低蛋白饮食治疗对延缓糖尿病肾病慢性肾衰进展的疗效分析

目的　观察在不补充α 酮酸或必需氨基酸的前提下 ,给优质低蛋白饮食治疗对糖尿病肾病 (DN)所致慢性肾衰 (CRF)患者肾功能进展情况的影响。方法　 5 4例慢性肾功能不全患者按实际蛋白摄入量分为两组 ,优质低蛋白饮食治疗组 (LPD　蛋白质摄入量为 0 .60± 0 .0 7g .kg- 1 .d- 1 ) 3 4例 ,正常蛋白饮食组 (蛋白质摄入量为 1.0± 0 .0 6g·kg- 1 ·d- 1 ) 2 0例 ,观察患者顺应性及肾功能进展情况。结果　患者对低蛋白饮食有良好的耐受性 ,3 4例患者都能坚持LPD治疗。LPD组和正常蛋白饮食组肾功能不全下降速度分别为 0 .2 62± 0 .0 15ml·min- 1 ·月 - 1 和 0 .684± 0 .0 86ml·min- 1 ·月- 1 ,LPD组显著慢于正常蛋白饮食组 (P <0 .0 1) ,LPD组患者平均 62 .6± 8.6个月进入透析治疗 ,而正常蛋白饮食组平均 2 6.4± 3 .5个月进入透析治疗 ,比LPD组提前 3～ 4年。结论　LPD在不补充α 酮酸或必需氨基酸的前提下 ,患者有良好的耐受性 ,并能有效延缓慢性肾衰的进展 ,推迟开始透析治疗的时间 ,成为延缓DN所致慢性肾衰进展的重要方法之一。     

Sodium and potassium in essential hypertension

A study was carried out of arterial pressure and body content of electrolytes in 91 patients with essential hypertension and 121 normal controls. Exchangeable sodium was found to be positively correlated with arterial pressure in the patients, the correlation being closest in older patients; values of exchangeable sodium were subnormal in young patients; and plasma, exchangeable, and total body potassium correlated inversely with arterial pressure in the patients, the correlations being closest in young patients. Three hypotheses were proposed to explain the mechanisms relating electrolytes and arterial pressure in essential hypertension--namely, a cell-salt hypothesis, a dietary salt hypothesis, and a kidney-salt hypothesis. It was concluded that two mechanisms probably operate in essential hypertension. In the early stages of the disease blood pressure is raised by an abnormal process related more closely to potassium than to sodium. A renal lesion develops later, possibly as a consequence of the hypertension. This lesion is characterised by resetting of pressure natriuresis and is manifest by an abnormal relation between body sodium and arterial pressure and by susceptibility to increased dietary sodium intake.     

盐摄入量对腹膜透析大鼠残余肾功能的影响

Objective To assess the effect of salt intake on residual renal function in rats and explore the possible mechanism. Methods SD rats were 5/6-nephrectomized to induce chronic renal failure followed by peritoneal dialysis for 4 weeks (n=18) or without dialysis treatment (control group; n=18). In both groups, the rats were divided into 3 subgroups and were given low-salt diet (0.02% NaCl), normal salt diet (0.4% NaCl), and high-salt diet (4% NaCl). After 8 and 12weeks, blood pressure and creatinine and sodium levels in the blood, urine, and peritoneal dialysate of the rats were examined. Glomerular sclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and protein expression levels of RAS components (ACE-1, AGT, and AT-1) in renal cortical tissue of the rats were evaluated. Results The residual renal function of the rats all decreased especially in rats with high salt intake for 8 and 12 weeks. In peritoneal dialysis group, the rats with high-salt diet showed signficiantly increased renal interstitial fibrosis score (P=0.036), glomerular sclerosis index (P=0.045), systolic blood pressure (P=0.004), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.048), and renal expressions of AGT, ACE-1, and AT1 (P<0.05) as compared with those with normal salt intake. In the rats fed the same high-salt diet, the renal interstitial fibrosis score, glomerular sclerosis index, diastolic blood pressure increase, and renal AGT and ACE-1 expression levels were significantly lower in the peritoneal dialysis group than in the control group (P<0.05). A positive correlation was noted between the reduction of residual renal function and sodium intake in the rats. Conclusion In rats with chronic renal failure, high salt intake promotes the activation of the renal RAS system, increases blood pressure, and agrevates renal fibrosis to accelerate the decline of residual renal function, and peritoneal dialysis partially reduces the damage of residual renal function induced by high-salt diets by removing excessive sodium.     

