Impaired glucose tolerance and unidentified diabetes.

The epidemiology of impaired glucose tolerance and undiagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is reviewed and the implications for screening strategies discussed.     

Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: the Sri Lankan experience

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate tests used for screening and confirmation of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Sri Lanka. METHODS FIELD BASED: Consecutive pregnant women in Homagama DDHS area (n = 853), were assessed for risk factors and subjected to random and postprandial urinary Benedict's and Dipstick tests, fasting and 2 hour post 75 g glucose capillary blood glucose (FBG and 2hBG) which were validated against 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed at 24-28 weeks (WHO criteria). HOSPITAL BASED: Retrospective analysis of consecutive high-risk women (n = 999) and prospective study of randomly selected GDM women (n = 66) to assess predictive value of the OGTT. RESULTS FIELD BASED: Sensitivity and specificity respectively of random urine Benedict's, 10%, 99.2%; postprandial urine Benedict's, 52.2%, 94.5%; postprandial urine Dipstick, 68.7%, 90%; capillary FBG threshold 4.1 mmol/l, 62.6%, 73%; capillary 2hBG threshold 7.2 mmol/l, 98.5%, 95.2%; risk factors, 93.1%, 22.2%. HOSPITAL BASED: OGTT-11.6% lag curves, 16.3% abnormal, FPG accuracy at 4.7mmol/l; predictive value of 2 hPG > or = 8.9 mmol/l for insulin treatment-sensitivity 97.2%, specificity 71.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Current practice of random urine testing in community screening for gestational diabetes is unreliable, and glucose specific postprandial urine test improves sensitivity. FPG is unsuitable for screening, the 2 hour post 75 g blood glucose at a threshold of > 7.2 mmol/l is sensitive and specific. In laboratory confirmation using 75 g OGTT the fasting plasma glucose has low predictive value, 2 hour test performed alone is liable to false positives and 2 hour glucose > 8.9 mmol/l following a peak at 1 hour suggests the need for insulin treatment.     

糖筛查和糖耐量试验诊断妊娠期糖尿病的效果比较

目的比较葡萄糖筛查试验和葡萄糖耐量试验诊断妊娠期糖尿病的效果。方法对知情自愿孕妇施行葡萄糖筛查试验,筛查阳性者再施行葡萄糖耐量试验。结果葡萄糖筛查试验检查681例孕妇,得到阳性78人,阳性率为11.45%;78人再施行葡萄糖耐量试验,得到阳性65人,阳性率为9.54%,占筛查阳性人数的83.33%。两种试验在妊娠期糖尿病检出率中的差别无统计学意义(χ2=1.32,P=0.25,P0.05)。结论葡萄糖筛查试验对妊娠期糖尿病有较好检出率,是一种可以全面普及的简单易行的妊娠期糖尿病检查方法。     

Impaired secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 during oral glucose tolerance test in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objectives:

To assess glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion after oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) to clarify changes in GLP-1 secretion during the course of T2DM.

Methods:

In this cross sectional study, 80 subjects were divided into the NGT, IGT, and T2DM groups after undergoing a 75 g OGTT from March to December 2014 at the School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China. Plasma total GLP-1 was measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), islet β-cell function (HOMA-β), Gutt index, Matsuda index, incremental GLP-1 (ΔGLP-1), and areas under the curves of GLP-1 (AUC_glp-1), glucose (AUC_g), and insulin (AUC_ins) were calculated.

Results:

Plasma total GLP-1 at 30-120 minutes and ΔGLP-1 at 30-120 minutes were lower in the T2DM group than in the IGT and NGT groups (p<0.05). Peak GLP-1 levels were 35% lower in the T2DM group than in the NGT group. Plasma total GLP-1, ΔGLP-1, and AUC_glp-1 correlated negatively with HOMA-IR and AUC_g, and positively with HOMA-β, Gutt index, Matsuda index, and AUC_ins (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

The GLP-1 secretion after 75 g OGTT was impaired in newly diagnosed T2DM patients, inversely proportional to IR and hyperglycemia, and positively correlated with β-cell function and insulin sensitivity.Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder with multiple pathophysiological abnormalities. Currently, T2DM is one of the most common chronic diseases in almost every country. China has the largest population of diabetes patients. The prevalence of diabetes among adults in China is 11.6%, which is equivalent to 114 million patients.1 Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted by L-cells in the distal parts of the intestines in response to nutrient ingestion.2 The GLP-1 regulates blood glucose levels deriving from several mechanisms. It stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells in a glucose-dependent manner and suppresses glucagon secretion.3,4 The GLP-1 also affects gastrointestinal motility, enhances satiety, promotes weight loss, and increases β-cell mass.5-9 Therefore, impaired GLP-1 secretion may contribute to the initiation and development of DM. As a consequence of these properties, GLP-1 based therapies (GLP-1 agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) are currently playing a cornerstone role in the treatment of T2DM. Since GLP-1 plays an important role in the pathophysiology of DM, the assessment of GLP-1 secretory responses in individuals with different glycometabolism states is of great interest. The outcomes of GLP-1 secretion after the administration of an oral glucose load in individuals with and without diabetes are controversial. Toft-Nielsen et al10 reported a 53% reduction in integrated incremental GLP-1 concentrations in T2DM patients relative to healthy controls, while participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) had an intermediate GLP-1 response. However, other studies11,12 have reported that GLP-1 secretion was not reduced in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), or meal test in patients with T2DM. The mode of GLP-1 secretion in Asians may be different. Thus far, limited data are available on comparisons of GLP-1 levels among Chinese individuals with newly diagnosed T2DM, IGT, and normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Therefore, this study was conducted to measure GLP-1 levels during a standard OGTT in Chinese subjects with newly diagnosed T2DM, IGT, and NGT, in order to characterize the changes in GLP-1 secretion during the course of T2DM development. We also investigated the relationship between GLP-1 secretion, insulin resistance (IR), and insulin β-cell function.     

Prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in two Algonquin communities in Quebec.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in two native Indian communities. DESIGN: Population-based study. SETTING: Two Algonquin communities in Quebec: River Desert and Lac Simon. PARTICIPANTS: All native Indian residents aged at least 15 years were eligible; 621 (59%) of them volunteered to enroll in the study. The participation rate was 49% in River Desert and 76% in Lac Simon. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fasting blood glucose level and serum glucose level 2 hours after 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, as described by the World Health Organization, in all subjects except those with confirmed diabetes. Other measures included body mass index (BMI), fat distribution and blood pressure. MAIN RESULTS: The age-sex standardized prevalence rate of NIDDM was 19% in Lac Simon (95% confidence interval [CI] 16% to 21%); this was more than twice the rate of 9% in River Desert (95% CI 7% to 11%). The IGT rates were comparable in the two communities (River Desert 5%, Lac Simon 6%). NIDDM and IGT were uncommon under the age of 35 years. Only in Lac Simon was the NIDDM prevalence rate significantly higher among the women than among the men (23% v. 14%); almost half of the women aged 35 years or more had diabetes. In Lac Simon the rate of marked obesity (BMI greater than 30) was significantly higher among the women than among the men (37% v. 19%; p < 0.001); this sex-related difference was not found in River Desert (rates 31% and 23% respectively). Previously undiagnosed NIDDM accounted for 25% of all the cases. NIDDM and IGT were significantly associated with high BMI, sum of skinfold thicknesses and waist:hip circumference ratio (p < 0.001). The subscapular:triceps skinfold ratio, however, did not display such an association, nor did the age-adjusted systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of NIDDM is high in Algonquin communities and may vary markedly between communities. Although widespread, particularly in women, obesity cannot entirely explain the much higher rate of NIDDM in Lac Simon. Family and lifestyle risk factors, in particular diet and activity patterns, are being analysed in the two communities.     

妊娠期糖耐量试验对妊娠糖尿病的临床意义

目的:探讨妊娠糖尿病(GDM)孕妇妊娠期口服糖耐量试验(OGTT)的价值。方法:对2008年5月～2010年5月产前检查孕24～34周经口服50g葡萄糖筛查1小时血糖>7.8mmol/L的孕妇进行OGTT试验。结果:孕24～28周与孕30～34周两组比较,50g糖筛查率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),OGTT异常率、GDM率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:口服糖耐量试验可用于确诊妊娠糖尿病,了解血糖波动范围,分析妊娠糖尿病稳定程度。     

Loa loa in a Sri Lankan expatriate from Nigeria

A worm was extracted from the subconjunctival space of the left eye in a 14-year old Sri Lankan girl, who returned to Sri Lanka in 1983 after spending six years in Nigeria. It was identified as a male Loa loa. A history of evanescent (Calabar) swellings was obtained. She also had significant eosinophilia. Microfilariae were not detected in the blood. This is the first case of Loa loa infection reported from Sri Lanka.     

中药糖脂平胶囊干预糖耐量低减的临床研究

目的客观评价中药糖脂平胶囊对糖耐量低减(IGT)转化为2型糖尿病的影响。方法采用随机双盲对照的试验方法,对按照WHO诊断标准确诊的210例IGT患者进行前瞻性研究。随机分为3组(安慰剂组、糖脂平组、阿卡波糖组),在进行一般生活方式干预基础上,分别给予安慰剂、糖脂平、阿卡波糖干预治疗,观察2年,观察指标:口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)、体重指数、血压、血脂、胰岛素抵抗指数。结果安慰剂组空腹血糖(FPG)、OGTT后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和胰岛素抵抗指数(IR)均有上升,平均每年糖尿病发病率为11.72%;阿卡波糖组FPG、2hPG、HbA1c显著下降,平均每年糖尿病的发病率为3.18%,与安慰剂组比较发生2型糖尿病相对危险率降低72.87%;糖脂平组FPG、2hPG、HbA1c和IR显著下降,平均每年糖尿病的发病率为5.39%,与安慰剂组比较发生2型糖尿病相对危险率降低54.01%。结论表明糖脂平胶囊具有降低空腹血糖、餐后血糖、改善胰岛素抵抗的作用,可明显降低IGT转化为2型糖尿病的危险率。     

郑州市某区糖尿病患者病情控制状况调查

目的：了解郑州市某区糖尿病患者病情控制状况。方法：随机抽取郑州市某区10个居委会,对居委会内全部已确诊的227例糖尿病患者的一般情况、饮食控制状况、用药情况、病情监测、体育锻炼等进行调查,并采空腹及早餐后2h静脉血测血糖。结果：糖尿病患者空腹血糖控制较差的比例为32．2％,餐后2h血糖控制较差的比例为41．4％;将空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖结合起来评价某区中的现症糖尿病患者的病情控制情况,达到病情控制良好标准者占全部患者的40．5％;37．9％的患者进行严格的饮食控制,67．8％患者一直坚持用药,绝大多数患者(85．5％)监测次数过少。结论：郑州市某区人群中的多数糖尿病患者(59．5％)的病情控制不良,同时对饮食治疗、病情监测的重视程度不够,应针对性地加强对糖尿病患者的健康教育,改善糖尿病患者的病情控制状况。