加贝酯预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的临床研究

目的探讨加贝酯预防ERCP术后胰腺炎、胰性腹痛和高淀粉酶血症的疗效和安全性。方法按随机双盲法将拟行ERCP术的患者分为加贝酯组和对照组。加贝酯组患者在ERCP术前0．5h起开始静脉滴注加贝酯(300mg加入林格氏液500ml),维持4．5h。对照组则仅静脉滴注林格氏液500ml,也维持4．5h。结果共有94例患者完成研究,其中加贝酯组48例,对照组46例。加贝酯组有3例(6．3％)、对照组有9例(19．6％)患者发生了胰腺炎(P=0．040)；高淀粉酶血症的发生率两组分别为12例(25．0％)和21例(45．7％)(P=0．036)；胰性腹痛的发生率两组分别为5例(10．4％)和14例(30．4％)(P=0．016)。结论以加贝酯总量300mg持续4．5h静脉滴注(术前0．5h起给药)较安慰剂能有效减少ERCP术后胰腺炎发生率,减少高淀粉酶血症及胰性腹痛的发生。     

加贝酯预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的临床研究

目的探讨加贝酯预防ERCP术后胰腺炎、胰性腹痛和高淀粉酶血症的疗效和安全性.方法按随机双盲法将拟行ERCP术的患者分为加贝酯组和对照组.加贝酯组患者在ERCP术前0.5 h起开始静脉滴注加贝酯(300 mg加入林格氏液500 ml),维持4.5 h.对照组则仅静脉滴注林格氏液500 ml,也维持4.5 h.结果共有94例患者完成研究,其中加贝酯组48例,对照组46例.加贝酯组有3例(6.3%)、对照组有9例(19.6%)患者发生了胰腺炎(P = 0.040);高淀粉酶血症的发生率两组分别为12例(25.0%)和21例(45.7%)(P = 0.036);胰性腹痛的发生率两组分别为5例(10.4%)和14例(30.4%)(P = 0.016).结论以加贝酯总量300 mg持续4.5 h静脉滴注(术前0.5 h起给药)较安慰剂能有效减少ERCP术后胰腺炎发生率,减少高淀粉酶血症及胰性腹痛的发生.     

小剂量加贝酯预防ERCP术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的临床研究

目的 探讨小荆量加贝酯术前应用对内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）术后胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症及其它并发症的预防作用。方法2005-03／2005-09我科进行ERCP术的63例病人，随机分为加贝酯组和安慰剂组，比较两组术后急性胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症及其它并发症发生率的差异。结果 加贝酯组和安慰剂组胰腺炎发生率分别为7．41％和2．78％；术后高淀粉酶血症的发生率，矿别为55．56％和41．67％；两组间无显著差异；其它并发症如腹痛、腹胀、恶心、呕吐、出血等在两组间的发生率亦无显著差异。结论 ERCP术前应用小剂量加贝酯不能减轻术后高淀粉酶血症，也不能预防术后胰腺炎及其它并发症的发生。     

联合应用质子泵抑制剂、生长抑素和加贝酯预防ERCP术后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症的临床研究

背景：急性胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症是内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）的主要并发症,术前用药对预防和减轻并发症的作用尚存争议。目的：探讨联合应用质子泵抑制剂、生长抑素和加贝酯对ERCP术后胰腺炎（PEP）和高淀粉酶血症的预防作用。方法：共纳入510例行ERCP的患者,随机分为加贝酯组、生长抑素组、联合治疗组（质子泵抑制剂＋生长抑素＋加贝酯）和安慰剂组。观察术后2h、12h和24h血清淀粉酶水平,评估PEP和高淀粉酶血症的发生率．并分析PEP和高淀粉酶血症的危险因素。结果：ERCP术后2h、12h、24h,联合治疗组、生长抑素组和加贝酯组血清淀粉酶水平显著低于安慰剂组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,联合治疗组血清淀粉酶水平亦显著低于生长抑素组或加贝酯组（P〈0．05）。ERCP胰管显影者的PEP和高淀粉酶血症发生率显著高于胆管显影者（P〈0．05）。单变量分析显示ERCP操作过程中胰管多次显影、导丝多次插入胰管、导丝辅助、反复插管以及操作中发生上腹疼痛为PEP和高淀粉酶血症的技术相关性高危因素。结论：ERCP术前后联合应用质子泵抑制剂、生长抑素和加贝酯可改善PEP和高淀粉酶血症的发生。     

加贝酯在ERCP诊治术后的临床应用评价

目的观察加贝酯在预防ERCP术后引起的高淀粉酶血症和急性胰腺炎的有效性。方法两组行ERCP的病人,试验组应用加贝酯。观察试验组和对照组患者术后血清淀粉酶的变化。结果试验组术后高淀粉酶血症及急性胰腺炎发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论加贝酯能有效预防ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症及急性胰腺炎的发生。     

