消化道黏膜下肿物内镜下切除及其并发症防治

目的探讨消化道黏膜下肿物(gastrointestinal submucosal tumor,SMT)的内镜下切除方法及其并发症的防治。方法对382例SMT采用内镜黏膜下挖除术(ESE)、胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合、内镜黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)以及内镜全层切除术(EFTR)进行肿物切除。结果 ESE切除332例,胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合切除36例(其中20例为腹腔镜为主内镜辅助腹腔镜治疗,16例为瘤体较大,与浆膜层分界不清,单独内镜下挖除瘤体困难,术中转外科腹腔镜与胃镜双镜联合治疗),STER切除10例,EFTR切除4例。术中穿孔24例,其中内镜下瘤体剥离后发生胃壁穿孔转外科腹腔镜下缝合穿孔7例、内镜下尼龙绳荷包缝合9例、内镜下钛夹缝合6例、内镜下OTSC金属夹闭合器达到严密缝合2例。术后发生迟发性出血1例。术后感染1例。无死亡病例发生。结论 ESE、胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合、STER以及EFTR是目前切除SMT微创、有效、安全、可行的方法。穿孔是其主要并发症,大多数穿孔可在内镜下达到严密缝合。     

内镜全层切除术后单钳道内镜对吻缝合技术的临床应用（含视频）

回顾性分析2017年2月—2019年5月在郑州大学第一附属医院因消化道黏膜下肿瘤（直径≥1 cm）行内镜全层切除术,并采用单钳道内镜对吻缝合法闭合消化道全层缺损的62例患者临床资料,评价内镜全层切除术后单钳道内镜对吻缝合技术闭合创面的临床应用价值。结果显示：所有术后创面成功闭合（100%）,未发生术后吻合口漏及其他严重...     

消化道黏膜下肿物的内镜下诊断及治疗

目的 探讨消化道黏膜下肿物的内镜下诊断、治疗及其安全性.方法 对261例消化道黏膜下肿物进行内镜及超声内镜检查,并采用内镜黏膜下挖除术(endoscopic submucosal excavation,ESE)、胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合以及内镜黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection,STER)进行肿物切除.结果 内镜下通过ESE切除黏膜下肿物213例,胃镜腹腔镜双镜联合切除42例,STER切除6例,确诊胃肠道间质瘤86例、平滑肌瘤85例、脂肪瘤35例、类癌32例、异位胰腺15例、神经鞘瘤4例、错构瘤3例和血管球瘤1例.超声内镜对各种黏膜下肿物的诊断符合率分别为:胃肠道间质瘤(93％)、平滑肌瘤(87％)、脂肪瘤(100％)、类癌(78％)、异位胰腺(80％)、神经鞘瘤(0)、错构瘤(0)和血管球瘤(100％).所有患者均顺利完整切除瘤体,有3例GIST在内镜下剥离过程中发生了胃壁微小穿孔,通过内镜下钛夹修补达到缝合.另有1例患者发生术后感染,经抗感染治疗后痊愈.所有患者均无术中大出血、术后迟发性出血及死亡病例发生.结论 ESE、胃镜腹腔镜双镜联合以及STER是目前治疗黏膜下肿物微创、有效且安全的方法.     

内镜下荷包缝合法治疗内镜黏膜下剥离术后结肠迟发性穿孔2例

迟发性穿孔是结肠内镜黏膜下剥离术后较为严重的并发症之一,目前治疗方案主要是外科手术一期缝合或一期造瘘、二期造瘘回纳,给患者造成严重的身心创伤和经济负担,同时也增加了医疗纠纷的发生。本文就复旦大学附属中山医院及厦门分院内镜中心近期出现的2例结肠息肉内镜黏膜下剥离术后迟发性穿孔行内镜下修补成功的病例进行经验分享,为迟发性结肠穿孔的治疗方法提供新选择。     

内镜超声检查在上消化道黏膜下肿瘤微创治疗中的价值研究

目的评价超声内镜检查对上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊断价值及指导内镜下微创治疗黏膜下肿瘤的疗效及安全性。方法经超声内镜诊断上消化道黏膜下肿瘤82例,根据黏膜下肿瘤的起源层次、大小及性质分别选择不同的内镜治疗方案,内镜治疗包括高频电凝电切术、内镜下黏膜切除术、皮圈套扎术等。标本行常规病理学及免疫组化检查。术后定期内镜随访。结果26例超声判断起源于黏膜肌层的上消化道黏膜下肿瘤行高频电凝电切术;17例起源于黏膜肌层的平坦型上消化道黏膜下肿瘤行内镜下黏膜切除术;38例起源于固有肌层和1例起源于黏膜肌层的上消化道黏膜下肿瘤行皮圈套扎术。内镜超声诊断与术后病理符合率为91．4％。术后1例出血,其余无严重并发症发生。79例术后随访3—24个月无复发。结论超声内镜能够对消化道黏膜下肿瘤进行起源和定性诊断,超声内镜为内镜微创治疗选择消化道黏膜下肿瘤适应证具有良好的指导作用,内镜治疗是消化道黏膜下肿瘤治疗的安全、有效的手段。     