慢性肾衰竭急剧加重危险因素分析

目的　探讨慢性肾衰竭急剧加重因素及临床特点。方法　对 86例患者的病因、年龄、基础肾脏病及相关药物等进行分析。结果　在导致慢性肾衰竭急剧加重的因素中 ,老年组以肾毒性药物 ,严重感染等为主要原因 ,青壮年组以恶性高血压 ,原发病活动及急性左心衰等常见。 86例中 1 7例患者因原发病活动而导致慢性肾衰竭急剧加重 ,1 0例患者与药物相关。结论　慢性肾衰竭急剧加重的因素多种多样。老年者要警惕严重感染 ,药物性肾损害 ,青壮年患者积极控制高血压 ,原发病的活动及急性左心衰 ,对于预防慢性肾衰竭急剧加重具有十分重要意义。     

系统性红斑狼疮高血压的临床分析

１７６例系统性红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）病人,其中６１例合并高血压,占３４．７％,其中４０例为一过性高血压,占６５．６％,２１例为持续性高血压,占３４．４％,一过性高血压可由肾病综合征,急性肾功能洽,狼疮活动、甲基强的松龙冲击及孢胞素Ａ治疗引起,持续性高血压则主要由慢性肾功能不全引起。伴有抗心磷脂（ＡＣＬ）抗体者易发生高血压。随病程延长及年龄增大,高血压患病率增加,合并高血压者死亡率增加。     

低蛋白饮食疗法对慢性肾小球肾炎导致的慢性肾衰竭患者肾功能进展的延缓效果

目的探讨低蛋白饮食疗法对慢性肾小球肾炎（CGN）导致的慢性肾衰竭（CRF）患者肾功能进展的延缓效果。方法对54例CGN导致的CRF患者给予低蛋白饮食,通过检测24 h尿素氮排泄量计算实际蛋白质摄入量,观察不同的实际蛋白质摄入量对CRF进展的影响。结果实际蛋白质摄入量〈0.7 g/（kg.d）者39例,CRF进展为（-0.09±0.20）ml/min/月;实际蛋白质摄入量〉0.8 g/（kg.d）者15例,CRF进展为（-0.46±0.40）ml/min/月,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论低蛋白饮食疗法确实可以延缓CGN导致的CRF患者肾功能的进展,但应严格控制实际蛋白质摄入量。     

慢性肾衰肾性高血压患者的血液流变学观察

通过检测31例慢性肾衰肾性高血压患者的血液流变学指标,并分别与①正常人(59例)、②原发性高血压(51例)、③慢性肾小球肾炎普通型未出现肾衰者(48例)的血液流变学指标进行对照分析。结果发现:慢性肾衰肾性高血压患者的血流粘滞性、血液浓稠性均明显低于上述①②③三个对照组(P<0.01或<0.05)。而红细胞聚集性则高于各对照组(P<0.01或<0.05)。     

Blood pressure and its significance in childhood.

Hypertension is an important accelerator of the atherosclerotic process. Detection in childhood may be important although longitudinal data are lacking of the prognosis of blood pressure measurement in childhood through adult life. The blood pressure of children should be measured. In populations where salt intake is high, values for blood pressure increase with age. Populations who eat small quantities of salt are relatively free from hypertension. There is an epidemiological argument for limiting salt intake in children. There are few data to indicate the level of blood pressure in children which should be treated. Children''s blood pressures are labile and elevated levels are sustained only in a small minority. In these secondary causes, advice should be sought. In subjects with extreme persistent hypertension drug therapy should be considered; in subjects with values of blood pressure not so extremely raised surveillance should be maintained to prevent the development of sustained hypertension.     

Takayasu's disease presenting as a nephrotic syndrome due to amyloidosis.

