分别为63.5%(40/63)和11.1%(2/18),2组差异有统计学意义(P=0.012).81例均获随访,随访时间2～127个月,中位时间40个月.腹股沟淋巴结转移阳性患者与阴性患者的5年无病生存率分别为71.4%与92.3%(P=0.005),5年总生存率分别为79.0%与91.4%(P=0.001),差异均有统计学意义.结论 腹股沟淋巴结体格检查结果和肿瘤分级是腹股沟区域淋巴结转移的独立危险因素.腹股沟淋巴结转移患者5年无病生存率和总生存率较低,对淋巴结转移高危患者,应采取积极治疗措施.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the risk factors of inguinal metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, screening lymph node metastasis high-risk patients. Methods The clinical and pathological data of 81 consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were analyzed retrospectively. Age at presentation ranged from 27 to 81 years with a median of 49 years. Course of disease within one year of patients with 46 cases (56.8%), 1 year above 35 eases (43.2 %). Seventyfive patients underwent bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection, and 6 patients had unilateral inguinal lymph node dissection. Clinical stage of the primary tumor was assigned according to the 2002 TNM staging system. Variables included patients' age, redundant prepuce and/or phimosis, tumor site,size, number, macroscopic growth pattern, histological grade, inguinal physical examination and the size of inguinal lymph nodes. Results Of the 81 patients, 42 (51.9%) were staged as pN+ and 39 (48. 1%) as pN0. Metastases occurred in 32.0% (16/50) of G1, 78.3% (18/23) of G2 and 100. 0%(8/8) of G3 cases, with significant differences among them (P= 0. 015). According to the inguinal lymph node physical examination results, 63 were staged as clinically node-positive (cN+) and 18 as clinically node-negative (cN0). Metastases occurred in 63. 5% (40/63) of cases of cN+, as compared with 11.1% (2/18) of cases of cN0(P=0. 012). At a median follow up of 40 months (ranged 2-127 months), the 5-year disease free survival rates for positive and negative inguinal lymph nodes metastasis were 71.4% and 92.3%, respectively (P=0. 005) , and the 5-year cancer specific survival rates were 79.0% and 91.4%, respectively (P=0.001). Conclusions Inguinal physical examination and histological grade were the strongest predictors of inguinal metastasis. The patients with inguinal lymph nodes metastasis have lower 5-year disease free survival rates and cancer specific survival rates,and should receive positive treatment measures.     

Successful gemcitabine-nedaplatin therapy in a hemodialysis patient with ureteral carcinoma after bilateral nephroureterectomy

A 79-year-old male, who received hemodialysis due to bilateral nephroureterectomy and cysto-prostateurethrectomy. Five months later, an enlarged lymph node was found in the left of inguinal area. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a low density mass from the para-aortic lymph node to the left of inguinal area, suggesting lymph node metastasis of ureteral carcinoma. After 3 cycles of gemcitabinenedaplatin therapy, the size of lymph node metastasis decreased. This is a report of successful treatment of ureteral carcinoma with hemodialysis.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy for staging penile cancer

Eighteen sentinel lymph node biopsies were performed in 10 patients with invasive squamous carcinoma of the penis. Five of 15 biopsies associated with inguinal lymphadenopathy and 2 of 3 biopsies associated with palpably normal inguinal nodes were positive. Among 7 ipsilateral regional lymphadenectomies undertaken because of a positive biopsy, additional lymph node metastases were uncovered in only 1 instance. Among 5 patients with negative biopsies bilaterally, none had other superficial inguinal lymph node metastases and all but one have remained free of tumor (mean follow-up 26 months). These data support the possibility that the sentinel lymph node is often the first site of regional lymphatic metastasis in penile cancer.     

Dynamic sentinel node biopsy for penile cancer: reliability of a staging technique

PURPOSE: We determine the value of dynamic sentinel node biopsy for staging squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 90 patients with clinically node negative penile cancer were prospectively entered in this study. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was performed after intradermal injection of 99mtechnetium nanocolloid around the primary tumor. The sentinel node was intraoperatively identified with the aid of intradermal administered patent blue dye and a gamma ray detection probe. Histopathological examination of sentinel nodes included serial sectioning and immunohistochemical staining. Regional lymph node dissection was performed only if metastasis was found in a sentinel node. Median followup was 36 months (range 5 to 95). RESULTS: Lymphoscintigraphy visualized 217 sentinel nodes in 159 inguinal regions of 88 patients. A total of 208 sentinel nodes were intraoperatively identified in 149 inguinal regions of 88 patients. Sentinel node metastasis was found in 19 inguinal regions of 18 patients. Four of 8 patients with unilateral clinical stage N1 disease had a tumor positive sentinel node on the opposite site. Regional recurrence after excision of a tumor negative sentinel node or after nonvisualization was seen in 5 patients, resulting in a false-negative rate of 22% (5 of 23). The 3-year disease specific survival was 98% and 71% for patients with a tumor negative or tumor positive sentinel node, respectively (p = 0.0018). CONCLUSIONS: Occult lymph node metastases in penile cancer can be detected with a sensitivity of about 80% by dynamic sentinel node biopsy, including preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, vital dye and a gamma ray detection probe.     

