贲门失弛缓症治疗方式的探讨

目的比较胸腔镜辅助Heller手术、开胸Heller手术、消化内镜下球囊扩张及消化内镜下肉毒毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症疗效，探讨贲门失弛缓症合理有效的治疗方法。方法81例贲门失弛缓症患者按不同治疗方式分为4组：胸腔镜辅助Heller手术18例；开胸Heller手术21例；消化内镜下球囊扩张22例；肉毒毒素注射治疗20例。比较各组治疗前后症状评分、食管末端直径、食管下段括约肌压力、食管末端pH和各组有效率。结果4组患者治疗前后相比，症状评分、食管末端直径、食管下段括约肌压力、食管末端pH差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05），治疗有效率胸腔镜组为94．4％、开胸组为95．2％、球囊扩张组为63．6％、肉毒素注射组为55．0％，Heller手术较消化内镜下治疗更为有效（P〈0．05）。结论Heller手术治疗效果较球囊扩张及肉毒素注射为佳，胸腔镜辅助Heller手术较开胸Heller手术具有创伤小、恢复快、住院时间短等优势。     

肉毒毒素注射联合球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床价值

目的探讨肉毒毒素注射联合球囊扩张术在治疗贲门失弛缓症中的临床价值。方法选取贲门失弛缓症患者35例，分为两组，其中18例行球囊扩张术（扩张组），17例行肉毒毒素注射联合球囊扩张术（联合组）。随访12个月观察临床症状评分，测量食管钡餐摄片的钡柱高及宽。结果两组患者经治疗后临床症状明显改善，在术后1周、3个月两组的临床症状的缓解差异无统计学意义（P〉0．1），术后6、12个月联合治疗的临床症状缓解优于单独球囊扩张组（P〈0．05）。两组治疗后食管钡餐摄片观察均较治疗前明显好转（P〈0．05），术后1周联合组和单纯扩张组间食管排空差异无统计学意义，12个月联合组和单纯扩张组间食管排空差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论肉毒毒素注射联合球囊扩张可以有效的缓解患者症状，远期疗效优于单独球囊扩张。     

内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症的研究

将48例贲门失弛缓症患者随机分为两组，A组注射肉毒毒素治疗，B组用小气囊扩张治疗。分别于治疗后1周、3个月和1年比较两组患者的临床症状积分、下食管插约肌的压力（LESP）、松弛率（LESRR）。结果：治疗后1周、3个月和1年的有效率及治疗前后LESP、LESRR的差值，注射肉毒毒素组均高于小气囊扩张组；两组均无并发症发生。认为内镜下食管下括约肌内注射肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症的近期疗效高，且患者痛苦小。     

气囊扩张和肉毒毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症中远期疗效比较的荟萃分析

背景：一些随机对照试验比较了气囊扩张和肉毒毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症的中远期疗效。但结论不尽一致。目的：评价气囊扩张和肉毒毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症的中远期疗效。方法：通过GUT、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBMdisc）、PubMed和维普中文科技期刊全文数据库（VIP）检索有关比较气囊扩张和肉毒毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓症中远期（6～12个月）疗效的研究，行荟萃分析。应用RevMan4．2软件，采用固定效应模型分析各研究中两组中远期症状缓解率的OR值，荟萃分析总OR值。结果：气囊扩张组贲门失弛缓症的中远期症状缓解率显著高于肉毒毒素注射组（OR：3．06，95％CI：1．82～5．14，P〈0．0001）。结论：气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的中远期疗效显著优于肉毒毒素注射疗法，临床医师可根据患者的耐受程度、治疗需达到的目的等因素选择治疗方案。     

食管贲门失弛缓症注射肉毒杆菌毒素与安慰剂和气体扩张的比较

至今,治疗食管贲门失弛缓症的方法有三种:药物治疗、气体扩张和肌切开手术。尽管后两种方法的成功率达65%～90%,但可并发穿孔和返流。本实验通过括约肌内注射肉毒杆菌毒素(BT)治疗食管贲门失弛缓症,并与注射生理盐水和气体扩张相比较。 方法:16例新近诊断的食管贲门失弛缓症     