We report an 18 year old black woman who presented with nephrotic syndrome in whom the investigations led to the diagnosis of diffuse Takayasu''s disease, renal amyloidosis of AA type and interstitial lung disease. Proteinuria in Takayasu''s disease is usually ascribed to hypertension or more rarely to glomerulonephritis. This case suggests that amyloidosis should be considered also in the investigation of proteinuria in these patients in view of the serious prognostic implications. This case represents further evidence that Takayasu''s disease can be the cause of systemic reactive amyloidosis which may also be the presenting feature.     

早期慢性肾衰竭合并高血压的临床观察与护理

目的: 了解早期慢性肾衰竭患者并发高血压的临床特点。方法: 对41例早期慢性肾衰竭患者进行临床观察,同时进行健康教育、心理护理、饮食调整、降压药物应用等综合干预。结果: 41例中合并高血压38例,发生率92.7%。其中高血压1级12例(31.6%),2级10例(26.3%),3级16例(42.1%)。通过干预,患者血压有不同程度下降,临床症状改善。结论: 早期慢性肾衰竭合并高血压发生率极高,应早期进行干预,以利于延缓慢性肾衰竭的进展。     

细胞外信号调节激酶1／2在慢性低氧肺动脉高压肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖中的作用研究进展

肺动脉高压是一种高发病率和病死率的疾病,其病因复杂,可由多种心、肺或肺血管疾病等引起,共同表现为肺血管阻力增加、右心负荷增大,最终导致右心衰竭,严重影响人体健康。肺动脉平滑肌细胞的肥大和增生导致的肺动脉壁增厚是肺动脉高压的病理特征。许多研究表明,低氧引起平滑肌细胞增殖与细胞外信号调节激酶1／2（EPK1／2）激活有关。该文主要就（EPK1／2）在慢性低氧肺动脉高压肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖中的作用研究进展予以综述。     

家族性少年型肾单位肾痨的诊断思路

目的探讨家族性少年型肾单位肾痨的诊断思路。方法分析1例9岁家族性少年型肾单位肾痨男性患儿的临床特点、家族史、实验室检查和病理检查特点。结果临床特点:学龄儿童,隐匿起病,表现为肾功能衰竭、贫血、夜尿多、生长迟缓,不伴高血压,尿液检查无异常,出现肾功能衰竭时的年龄为9岁。家族史:患儿姐姐1岁时发现贫血,6岁时死于尿毒症。实验室检查特点:无血尿、蛋白尿,B超检查示肾脏大小基本正常,皮髓边界不清。肾脏病理特点:肾小管病变严重,肾小球病变相对较轻。肾小管病变表现为“三联征”,即肾小管基底膜完整性破坏,表现为不规则增厚;肾小管萎缩和囊性变;肾脏间质单个核细胞浸润和纤维化。结论肾单位肾痨是引起儿童慢性肾衰竭最常见的遗传性疾病。该患儿表现为慢性肾衰竭,有家族史,家系中同代多人发病,考虑为常染色体隐性遗传。B超显示肾脏大小基本正常,皮髓边界不清,怀疑有肾单位肾痨。肾脏病理结果显示为“三联征”,符合肾单位肾痨表现。出现慢性肾衰竭的年龄为9岁,无高血压和蛋白尿,考虑为家族性少年型肾单位肾痨。     

Hypertensive encephalopathy complicating transplant renal artery stenosis.

A 26-year-old female diabetic patient developed hypertensive encephalopathy with gross neurological abnormalities complicating renal artery stenosis of her transplant kidney. The elevated blood pressure was unresponsive to medical treatment. Surgical correction of the stenoses in the renal artery cured the hypertension and renal failure and led to the patient''s complete recovery.     

