Ultrasonographic evaluation of gallbladder volume and contractility in diabetic patients of different ages.

Gallbladder volume and contractility were measured, by means of real-time ultrasonography, in 48 insulin treated diabetic patients free from autonomic neuropathy, and in 91 healthy control subjects. All controls and diabetic patients were on a isocaloric and balanced diet. Gallbladder measurements were taken after an overnight fast and again 60-75 minutes after each meal. Gallbladder volume was at all times significantly greater in diabetic patients than in controls, while gallbladder contractility was similar. In diabetic patients, but not in controls, gallbladder volume was greater in the elderly than in adults, with no relationship between gallbladder volume and duration of diabetes. It is concluded that enlargement of the gallbladder might be a risk factor for gallstones in diabetic patients.     

The effect of glycemic control on salivary lipid peroxidation in type II diabetic patients

Background and objectiveHyperglycemia and some disturbance in antioxidant system lead to free radicals production and oxidative stress. Assessment of some products of oxidative stress could be effective in evaluation of diabetic control. This study aimed at evaluation of glycemic control on salivary lipid peroxidation in diabetic patients.MethodsThis case control study has been done on 44 diabetic (type II) and 44 healthy subjects. Un-stimulated saliva was collected and correlation between malondialdehid (MDA) as an end -product of lipid peroxidation and HbA1c was assessed.ResultsMDA and HbA1c of diabetic patients were significantly higher than control group. There was a indirect correlation between MDA and glycemic control level.ConclusionEvaluation of salivary MDA levels could be useful in prediction of glycemic control.     

The nutritional status of ambulatory elderly type II diabetic patients

We have previously found that malnutrition is common among elderly diabetic patients in nursing homes. To determine the prevalence and nature of nutritional problems among ambulatory elderly diabetic patients, 60 Type II insulin-treated diabetic outpatients 65 years of age or older (mean ± SD 69.1±4.13 years) were evaluated consecutively. Anthropometric parameters and serum biochemical indices of protein calorie nutrition were assessed. The results were compared with those of 63 age-matched nondiabetic patients evaluated concurrently. The two groups, apart from the diagnosis of diabetes and its treatment, were comparable insofar as the number of medical problems and number of medications used. Diabetic patients were not significantly different from the controls in mean body weight and height, but mean body mass index (BMI) was slightly higher in diabetic patients. The lean body weight was not different compared to controls, but percent body fat was higher in diabetic patients. The adipose tissue was preferentially located in the upper body segment primarily in the subscapular and abdominal regions as evidenced by skinfold thickness measurements. There were no differences between the groups in midarm and midthigh muscle circumference. The serum triglyceride levels in the diabetic patients (335.8 ± 560.6 mg/dl) were significantly higher than those of controls (150.1 ± 57.7 mg/dl). There were no significant differences in total lymphocyte count or serum levels of cholesterol, albumin, prealbumin, transferrin and retinol binding protein. It is concluded that among ambulatory, elderly, diabetic patients, being underweight is rare.     

Metformin treatment in elderly type II diabetic patients

Pharmacological treatment in elderly patients with type II, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is becoming a growing and complex problem in the clinical practice, since longevity in almost every population is increasing, and the prevalence of NIDDM also rises with age. It is generally indicated that age over 65-70 years represents a specific contraindication against the administration of the biguanides since the risk of the drug-associated lactic acidosis increases with age. However very few data exist in literature about the effect of biguanides, particularly metformin, in aging patients. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effects of adding metformin to poorly controlled sulfonylurea-treated elderly diabetic subjects for a one year period. Eighty-four type II diabetic patients aged more than 70 years and with a poor glycemic control were recruited after an informed consent. All diabetic patients were treated with various sulfonylureas at medium doses and presented renal and liver biochemical function tests within normal ranges and were free of severe macroangiopathy and respiratory or congestive heart failure. Metformin treatment was added to the previous sulfonylurea dosages in order to achieve a satisfactory glycemic control. All patients showed a marked improvement in the glycemic control with no significant modification in fasting blood lactate and a mild increase in the post-prandial lactate peak which, however, always felt largely within the normal ranges. Metformin also improved some metabolic vascular risk factors such as plasma cholesterol levels that were reduced, circulating HDL-cholesterol levels that mildly but significantly increased and uric acid that was lowered. In conclusion our data further support the opinion that metformin has not to be denied to diabetic patients on the sole basis of their age.     

