内镜下黏膜切除术治疗食管黏膜隆起肿瘤30例临床分析

目的探讨内镜下黏膜切除术治疗食黏膜管隆起肿瘤的治疗效果及安全性。方法30例胃镜检查发现食管黏膜隆起肿瘤,其中食管黏膜下隆起病变的患者接受超声内镜检查确诊病变源于黏膜肌层,确定无手术禁忌后,进行EMR切除病变,术后病变标本送病理检查。结果30例患者顺利完成EMR切除病变,耗时20—45min,平均为（25±4．7）min。2例患者发生急性出血,予药物喷洒、电凝等治疗后出血停止。所有治疗病例均无急性或延迟性食管穿孔及食管狭窄等并发症出现。结论EMR可有效、安全地切除食管黏膜隆起肿瘤,有较好的临床应用价值。     

超声内镜辅助内镜黏膜切除术治疗食管黏膜肌层病变的临床分析

目的回顾分析内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)对食管黏膜肌层病变的治疗效果,并讨论其并发症和随访结果。方法 40例经超声内镜小探头证实的食管黏膜肌层病变,以注射法行黏膜切除治疗,记录病变大小、超声所见、操作方法、并发症、术后病理类型及随访情况。结果 40处病变经EMR完整切除,一次性完整切除率95.0%(38/40)。并发症:术中创面少许渗血7例(17.5%),均以氩气刀止血成功,无搏动性出血及穿孔发生。无迟发性出血及穿孔发生。术后病理:平滑肌瘤32例,间质瘤3例,炎性肉芽肿3例,血管瘤2例。随访1～12个月,未见病变残留或复发。结论超声内镜联合内镜黏膜切除术,术后常规行免疫组化检查,可完整切除食管黏膜肌层病变,方法安全有效。     

食管黏膜下肿物的特性以及超声内镜的诊断和治疗意义

背景：食管病变内镜下或手术治疗的风险均较高,术前准确判断病变的层次和性质,对决定手术的方式十分重要。目的：探讨食管黏膜下肿物的特性以及超声内镜对食管黏膜下肿物的诊断、治疗意义。方法：由内镜检查发现的116例食管黏膜下肿物患者行超声内镜检查,并给予相应的切除治疗,总结超声内镜下食管黏膜下肿物的特性。结果：超声内镜下88例（75．9％）食管黏膜下肿物的直径〈1cm,104例（89．7％）病变起源于黏膜肌层,多数（85．3％）表现为低回声或混合偏低回声的声像图。80例接受切除治疗,其中67例（83．8％）行EMR治疗,肿物直径〈1cm者占89．6％,局限于黏膜肌层占97．0％。组织病理学分析表明食管黏膜下肿物以平滑肌瘤最为常见（86．3％）。超声内镜诊断与病理诊断的符合率约为82％。结论：大多数食管黏膜肌层起源的肿物行EMR治疗简便、安全,对于较大的病灶,或起源于固有肌层者ESD仍是一种安全有效的方法。超声内镜可判断食管黏膜下肿物起源并进行定性诊断,从而指导临床合理选择黏膜下肿物的治疗方法。     

食管早期癌和癌前病变超声内镜诊断及内镜下食管黏膜切除术的临床研究

目的探讨食管早期癌和癌前病变超声内镜诊断价值及内镜下食管黏膜切除术的临床治疗价值。方法 61例食管早期癌和癌前病变行超声内镜检查探测病变浸润深度,位于黏膜层及黏膜肌层的食管早期癌和癌前病变行内镜下食管黏膜切除术（EMR）,位于黏膜下层的食管早期癌行外科手术治疗。EMR术28例,外科手术33例。比较超声内镜和术后病理判断病变浸润深度。结果超声内镜判断食管黏膜内癌的特异性和敏感性为94.1%（48/51）、98.0%（48/49）;黏膜下癌的特异性和敏感性为80.0%（8/10）、72.7%（8/11）;鉴别黏膜内癌及黏膜下癌浸润深度准确率为91.8%（56/61）。28例EMR术后病理：14例食管早期癌和12例食管黏膜中重度异型增生完全切除,完全切除成功率为92.9%（26/28）,观察3～45个月无复发。结论超声内镜能较准确鉴别食管早期癌和癌前病变浸润深度,黏膜切除术治疗食管早期癌和癌前病变是安全有效的内镜治疗方法。     