慢性肾功能衰竭阴离子隙的临床意义

本文分析15例慢性肾功能衰竭患者阴离子隙(Anion Gap,简称 AG)的变化。慢性肾功能衰竭组 AG 明显高于对照组(平均值分别为:22.4±7.3mEq/L,14.4±6.5mEq/L,P<0.01)。结果表明,AG 是确定慢性肾功能衰竭患者酸硷平衡状况的非常有用的参数。但是由于许多因素可追成阴离子隙的变化,致使其变化和血 pH 值并无相关关系。     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂与肾性贫血

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)已被广泛应用于治疗慢性肾衰竭患者的高血压以及糖尿病肾病等疾病,但是近年来研究报道关于ACEI是否影响促红细胞生成素(EPO)治疗慢性肾衰竭的疗效还存在争议,本文就其可能的机制以及一些临床研究作如下综述。     

造影剂肾病临床相关因素分析

目的探讨造影剂肾病(radiocontrast-induced nephropathy,RCIN)的临床相关因素及其转归。方法回顾性分析住院行冠脉造影及介入治疗患者1062例,比较临床特点、造影剂使用剂量和造影前后血清肌酐的变化。结果RCIN总发生率11.0%(117/1062),糖尿病合并肾功能不全的患者中RCIN发病率为62.5%(45/72),超安全剂量使用RCIN发病率70.9%。单因素Logistic回归分析显示,与发生RCIN相关的因素分别是慢性充血性心功能不全、慢性肾功能不全,尤其是与糖尿病合并肾功能不全相关,与年龄、性别、高血压和术日的出入量无关,RCIN的临床表现多为非少尿型肾功能不全,造影后第2～3天Scr、Ccr水平与造影前相比差异有统计学意义,而7d后差异无统计学意义。结论术前的肾功能(术前的Scr、Ccr)、心脏功能、是否合并糖尿病、使用造影剂的剂量是RCIN发生的危险因素,术后必须监测肾功能的变化,给予对症支持大多数患者的肾功能可以恢复。     

82例慢性肾功能衰竭的心脏损害分析

本文对82例慢性肾功能衰竭的心脏损害进行了分析;有心脏损害者73例(89.0％),以心脏增大最多见,心电图以ST-T改变最常见,各种心律失常次之。慢性肾衰的心脏损害与血钾、二氧化碳结合力及血压改变无明显关系,但与尿素氮、贫血有关。11例进行了血液透析,其中3例发生心衰,可能系透析诱发。死亡原因以心衰多见。本文对心脏损害有关因素进行了讨论。     

Comparative study of salt taste threshold of hypertensives, their normotensive relatives and non-relatives

The role of salt in the genesis of hypertension has been well documented. Earlier studies have demonstrated higher salt taste threshold among hypertensives compared to normotensives. The aim of this study is to compare the salt taste thresholds of normotensive relatives of hypertensive patients with those of normotensives without family history of hypertension. Twenty-one hypertensives, 52 first degree relatives of these hypertensives and 99 normotensives without family history of hypertension were studied. They were made to taste different concentrations of solution from distilled water to 280 mmol of saline. The results showed that hypertensives had higher salt taste thresholds--detection (p < 0.0001), recognition (p < 0.0001) and maximum tolerable threshold (p < 0.05)--compared with normotensive relatives. The normotensive relatives of hypertensive patients in turn had higher salt taste thresholds--detection (p < 0.01), recognition (p < 0.0001) and maximum tolerable threshold (p < 0.001)--compared with normotensive controls; they also had significantly higher mean arterial pressure (p < 0.001). Health education with intervention directed at the hypertensives and their first degree normotensive relatives to willfully modify their desire and appetite for salt is of paramount importance.     

Chronic renal failure and tuberous sclerosis: a rare association

A 38 year old Saudi patient with tuberous sclerosis and chronic renal failure is described. The association of these two conditions has rarely been described. This case supports the observation that when chronic renal failure occurs in patients with tuberous sclerosis, cystic renal disease (with or without hamartomas) is more likely to be the underlying cause, rather than hamartomas alone.     

SD大鼠长期高盐饮食可导致其高血压并改变肾细胞因子基因表达谱

Objective:The present study examines whether a long-term high salt diet causes hypertension and renal injury in normal subjects [Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats] and alters renal cytokine-related gene expression profiles.Methods: Four 10 week old male SD rats received a high salt diet(HS,8%) and the other 4 SD rats received a normal salt diet(NS,0.5 %) for 8 weeks.Mean arterial pressure(MAP) and renal damages such as albuminuria and histological renal injury were determined.The relative mRNA levels of 514 cytokine-...