The effect of diabetic control on very low-density lipoprotein--triglyceride metabolism in patients with type II diabetes mellitus and marked hypertriglyceridemia

We examined the effect of diabetic control on very low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) metabolism in six patients with type II (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and marked hypertriglyceridemia. VLDL-TG transport was determined using 3H-glycerol as an endogenous precursor of VLDL-TG, and the resultant kinetic data were evaluated by multicompartmental analysis. Studies were performed in the hypertriglyceridemic diabetic subjects during poor diabetic control and again after 3 months of diabetic treatment, and the results were compared to studies in nondiabetic normolipidemic subjects and nondiabetic subjects with familial forms of hypertriglyceridemia. In the poorly controlled diabetics, mean VLDL-TG synthesis was threefold higher than in the normolipidemic subjects, and the mean fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of VLDL-TG was only one-third of the normals. With diabetic treatment, plasma triglyceride levels fell by more than 50%, but remained fourfold higher than the normals. This was associated with a decrease in mean VLDL-TG synthesis to a level similar to that observed in the genetic hyperlipidemic subjects, but still 2.6-fold higher than the normals. In addition, the mean FCR rose after diabetic control to a level slightly above that of the genetic hyperlipidemic subjects, but remained less than one-half of the normal value. However, the response of VLDL-TG kinetics to diabetic treatment was not uniform. In four subjects, control of hyperglycemia ameliorated the hypertriglyceridemia primarily by decreasing VLDL-TG overproduction. In the other two subjects, diabetic treatment had a greater effect on the FCR than an overproduction of VLDL-TG. Thus, in this select group of diabetic, hypertriglyceridemic subjects, poor diabetic control contributed to both VLDL-TG overproduction and low FCRs. Failure of diabetic treatment to restore VLDL-TG kinetic parameters to normal suggests that the hypertriglyceridemia was due not only to diabetes mellitus but also to an additional abnormality affecting lipoprotein metabolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The effect of muesli or cornflakes at breakfast on carbohydrate metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients.

Fourteen overweight insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients ate a breakfast, consisting of either muesli (slow release starch: SRS) or cornflakes (fast release starch: FRS), in either case with milk (46 g carbohydrate), during two consecutive randomized crossover periods of two weeks. The rest of the diet remained unchanged. At the end of each period the patients underwent a glucose tolerance test after an overnight fast without their usual evening insulin injection. Both mean plasma glucose responses curves were identical after the two dietary periods, but plasma insulin was significantly lower at zero (-17%, P less than 0.05) and 2 h (-21%, P less than 0.05) at the end of the muesli (SRS) period as compared to the cornflakes (FRS) period. The mean day-long plasma glucose level (four measurements) at the end of the muesli period was 21% (P = 0.023) lower than after the cornflakes period. These results show that switching, at breakfast only, from standard cereals to slow release starch cereals improves the carbohydrate metabolism of diabetic patients. In addition, the fact that diabetic patients could reduce their insulin requirement (P less than 0.05) with concomitant reduction of their daily blood glucose level implies that sensitivity to insulin was improved by slow release starct foods consumed at breakfast.     

The effect of insulin resistance on postprandial triglycerides in Korean type 2 diabetic patients

We hypothesized that the influence of metabolic parameters depends on metabolic syndrome (MetS) status. The clinical and metabolic implications of postprandial triglyceride (ppTG) in Korean type 2 diabetes were investigated in the presence or absence of MetS, MetS+, or MetS?. To investigate the relationship between ppTG and metabolic parameters, we analyzed plasma TG levels in 126 newly diagnosed, drug-naïve diabetic patients after ingestion of a standardized low calorie and fat (500 kcal, 17.5 g fat) liquid meal formula. We report that MetS+ patients have significantly higher BMI, waist/hip ratio, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-β, but insignificantly higher fasting TG, ppTG, and ΔTG than MetS? patients. In the MetS+ patients, ppTG correlated with fasting TG and non-HDL, but was not related to HOMA-IR. In MetS? patients, ppTG correlated with fasting TG, non-HDL, blood pressure, waist/hip ratio, fasting C-peptide and insulin levels, and HOMA-IR. Multivariate analysis showed HOMA-IR to be a predictive factor for ppTG in MetS? patients but not in MetS+ patients. ppTG correlated with IR in MetS? type 2 diabetic patients but not in MetS+. This unexpected result implies that MetS+ diabetic patients already have high fasting TG and that IR influences fasting TG more dominantly than ppTG.     