胰管支架预防困难胆管插管ERCP术后急性胰腺炎的前瞻性研究

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）中置入胰管支架对困难胆管插管患者ERCP术后急性胰腺炎（PEP）的预防效果。方法120例行ERCP诊疗发生困难胆管插管的患者采用随机数字表法随机分成2组,一组术中置入胰管支架（观察组）,另一组未置入（对照组）,对比分析2组ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症、PEP的发生率以及术后患者腹痛评分结果。结果观察组发生ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症15例（27．3％）,PEP5例（8．3％）,无一例重症PEP,术后患者腹痛评分（3．82±1．48）分;对照组发生ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症18例（30．0％）,PEP14例（23．3％）,重症PEP2例（3．3％）,术后患者腹痛评分（4．78±1．93）分。2组ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;观察组PEP、重症PEP发生率以及术后患者腹痛评分均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论置入胰管支架可以有效降低胆管插管困难所引起的PEP的风险,并能有效缓解患者术后疼痛,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

加贝酯预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎的实验研究

背景：急性胰腺炎是内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）的常见并发症，加贝酯对ERCP术后胰腺炎的预防作用仍存在争议。目的：探讨加贝酯对大鼠ERCP术后胰腺炎的预防作用。方法：通过血压计传导50mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）的恒定压力，向胰胆管内注入30％泛影葡胺，以制备SD大鼠ERCP术后胰腺炎模型。检测各组血清淀粉酶水平，并行胰腺组织病理学检查。结果：加贝酯治疗组的血清淀粉酶水平和胰腺组织炎症评分均显著低于胰腺炎对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：加贝酯静脉滴注对预防ERCP术后胰腺炎有效。     

胰管支架预防高危ERCP术后胰腺炎的临床分析

目的 观察胰管支架置人预防高危患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症的效果.方法 将确定有ERCP指征并符合纳入标准的72例高危患者按照随机数字表法分为胰管支架组和对照组,每组36例.比较两组术后3h、24 h血清淀粉酶水平及高淀粉酶血症、急性胰腺炎、重症胰腺炎的发生率.结果 胰管支架组术后3h和术后24 h血淀粉酶值分别为（128.68±173.35） U/L和（92.41±88.44） U/L,均低于对照组（432.37 ±515.20） U/L和（465.89±736.54） U/L,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;胰管支架组术后高淀粉酶血症、急性胰腺炎、重症胰腺炎的发生率分别为5.6％、2.8％、0,对照组为22.2％、16.7％、11.1％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 胰管支架置入能明显降低高危患者ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症、急性胰腺炎及重症胰腺炎的发生率.     

内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合球囊扩张术治疗肝硬化合并胆总管结石的疗效观察

目的评价内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌小切开联合球囊扩张术（ESBD）治疗肝硬化合并胆总管结石的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性对比分析79例接受ESBD治疗（ESBD组）和42例接受十二指肠乳头球囊扩张术（EPBD）治疗（EPBD组）的肝硬化合并胆总管结石患者的结石清除情况和并发症发生情况。结果ESBD组结石完全清除率和一次性完全清除率分别为94．9％（75／79）和77．2％（61／79）,EPBD组分别为88．1％（37／42）和59．5％（25／42）,ESBD组结石完全清除率略高于EPBD组（P=0．317）,但结石一次性完全清除率明显高于EPBD组（P=0．041）。ESBD组发生ERCP相关性出血3例（3．8％）,术后高淀粉酶血症3例（3．8％）,术后急性胰腺炎2例（2．5％）;EPBD组未发生ERCP相关性出血,发生术后高淀粉酶血症8例（19．0％）、术后急性胰腺炎6例（14．3％）。2组比较,ERCP相关性出血发生率差异无统计学意义（P=0．551）,但ESBD组术后高淀粉酶血症和术后急性胰腺炎发生率均明显低于EPBD组（P〈0．05）。结论ESBD治疗肝硬化合并胆总管结石安全有效,能提高EPBD的取石效果,减少术后高淀粉酶血症和急性胰腺炎的发生,并且不会明显增加ERCP相关性出血风险。     

生长抑素和硝酸甘油预防经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎的疗效观察

目的探讨生长抑素和硝酸甘油对经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）术后胰腺炎（PEP）及高淀粉酶血症的预防效果。方法184例ERCP诊疗患者按随机数字表法随机分入3组,ERCP术后分别给予生长抑素（生长抑素组）、硝酸甘油（硝酸甘油组）、生理盐水（安慰剂组）静脉内持续泵注12h,观察ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症和PEP发生率并行对比分析。结果9例给予硝酸甘油后发生不良反应,停药并退出本次研究。ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症发生率生长抑素组、硝酸甘油组、安慰剂组分别为38．7％（24／62）、51．8％（28／54）和37．3％（22／59）,各组间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。PEP发生率生长抑素组、硝酸甘油组、安慰剂组分别为6．4％（4／62）、9．3％（5／54）和23．7％（14／59）,生长抑素组（x2=7．13,P=0．01）和硝酸甘油组（x2=4．22,P=0．03）均明显低于安慰剂组,差异均有统计学意义,但生长抑素组与硝酸甘油组比较差异无统计学意义（x2=0．32,P=0．41）。结论ERCP术后静脉给予生长抑素或硝酸甘油均能有效预防PEP的发生,效果大致相同,且前者安全性好于后者,但两者对ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症均无明显预防作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.