阴囊基底细胞癌诊治分析

目的 探讨阴囊基底细胞癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析7例阴囊基底细胞癌患者的资料.患者平均年龄66(50～74)岁.主要症状为阴囊皮肤出现斑块或结节伴瘙痒,病程1～20年.肿瘤最大径1.5～4.5cm.5例曾误诊为湿疹或皮炎.7例均经活检确诊,均无远处转移.7例均行肿瘤广泛切除术治疗.结果 7例术后病理检查见肿瘤为基底样细胞和间质组成的团块,标本切缘均为阴性.1例术后21个月发生左腹股沟淋巴结转移,行双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术.术后随访36个月无瘤生存.1例术后48个月出现双肺转移,予环磷酰胺+表阿霉素+顺铂联合方案化疗6个疗程,获得完全缓解.化疗结束后13个月无瘤生存.其余5例术后未行辅助放、化疗,随访14～72个月均无瘤生存.结论阴囊基底细胞癌临床罕见.手术广泛切除肿瘤有可能获得治愈.部分患者在术后数年会发生转移,术后需要长期随访.     

阴囊Paget病的治疗和预后(附23例报告)

目的:探讨阴囊Paget病的临床特点、治疗方式和预后。方法:回顾性分析23例阴囊Paget病患者的资料,分析其临床、病理、手术治疗和预后的特点。患者平均年龄62.4(49~72)岁,从出现症状到确诊的间隔时间平均为67.6(12~132)个月。A1期9例,A2期12例,B期1例,D期1例。首诊误诊率91.3%(21/23)。手术治疗20例,放疗2例,化疗1例。结果:失访1例,随访22例,平均随访时间119(7~233)个月。第1次治疗后,因肿瘤死亡1例,非肿瘤死亡3例。复发4例,复发伴腹股沟淋巴结转移1例,单独腹股沟淋巴结转移1例,12例无瘤生存。复发或转移患者均接受第2次手术治疗,非肿瘤死亡1例,5例无瘤生存。结论:阴囊Paget病在治疗上应以彻底切除病灶为首选治疗方式,术前或术中确定病灶的范围十分重要。肿瘤侵及真皮时易发生转移,切缘阳性是术后局部复发的关键因素。本病高龄患者居多,进展缓慢,早期治疗预后尚佳,一旦发生远处转移,预后差。     

Inguinal lymph node metastases from testicular tumor

The Northern Israel Cancer Center serves 1 million inhabitants. Between 1968 and 1982, 33 patients with a diagnosis of nonseminomatous tumors of the testis were referred to this center. Of these patients inguinal lymph node metastasis developed in 4, each of whom had had risk factors for such metastasis. Two patients had undergone previous orchiopexy, and 2 had extension of the tumor to the epididymis and the tunica vaginalis testis. The inguinal region should be examined and watched carefully in patients with testicular tumor, especially those at high risk for inguinal metastases. Today, disease in patients with inguinal metastasis is curable by lymph node dissection and/or combination chemotherapy.     

Outcome of penile cancer in circumcised men

PURPOSE: We previously reported on a group of patients with post-circumcision carcinoma of the penis. We now study the long-term outcome of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the available charts of 22 patients presenting between October 1979 and May 2000. RESULTS: Of 22 patients 18 underwent ritual circumcision with extensive scar development. Median age at diagnosis was 62.4 years. The penile lesion was dorsal and proximally located in 15 patients. Median delay before diagnosis was 12 months. Clinically 14 patients had stage T1-T2 disease, with 13 having no lymph node involvement and none with distant metastasis, 8 patients had stage T3-T4 disease. A total of 15 patients were treated surgically with total penectomy (10) or conservative local excision (5), inguinal lymph node dissection (9) and subsequent penile reconstruction (3). Pathological staging in 15 patients revealed 10 patients with stage T1 and in 8 patients with lymph node dissection none had nodal metastasis. Histopathological classification was 20 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 sarcoma and 1 verrucous carcinoma. Six patients refused surgery and 1 was referred for palliation. Median followup was 14.5 months and median survival was 14.5 months. The 3-year survival was 42% for stage T1-T2 and 13% for T3-T4 (p = 0.0052). Median survival for the surgical group was 34 months whereas for nonsurgical group was 3 months (p = 0.0016). Recurrence-free survival in the surgical group was 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Penile carcinoma in circumcised men is a distinct disease commonly following nonclassic vigorous circumcision. Delayed diagnosis and deferring surgical treatment are associated with increased mortality.     

Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and dynamic sentinel node biopsy for staging penile cancer: results with pathological correlation

PURPOSE: We assessed the sensitivity of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and dynamic sentinel node biopsy for staging the inguinal region of patients with penile cancer and no palpable inguinal adenopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 31 patients with invasive penile cancer and nonpalpable (29) or nonsuspicious (2) inguinal lymph nodes were reviewed. Preoperatively lymphoscintigraphy plus dynamic sentinel node biopsy with (99m)technetium labeled sulfur colloid and isosulfan blue dye was performed in 21 patients and dynamic sentinel node biopsy alone with blue dye only was done in 10. All patients underwent superficial lymph node dissection regardless of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy or dynamic sentinel node biopsy findings to establish pathological nodal status. RESULTS: Six of 32 groins that showed drainage on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy had inguinal node metastasis, as did 1 of 10 that was drainage negative. The sensitivity of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy drainage for cancer detection was 86%. Using dynamic sentinel node biopsy with blue dye plus radiotracer 5 sentinel lymph nodes were positive for cancer, although 2 false-negative results were obtained. Thus, the sensitivity of dynamic sentinel node biopsy per groin for cancer detection was 71%. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and dynamic sentinel node biopsy as currently performed remain insufficient for detecting occult inguinal disease. Superficial lymph node dissection remains the gold standard for detecting inguinal microscopic metastasis in select patients.     

阴茎恶性黑色素瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的探讨阴茎原发恶性黑色素瘤的临床诊治及预后。方法对本院1例阴茎原发恶性黑色素瘤的诊疗情况进行回顾性分析。结果患者在本院行阴茎全切加双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术。病理证实阴茎浸润性恶性黑色素瘤伴双侧腹股沟多个淋巴结转移。患者术后3月复查时发现有远处转移。结论阴茎原发恶性黑色素瘤临床罕见,确诊依靠病理及免疫组化,手术为主要的治疗手段,但总体预后不佳。     

Inguinal lymph node metastasis of seminoma 18 years after initial treatment: a case report

Late relapse of testicular tumor is rare. We report a case of recurrence of seminoma at left inguinal lymph node 18 years after initial treatment. A 63-year-old man had a left orchiectomy for left testicular tumor (T1N0M0) in February 1985, with no past history of scrotal or inguinal surgery. Histological examination revealed seminoma (pT1), and prophylactic radiotherapy (34.2 Gy) to para-aortic and left hemi-pelvic regions was perfomed. In November 2003, the patient presented with left inguinal swelling, and was referred to our hospital with suspicion of metastasis to left inguinal lymph nodes. Serum markers (AFP, hCG, hCGbeta and LDH) were normal. Computerized tomography (CT) showed three masses in the left inguinal region, but no other abnormal mass was detected at chest, abdomen or pelvis. Lymphoidectomy of the left inguinal region was perfomed in January 2004, and the mass revealed to be metastasis of seminoma by histological examination.     

Long-term followup of penile carcinoma treated with penectomy and bilateral modified inguinal lymphadenectomy

PURPOSE: We evaluated modified inguinal lymphadenectomy in the treatment of penile carcinoma, analyzing the rate of complications compared to complete inguinal lymphadenectomy, the complications in performing lymphadenectomy and penectomy concomitantly, and the long-term locoregional recurrence rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 26 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were clinically assessed, and underwent penectomy and bilateral modified inguinal lymphadenectomy at the same operative time. Frozen section analysis of lymph nodes was performed and if metastases were detected a complete ipsilateral inguinal dissection was performed. RESULTS: A total of 52 modified lymphadenectomies were performed. In 10 procedures lymph node metastasis was present. Clinical staging presented false-positive and false-negative rates of 50% and 7.9%, respectively. The complication rate for modified lymphadenectomy was 38.9% and for complete inguinal lymphadenectomy it was 87.5%. Followup ranged from 5 to 112 months and mean followup of recurrence-free cases was 78 months (range 38 to 112). A total of 18 patients underwent bilateral negative modified inguinal lymphadenectomy and 2 of these experienced locoregional recurrence within 2 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Modified inguinal lymphadenectomy causes a lower complication rate than complete inguinal lymphadenectomy. Bilateral modified inguinal lymphadenectomy performed at the same time as penectomy does not increase the complication rate. When frozen section analysis is negative bilaterally, 5.5% of inguinal regions might still harbor occult metastasis. Modified inguinal lymphadenectomy is recommended as a staging procedure in all patients with T2-3 penile carcinoma. A straight followup is required for 2 years since all recurrence was within this period.