早期胰岛素泵治疗对新诊断的2型糖尿病患者血胰升血糖素样肽1的影响

目的观察早期胰岛素泵治疗对新诊断的2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血胰升血糖素样肽1（GLP-1）的影响。方法选择T2DM患者100例,根据病程分为两组：试验组40例,为新诊断的T2DM患者（病程〈1年）;对照组60例,为T2DM患者（病程1～10年）。两组均使用胰岛素泵持续皮下输注超短效胰岛素门冬胰岛素（诺和锐）2周。比较两组FPG、2hPG、糖化血清白蛋白（GA）、空腹GLP-1、FC—P等变化情况及其相关性。结果治疗后两组FPG、2hPG、GA、FC—P、空腹GLP1的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组治疗前后变化量比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。GLP-1与FC—P呈正相关,与FPG、2hPG及GA呈负相关。结论早期胰岛素泵治疗能够很好控制血糖,促进胰岛功能恢复。对于新诊断的糖尿病患者,GLP-1显著升高,表明胰岛素泵早期治疗在改善β细胞功能、部分恢复餐后胰岛素早时相分泌方面有重要作用,而这种作用在1年以上病程的患者中表现相对不明显。     

西沙比利在胆囊功能不全中的治疗作用

慢性胆囊炎是常见病 ,更是胆汁瘀积 ,胆石症的重要诱因。临床上 ,常常口服多种消炎利胆药 ,往往收效欠佳。有报导 ,西沙比利可促进胆囊排空[1] ,但对其治疗作用报导甚少。本文用Ｂ超法观察了西沙比利在慢性胆囊功能不全中的治疗作用 ,总结如下 :材料与方法一、研究对象　入院病历 2 4例 ,男 12例 ,女 2 2例 ,年龄 2 8～ 6 5岁 ,平均 42 8岁。均经胃镜检查于“大致正常”或轻度“红白相间” ;肝功正常 ,Ｂ超显示 :胆囊结石 12例 ,胆囊息肉 4例 ,18例系单纯慢性胆囊炎。对照组 2 2例 ,男 8例 ,女 14例 ,年龄2 4～ 6 2岁 ,平均 41 3岁 ;均经Ｂ…     

The effect of intense exercise on postprandial glucose homeostasis in Type II diabetic patients

Abstract Aims/hypothesis. The influence of postprandial high intensity exercise on glycaemia was studied in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus. Methods. Patients who were treated by diet only (n = 8) ate a standardised breakfast and 4 h later a standardised lunch. They were studied in the resting state (control day) and on another day (exercise day) when they did intermittent exercised at high intensity after breakfast) (4 bouts including 3 min at 56.5 ± 3.9 % V˙._{O2 max} (means ± SEM), 4 min at 98.3 ± 5.1 % V˙._{O2 max} and 6 min of rest). Responses were calculated as areas under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) during 4 h after either breakfast or lunch. Results. Breakfast-AUCs for glucose, insulin and C peptide were lower (p < 0.05) on the exercise day compared with the control day (glucose: 538 ± 94 vs 733 ± 64 mmol · l^–1· 240 min; insulin: 16 ± 4 vs 22 ± 3 pmol · ml^–1· 240 min; C peptide: 143 ± 22 vs 203 ± 29 pmol · ml^–1· 240 min). After breakfast glucose appearance was unaffected by exercise, whereas disappearance and clearance increased (p < 0.05). Muscle glycogen was diminished by exercise (p < 0.05). After lunch no differences were observed between experiments. Exercise-induced reductions in glucose, insulin and C peptide responses were similar (p > 0.05) in this study of intermittent, high intensity exercise and in a previous study of isocaloric but prolonged moderate (45 min at 53 ± 2 % V˙._{O2 max}) postprandial exercise. Conclusion/interpretation. Postprandial high intensity exercise does not deteriorate glucose homeostasis but reduces both glucose concentrations and insulin secretion. The effect of exercise is related to energy expenditure rather than to peak exercise intensity. Finally, postprandial exercise does not influence glucose homeostasis during a subsequent main meal. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1282–1292] Received: 7 May 1999 and in revised form: 5 July 1999     

The effect of weight loss on change in waist-to-hip ratio in patients with type II diabetes.