内镜超声检查在上消化道黏膜下肿瘤微创治疗中的价值研究

目的评价超声内镜检查对上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊断价值及指导内镜下微创治疗黏膜下肿瘤的疗效及安全性。方法经超声内镜诊断上消化道黏膜下肿瘤82例,根据黏膜下肿瘤的起源层次、大小及性质分别选择不同的内镜治疗方案,内镜治疗包括高频电凝电切术、内镜下黏膜切除术、皮圈套扎术等。标本行常规病理学及免疫组化检查。术后定期内镜随访。结果26例超声判断起源于黏膜肌层的上消化道黏膜下肿瘤行高频电凝电切术;17例起源于黏膜肌层的平坦型上消化道黏膜下肿瘤行内镜下黏膜切除术;38例起源于固有肌层和1例起源于黏膜肌层的上消化道黏膜下肿瘤行皮圈套扎术。内镜超声诊断与术后病理符合率为91．4％。术后1例出血,其余无严重并发症发生。79例术后随访3—24个月无复发。结论超声内镜能够对消化道黏膜下肿瘤进行起源和定性诊断,超声内镜为内镜微创治疗选择消化道黏膜下肿瘤适应证具有良好的指导作用,内镜治疗是消化道黏膜下肿瘤治疗的安全、有效的手段。     

微型探头超声内镜对上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊治价值

目的探讨微型探头超声内镜（InEus）在上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊断和治疗中的作用。方法对30例疑为上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的患者进行微型探头超声内镜检查,根据黏膜下肿瘤的起源层次．部分患者接受内镜下治疗或外科手术。结果mEUS检查的30例患者中,发现消化道壁外压迫1例（主动脉弓1例）;黏膜下肿瘤29例,包括平滑肌瘤12例,良性间质瘤4例,恶性间质瘤1例,脂肪瘤4例,静脉瘤3例,异位胰腺1例,囊肿4例。12例起源于黏膜肌层的肿瘤行高频电切除术切除,3例静脉瘤行尼龙圈套结扎,4例脂肪瘤及4例囊肿行高频电切除。结论mEUS检查能清楚显示上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的大小．起源层次、生长方向及邻近组织结构关系,较准确地判断肿瘤的性质。进而指导黏膜下肿瘤治疗方案的选择。     

食管黏膜下低回声病变的内镜超声检查结果分析

内镜超声检查能显示消化道壁的层次结构,是目前公认的诊断上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的最佳手段,可以准确地显示出黏膜下病变的位置、大小、内部回声、起源层次等.我们在行超声内镜检查食管黏膜下病变的过程中发现,位于食管上段的病变多显示为起源于黏膜肌层,位于食管下段的病变多显示为起源于固有肌层,而且起源于黏膜肌层的病变直径多较小,而较大的黏膜下病变多起源于固有肌层.     

内镜超声在消化道黏膜下肿瘤诊断与治疗中的价值

目的 评价内镜超声在消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊断及治疗中的价值.方法 对内镜检查中怀疑黏膜下肿瘤者进行内镜超声检查,根据黏膜下肿瘤的起源层次及性质决定治疗方案,内镜治疗包括内镜下黏膜切除术、黏膜剥离-肿瘤摘除术、高频电切术及硬化治疗.结果 73例良性间质瘤起源于黏膜肌层,7例直肠类癌位于黏膜固有层;脂肪瘤13例、异位胰腺17例、胃底静脉曲张5例、囊肿6例起源于黏膜下层;95例良性间质瘤及21例恶性间质瘤起源于固有肌层,1例类癌侵及固有肌层.61例源于黏膜肌层及8例源于固有肌层的良性间质瘤、8例脂肪瘤、8例异位胰腺及7例类癌经内镜切除,4例囊肿行内镜下穿刺治疗;33例源于固有肌层的良性间质瘤、18例恶性间质瘤、2例脂肪瘤、2例异位胰腺及1例类癌经手术切除.病理符合率为97.97%.结论 超声内镜能够对消化道黏膜下肿瘤进行起源和定性诊断,对黏膜下肿瘤治疗方案的选择具有重要的指导意义.     