OTSC吻合夹在内镜下治疗消化道穿孔和瘘中的应用

目前临床上消化道穿孔和瘘的内镜下治疗措施主要包括内镜下夹闭术、支架置入术、内镜下缝合术和组织密封剂封堵等,而内镜下夹闭术主要包括普通的TTSC内镜夹闭合术以及更先进的OTSC吻合夹闭合术。与传统的TTSC内镜夹相比较,OTSC吻合夹的翼展较大,能够咬合更多的组织,夹闭力度也更强,且通过使用配套的双臂钳或内镜锚,能将穿孔或瘘的周边组织全部拉入透明帽内,可以有效闭合直径在30 mm以下的穿孔,甚至能够闭合消化道全层。OTSC吻合夹闭合术作为外科手术的一种替代方式,在临床治疗消化道缺损方面将有着广泛的应用前景。     

隧道内镜技术联合胸腔镜治疗食管多发平滑肌瘤一例

近年来,内镜微创技术飞速发展,内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)及其衍生技术——内镜黏膜下挖除术(endoscopic submucosa exavaton,ESE)、无腹腔镜辅助的内镜消化道管壁全层切除术(endoscopic full-thickness resection,EFR)和隧道内镜技术(tunnelling endoscopic technique)的治疗范围已从黏膜病变扩展到固有层肿瘤,使大量患者免受了外科手术之苦.但对于消化道壁巨大的或者向腔外生长的黏膜下肿瘤( SMTs),单纯内镜治疗风险较大,联合腹腔镜治疗的双镜联合技术应运而生.我院内镜中心在既往与普外科合作开展腹腔镜联合内镜治疗胃肠肿瘤技术成熟的基础上,近期与胸外科合作,行胸腔镜联合内镜治疗食管来源于固有肌层多发平滑肌瘤1例,取得了很好的疗效.本例中内镜下的手术采用的是隧道内镜技术,保证了手术区食管黏膜的完整性,避免了常规胸腔镜手术较易出现的黏膜破损而致术后瘘的并发症,国内外鲜见类似报道.     

内镜OverStitch缝合术治疗胃黏膜全层切除术后穿孔

目的评价内镜下OverStitch缝合术治疗经内镜下胃壁全层切除术(endoscopic full-thickness resection,EFR)术后穿孔的效果和安全性。方法采集2017年11月至2018年1月于江苏省人民医院行EFR,并在术后因穿孔接受内镜下OverStitch缝合创面的患者资料,观察患者术中和术后并发症、手术总时间、缝合时间、术后(1、2、24 h)患者视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score,VAS)、住院时间和患者满意度。结果共纳入5例患者,其中男3例、女2例,平均年龄63.20岁。病灶平均直径1.70 cm,胃底2例、胃体3例,剥离后的创面平均直径4.30 cm;手术总时间平均91.40 min,平均缝合时间11.60 min,每例患者均只使用1根缝合线;术后2 h腹痛评分最高(3.20分),其次为术后1 h(2.20分)和24 h(1.20分);术后平均住院2.40 d;平均随访6.25个月,患者均未发生并发症,患者满意度评分平均9.00分。结论内镜下OverStitch缝合术治疗EFR术后黏膜穿孔是安全、有效的。     

内镜下钛夹联合尼龙绳链式缝合食管癌术后巨大吻合口瘘一例

吻合口瘘是食管癌术后的主要并发症之一,瘘口一旦形成,很难自行愈合,再次外科手术创伤大,费用高。随着内镜辅助器械和穿孔闭合技术的发展,内镜下闭合食管吻合口瘘创伤小、恢复快。本文介绍一种内镜下钛夹联合尼龙绳链式缝合法治疗食管癌术后巨大吻合口瘘,但其长期实用性还有待进一步临床验证。     

组织牵拉夹联合金属夹在闭合内镜黏膜下剥离术术后创面中的应用

目的 评价内镜下组织牵拉夹联合金属夹在闭合内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)术后创面中的效果和安全性。 方法 收集2020年6月1日—2020年6月30日期间因消化道病变于江苏省人民医院消化科行ESD治疗并使用组织牵拉夹联合金属夹夹闭手术创面的患者的资料,观察患者缝合时间、术中和术后并发症及术后住院时间等指标。 结果 本研究共纳入6例患者,其中男1例、女5例,年龄（59.2±9.0）岁,胃病变4例,结肠病变2例。ESD术后创面直径（2.7±0.9）cm,缝合时间（8.8±1.8）min。患者均使用1枚组织牵拉夹,使用金属夹3~11枚,平均7枚;除1例升结肠病变患者出现术中穿孔,余无术中或术后出血;患者术后住院（4.2±1.5）d。 结论 内镜下组织牵拉夹联合金属夹能有效、安全地闭合ESD术后创面。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.