This study sought to determine whether weight loss would alter body fat distribution in obese men and women with type II diabetes. Subjects were 60 women and 33 men who participated in a year-long weight loss program. Weight losses of women and men, respectively, averaged 13.4 kg and 16.8 kg at six months and 11.2 kg and 13.1 kg at one year. WHR decreased significantly in both genders: for women, WHR decreased from 0.95 at baseline to 0.93 at six months and 0.94 at one year; for men WHR decreased from 0.99 at baseline to 0.96 at six months and 0.96 at one year. Subjects with greater upper body obesity at baseline did not lose more weight than subjects with less upper body obesity, but they did have greater reductions in WHR at six months in both genders and at one year in men. The magnitude of WHR reduction was strongly related to the amount of weight lost in men, but was not related to weight loss in women. Improvements in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HbA1 were significantly related to weight loss, but not to reductions in WHR. Thus, participation in a weight loss program had beneficial effects on body fat distribution in patients with type II diabetes, but these changes in WHR were not independently associated with improvements in glycemic control.     

西沙必利对慢性功能性便秘患者结肠转运时间的作用

目的 了解另人结肠转运时间的正常值,并探讨西沙必利对慢性功能性便秘患者的结肠转运时间（ＣＴＴ）的作用。方法 通过连续３ｄ各服一粒含不透Ｘ线标志物的胶囊后于第４、第７天拍摄腹部平片的简化方法,测定２５例正常人及２５例慢性功能性便秘患者的全结肠节段结肠转运时间。对全结肠转运时间延长的便秘患者,给予西沙必利１０ｍｇ每日３次口服治疗,疗程４周。在最后１周复查ＣＴＴ,比较服药前后ＣＴＴ的变化。结果 全结肠转     

The effect of intraperitoneal insulin delivery on carbohydrate metabolism in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients.

Patients with type 1 diabetes are usually given insulin subcutaneously, but this does not mimic the physiological route of pancreatic insulin release, which may be better achieved with intraperitoneal insulin. Five C-peptide negative type 1 diabetic patients were studied on two occasions, once with intravenous (IV) and once with intraperitoneal (IP) insulin. Normoglycaemia was maintained from 1700 h with variable insulin infusion, and glucose turnover and recycling assessed from 0600 to 0800 h. A 4-h hyperinsulinaemic (25 mU kg-1 h-1) euglycaemic clamp was then performed, with IP or IV insulin delivery. During the night similar insulin infusion rates were needed to achieve equal blood glucose concentrations. Glucose turnover was identical (IV: 2.4 +/- 0.2 vs IP: 2.3 +/- 0.1 mg kg-1 min-1) (+/- SE) with glucose/carbon recycling 8.8 +/- 4.7 and 12.8 +/- 2.9% (NS). Blood lactate, pyruvate and alanine concentrations were significantly higher with IP than IV insulin (P less than 0.05). During the clamp, insulin concentration was 28 +/- 3 mU/l with IV insulin and 15 +/- 1 mU/l with IP insulin (P less than 0.05) and glucose requirement 2.0 +/- 0.5 and 0.8 +/- 0.3 mg kg-1 min-1, respectively (P less than 0.05). Glucose carbon recycling was higher with IP insulin (P less than 0.05). We conclude that: (1) in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients hepatic glucose production could be normalized with both routes of insulin administration, and (2) at the same insulin infusion rate, the relative peripheral hypoinsulinaemia with IP route is sufficient to increase the rate of release of gluconeogenic precursors, or decrease their hepatic uptake.     

功能性消化不良的胆囊排空功能及西沙必利的应用研究

目的研究功能性消化不良（ＦＤ）的胆囊排空功能以及西沙必利在此中的作用。方法对９１例ＦＤ患者与３０名健康对照者于空腹和试餐后Ｂ超检查测算胆囊容积、胃面积和胆囊排空率（ＧＢＥＦ）。结果约１／３ＦＤ患者存在胆囊排空功能低下，ＦＤ组ＧＢＥＦ明显低于正常组，且其速度慢，其中ＧＢＥＦｍａｘ分别为６４．８％±１８．２％与７７．７％±１６．１％，Ｐ＜０．００１。ＦＤ组３０例（３３．０％）胆囊排空功能低下者经西沙必利治疗后胆囊排空功能改善，ＧＢＥＦｍａｘ由４９．２％±１９．４％增为６３．３％±１２．４％，Ｐ＜０．０１。治疗后患者症状明显减轻。结论研究表明约１／３的ＦＤ患者胆囊排空功能低下，西沙必利可改善此类患者的症状及胆囊功能。     