高频超声小探头引导内镜下切除消化道表浅隆起性病变

目的 探讨经内镜高频超声小探头引导内镜下黏膜切除术治疗消化道表浅隆起性病变的安全性、可行性.方法 对普通内镜下发现的67例消化道表浅隆起性病变,经内镜活检钳道插入高频超声小探头进行检查,对其中39例显示病变来源于黏膜层、黏膜肌层及黏膜下层的病变行内镜下黏膜切除术.切除的病变送病理检查.结果 16例消化道息肉、2例异位胰腺、14例间质瘤、3例脂肪瘤,3例类癌,1例早期胃癌共39例病变内镜下完全切除.操作过程顺利,其中一例出现术后迟发性出血,给予内镜下成功止血,无其他严重并发症出现,病理符合率87.1%.结论 高频超声小探头检查可初步明确病变来源及层次,安全有效地指导消化道表浅隆起性病变黏膜切除术治疗.     

内镜下黏膜切除术在治疗食管黏膜肌层肿瘤中的应用

食管黏膜肌层肿瘤属于食管黏膜下肿瘤的一部分，而对于食管黏膜下肿瘤的治疗，传统的方法主要以手术治疗为主，随着超声内镜和内镜介入技术的发展，选择具有一定适应证的食管黏膜下肿瘤进行内镜下切除，已可替代部分外科手术治疗。我们对2年来在我院行内镜下黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection，EMR）治疗的食管黏膜下肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，以探讨其治疗效果。     

Endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: Current and original devices

Compared with endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is easier to perform and requires less time for treatment. However, EMR has been replaced by ESD, because achieving en bloc resection of specimens > 20 mm in diameter is difficult with EMR. The technique of ESD was introduced to resect large specimens of early gastric cancer in a single piece. ESD can provide precise histological diagnosis and can also reduce the rate of recurrence, but has a high level of technical difficulty, and is consequently associated with a high rate of complications, a need for advanced endoscopic techniques, and a lengthy procedure time. To overcome disadvantages in both EMR and ESD, various advances have been made in submucosal injections, knives, other accessories, and in electrocoagulation systems.     

Technical tips for endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy

Interventional procedures using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) have recently been developed. For biliary drainage, EUS-guided trans-luminal drainage has been reported. In this procedure, the transduodenal approach for extrahepatic bile ducts is called EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy, and the transgastric approach for intrahepatic bile ducts is called EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS). These procedures have several effects, such as internal drainage and avoiding post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis, and they are indicated for an inaccessible ampulla of Vater due to duodenal obstruction or surgical anatomy. EUS-HGS has particularly wide indications and clinical impact as an alternative biliary drainage method. In this procedure, it is necessary to dilate the fistula, and several devices and approaches have been reported. Stent selection is also important. In previous reports, the overall technical success rate was 82% (221/270), the clinical success rate was 97% (218/225), and the overall adverse event rate for EUS-HGS was 23% (62/270). Adverse events of EUS-biliary drainage are still high compared with ERCP or PTCD. EUS-HGS should continue to be performed by experienced endoscopists who can use various strategies when adverse events occur.     

Does endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage really have clinical impact?

The well established, gold standard method for treatment of obstructive jaundice involves biliary drainage under endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) performed by pancreatobiliary endoscopists. Recently, interventions using endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) have been developed not only for obtaining cytological and histological diagnosis, but also for biliary drainage as alternative method. EUS-guided biliary drainage(EUSBD) was first reported by Giovannini et al. EUS-BD broadly includes EUS-guided rendezvous technique, EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy, and EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy. More recently, EUS-guided antegrade stenting and EUS-guided gallbladder drainage have also been reported. many case reports, series, and retrospective studies on EUS-BD have been reported. However, because prospective studies and comparisons between the different biliary drainage methods have not been reported, the technical success, functional success, adverse events, and stent patency with long-term follow up of EUS-BD are still unclear. Therefore, prospective, randomized controlled studies addressing these issues are needed. Despite this, EUSBD undoubtedly is clinically useful as an alternative biliary drainage method. EUS-BD has the potential to be a first-line biliary drainage method instead of ERCP if results of clinical trials are favorable and the technique is simplified.     