贲门失弛缓症的非手术治疗方法

贲门失弛缓症是一种罕见的原发性食管运动障碍性疾病,其特征是食管下段括约肌弛缓不全,食物难以通过贲门,常伴食管近端扩张和失蠕动,临床常见症状为:吞咽困难、食物反流以及下段胸骨后不适或疼痛,可伴有体重减轻甚至营养不良,严重影响患者的生活质量。失弛缓症以外科手术尤其是腹腔镜治疗为主,开放式Heller肌切开治疗失弛缓症有效率可达80%,但创伤大,费用高,存在手术死亡及其他并发症,使多数患者不愿接受。此文结合近期的一些文献,总结贲门失迟缓症的非手术治疗方法,包括药物、A型肉毒毒素注射和气动扩张治疗,通过对各种方法的对比,为临床医生提供一些治疗选择。     

内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床研究

目的探讨内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症的治疗效果。方法对30例贲门失弛缓症患者进行内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗,观察其疗效。结果治疗后患者症状及LESP、LESRR均有改善。结论肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症,方法简单,疗效较好,值得临床推广应用。     

贲门失弛缓症的治疗进展

贲门失弛缓症是一种病因不明的食管功能性疾病，目前对其治疗主要是缓解临床症状，本比较四种治疗贲门失弛缓症的方法即药物治疗、肉毒毒素治疗、球囊扩张以及肌切开术的疗效，用于选择治疗贲门失弛缓症的最佳方案。     

气囊扩张和肉毒毒素注射治疗贲门失弛缓食管动力变化的比较

目的 了解经内镜气囊扩张和肉毒毒素注射2种方法治疗贯门失弛缓症后食管动力的改变。方法 118例经内镜、钡餐及食管测压确诊为贲门失弛缓症患者随机分为2组:扩张组56例,注射组62例,分别采用内镜下气囊扩张和肉毒毒素注射方法。治疗前、治疗后1周内测定下食管括约肌压力(LESP)、下食管括约肌松弛压(LESRP)以及下食管括约肌松弛率(LESR)等指标,并观察患者症状缓解情况。结果 2组治疗前食管动力学3个指标无统计学差异,扩张组治疗后LESP降至(6.03±3.45)mm Hg,LESRP为(-0.11±2.34)mm Hg,LESRR升至92.50％±13.86％,与治疗前相比,差异均有显著性意义。注射组治疗后LESP降至(23.16±16.17)mm Hg,与治疗前相比,差异有显著性意义,LESRP、LESRR与治疗前相比,差异无显著性意义。临床疗效,扩张组:显效45例,改善11例;注射组:显效15例,改善38例,无效9例。结论 气囊扩张法治疗贲门失弛缓近期疗效较肉毒毒素注射法要好,临床症状的改善同LESP及LESRP的降低,特别是LESRP的降低有非常密切的对应关系。     

气囊扩张术治疗食管贲门失弛缓症105例临床分析

目的：观察气囊扩张术治疗食管贲门失弛缓症的疗效。方法：华西医大附一院收治的食管贲门失弛缓症病人105例，其中男性56例(53%)，女性49例(47%)，平均年龄34．2岁。主要临床症状为吞咽困难，食物反流，胸痛及体重减轻等。通过临床表现，X线钡餐可明确诊断。气囊经胃镜下导丝置人，压力5～10 PSI，维持30～60s，间隔2～3min后再扩张共2～3次。结果：105例病人显效95例（90．3％)，有效10例(9．6％)，无效0例。术后无1例穿孔，其他并发症轻。复发后重复扩张仍有效，较肉毒杆菌毒素注射及Hellsr’s肌切开术有更多优越性。结论：气囊扩张术为治疗贲门失弛缓症的首选方法。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.