The effect of valsartan on regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in type 2 diabetic patients

AIM: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, valsartan, on echocardiographically proven left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited at Niigata University Hospital. The left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated by echocardiography. LVH was considered to be present if the LVMI was > 131 g/m(2) in males and > 100 g/m(2) in females. Patients with LVH received a low dose (40 mg/day) of valsartan for 12 months. This low dose had no clinical effect on blood pressure. RESULTS: Of the 38 patients who entered the study, 14 (36.8%) had LVH. After only 6 months of valsartan therapy, the mean LVMI decreased significantly, from 126.5 +/- 27.8 to 119.0 +/- 23.5 g/m(2) (p < 0.01 vs. baseline). Also, a significant decrease was observed after 12 months (116.5 +/- 30.9 g/m(2), p < 0.05 vs. baseline). Compared to baseline, there were no significant differences after treatment in body mass index, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)), systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: In type 2 diabetic patients with LVH, treatment with a low dose of valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, for 12 months, reduced LVMI, with no reduction in systemic blood pressure. This drug may be safely administered to type 2 diabetic patients with LVH. The long-term risk-reduction effects will have to be evaluated in further trials.     

The short-term effect of alcoholic beverage-intake on blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic patients

We examined changes in blood glucose levels within 2h after the respective intake of three kinds of alcoholic beverages in six type 2 diabetic men treated by diet alone. Blood glucose level following beer consumption was 195.0+/-15.8 mg/dl after 60 min and those following sake consumption was 151.2+/-9.0mg/dl after 60 min. There was no significant increase in blood glucose levels after drinking shochu. It should be considered that in diabetic patients, the elevation of blood glucose was induced by the sugar contained in the alcoholic beverages, and the limited intake of alcoholic drinks is required to keep well blood glucose levels.     

The effect of repaglinide on insulin secretion and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients

The effect of repaglinide on insulin secretion and oxidative stress was evaluated in type 2 diabetic patients in a randomized, controlled, open-label trial. Forty-six patients were treated for 2 months with repaglinide, added to either diet (n=21) or metformin (n=25). A control group of 29 patients, matched for age, weight and glycaemic control, on either diet (n=13) or metformin (n=16) was also followed-up. Phases of insulin secretion (first-FPIS and second-SPIS) ware studied during IVGTT. Total serum antioxidant capacity and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured to assess oxidative stress. HbA(1c) decreased significantly in the repaglinide-treated group (P=0.01), the difference being significant compared with the control group (P=0.01). FPIS increased significantly after repaglinide (P<0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) for FPIS increased significantly (P<0.001), while the AUC for SPIS and for total insulin secretion did not change. Insulin secretion remained unchanged after 2 months in the control group. There was a significant increase after repaglinide in total serum antioxidant capacity (P<0.05) and serum SOD activity (P<0.0004); the difference compared to the control group being significant (P<0.002). Our results demonstrate the physiological effect of repaglinide on endogenous insulin secretion in a controlled, randomized, open-label study-there is a rise only in FPIS, which is the main beta-cell defect in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This improvement in glycaemic control was accompanied by a beneficial effect on oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus.     

高血糖状态对2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞分泌功能的影响

目的　了解葡萄糖毒性对胰岛 β细胞分泌功能的影响。 　方法　观察 118例 2型糖尿病 (T2DM)患者在不同血糖状态下 ,胰岛 β细胞分泌对口服葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)和胰高血糖素刺激试验 (GST)的反应能力。　结果　胰岛 β细胞的分泌功能在OGTT随空腹血糖的升高而下降(P <0 0 1) ;在GST随血糖升高而增强 ,达 9mmol/L以上时维持在高水平。OGTT胰岛素释放倍数与胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR)呈负相关 (P <0 0 1) ,GST胰岛素释放倍数与胰岛 β细胞功能指数(HOMA β)呈正相关 (P <0 0 1)。 　结论　葡萄糖毒性干扰胰岛 β细胞功能的判断 ,血糖过高抑制OGTT时的胰岛素释放 ,GST受此影响小 ,能较客观反映胰岛 β细胞功能状态。