超声内镜对食管静脉曲张结扎术前后侧枝循环变化的临床研究

目的 应用Fujinon SP-701小探头超声内镜观察食管静脉曲张结扎术(EVL)前后曲张静脉及侧枝循环的变化，分析影响疗效的原因。选择合理的治疗方法。方法 对60例单纯食管静脉曲张出血患者依超声检查结果分为3组：Ⅰ组为单纯食管静脉曲张(EV)；Ⅱ组为合并有食管旁静脉(PEV)，但无交通枝(PV)；Ⅲ组合并有食管旁静脉及交通枝。患者EVL术后4、8、12周行超声内镜检查，观察及测量EV、PEV、PV的变化情况，分析影响疗效的原因。结果 Ⅰ组显效率75％，复发率16％，疗效最佳；Ⅲ组显效率0％，复发率100％，疗效最差。Ⅰ组24例中出现PEV者12例；Ⅱ组20例PEV全部增宽，11例出现PV；Ⅲ组全部有PEV增宽、PV增多增宽表现。结论 超声内镜对食管静脉曲张出血治疗方法的选择有指导意义。单纯食管静脉曲张EVL可获得满意疗效，但是伴PEV及PV者不是EVL适应证，建议采用其他方法治疗。     

ERCP结合EPT对胆囊切除术后患者诊治价值的探讨

目的 回顾性研究逆行性胰胆管造影（ERCP）结合乳头肌切开术（EPT）对胆囊切除术后患者的诊治价值。方法 170例胆囊切除术后症状再发或反复发作患者，接受ERCP检查和EPT等治疗，诊断结果与B超作对照。同时动态观察内镜下介入诊治术后临床表现的改变。不良反应及血清淀粉酶的变化及高淀粉酶血症的分布情况。结果 经ERCP结合EPT等术后患者临床症状显著改善；与B超对照ERCP对胆囊切除术后胆总管残余结石的诊断率显著提高（P＜0．001），对胆总管扩张程度的诊断价值显著优于B超（P＜0．05），并能发现许多B超检查不能发现的胆胰病变；术后主要不良反应表现为出血、高淀粉酶血症，ERCP结合EPT等治疗组高淀粉酶的发生率显著高于单纯ERCP操作组（P＜0．01）。经积极地处理后短期内出血控制，血清淀粉酶多在3日内转为正常。结论 对胆囊切除术后患者，ECRP结合EPT不失为一项非常有价值、安全的诊治措施。     

内镜下圈套结扎在治疗上消化道小平滑肌瘤中的应用

目的 探讨应用内镜下皮圈结扎的方法来治疗上消化道的小平滑肌瘤，并评价这种方法的安全性和疗效。方法 通过内镜、内镜超声及内镜超声下穿刺细胞学检查确定了59例上消化道小平滑肌瘤患者，共发现64处平滑肌瘤。在这64处平滑肌瘤中，50处为食管平滑肌瘤，12处为胃平滑肌瘤，2处为十二指肠平滑肌瘤。对所有平滑肌瘤进行皮圈套扎治疗，术后2周开始，每周做胃镜检查观察结扎处的变化，直至创面完全愈合。结果 64处病变中50处食管平滑肌瘤被完全去除，创面的平均愈合时间为3．1周。12处胃平滑肌瘤中9处被完全去除，其余3例由于结扎不彻底，仍有残余瘤组织，平均愈合时间为4.5周。2例十二指病变被完全去除，平均愈合时间4．5周。全部患者无一例发生出血、穿孔。结论 内镜下圈套结扎术是治疗上消化道小平滑肌瘤安全、有效的方法。     

Endoscopic treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD): a systematic review

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease represents an extremely common disorder which has a substantial impact on patients' quality of life and use of health care resources. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is a chronic relapsing disease for which a lifelong solution is needed. Until now the two competing therapeutic modalities have been the medical and surgical therapies. Quite recently a third option has become available. A number of endoscopic anti-reflux procedures have been described, with the common goal of creating an anti-reflux barrier, thus obviating long-term proton pump inhibitors and the cost and potential risk of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. In this review the different techniques are thoroughly examined and the results are critically evaluated, giving special emphasis to efficacy, safety and durability of these new anti-reflux procedures. Available data show that these anti-reflux techniques produce significant improvement in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptomatology and quality of life as well as reduce the use of anti-reflux medication, without causing serious morbidity or mortality. However, the majority of these techniques have failed to adequately control oesophageal acid reflux. Endoscopic anti-reflux therapies therefore sound very attractive-being less invasive than surgery-and show a significant promise, but are still in the early stages of assessment. Large-scale randomized multi-centre trials comparing control groups with sham procedures are essential to confirm their efficacy. Further studies are also necessary to determine what modifications these techniques require in order to produce maximum clinical efficacy and durability. However, considering that current therapies (both medical and surgical) of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease are highly effective, the need for such new endoscopic modalities may be questionable. Moreover, appropriate trials in dedicated centres should be carried out to assure that the enthusiasm commonly associated with new technology is justified and can be generalized to open-access endoscopists.     

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy: Technical Review and Tips to Prevent Adverse Events

Most patients who require biliary drainage can be treated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-guided procedures. However, ERCP can be challenging in patients with complications, such as malignant duodenal obstruction, or a surgically-altered anatomy, such as a Roux-en-Y anastomosis, which prevent advancement of the duodenoscope into the ampulla of Vater. Recently, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biliary drainage via transhepatic or transduodenal approaches has emerged as an alternative means of biliary drainage. Typically, EUS-guided gallbladder drainage or choledochoduodenostomy can be performed via both approaches, as can EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy (HGS). EUS-HGS, because of its transgastric approach, can be performed in patients with malignant duodenal obstruction. Technical tips for EUS-HGS have reached maturity due to device and technical developments. Although the technical success rates of EUS-HGS are high, the rate of adverse events is not low, with stent migration still being reported despite many preventive efforts. In this review, we described technical tips for EUS-HGS related to bile duct puncture, guidewire insertion, fistula dilation, and stent deployment, along with a literature review. Additionally, we provided technical tips to improve the technical success of EUS-HGS.     

Small sphincterotomy combined with endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation vs sphincterotomy alone for removal of common bile duct stones

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic papillary large diameter balloon dilation (EPLBD) following limited endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and EST alone for removal of large common bile duct (CBD) stones.METHODS: We retrospectively compared EST + EPLBD (group A, n = 64) with EST alone (group B, n = 89) for the treatment of large or multiple bile duct stones. The success rate of stone clearance, procedure-related complications and incidents, frequency of mechanical lithotripsy use, and recurrent stones were recorded.RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding periampullary diverticula (35.9% vs 34.8%, P > 0.05), pre-cut sphincterotomy (6.3% vs 6.7%, P > 0.05), size (12.1 ± 2.0 mm vs 12.9 ± 2.6 mm, P > 0.05) and number (2.2 ± 1.9 vs 2.4 ± 2.1, P > 0.05) of stones or the diameters of CBD (15.1 ± 3.3 mm vs 15.4 ± 3.6 mm, P > 0.05). The rates of overall stone removal and stone removal in the first session were not significantly different between the two groups [62/64 (96.9%) vs 84/89 (94.4%), P > 0.05; and 58/64 (90.6%) vs 79/89 (88.8%), P > 0.05, respectively]. The rates of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia were not significantly different between the two groups [3/64 (4.7%) vs 4/89 (4.5%), P > 0.05; 7/64 (10.9%) vs 9/89 (10.1%), P > 0.05, respectively]. There were no cases of perforation, acute cholangitis, or cholecystitis in the two groups. The rate of bleeding and the recurrence of CBD stones were significantly lower in group A than in group B [1/64 (1.6%) vs 5/89 (5.6%), P < 0.05; 1/64 (1.6%) vs 6/89 (6.7%), P < 0.05, respectively].CONCLUSION: EST + EPLBD is an effective and safe endoscopic approach for removing large or multiple CBD stones.