毛喉萜对tau蛋白磷酸化及聚集的影响

目的:本实验旨在细胞水平研究毛喉萜(forskolin)对tau蛋白磷酸化、聚集体形成及tau蛋白与微管结合能力的影响。方法:利用基因转染技术建立过度表达人类最长tau(tau441)的人肾母细胞瘤细胞(HEK293),免疫印迹技术检测细胞内tau蛋白的磷酸化状况,tau与微管结合能力改变;免疫荧光技术和thioflavin染色检测细胞内tau蛋白聚集体形成情况。结果:在HEK293转tau细胞株,总tau蛋白的表达没有明显改变,tau蛋白在Ser214、Ser262和Ser396/404位点过度磷酸化。与此同时,随着tau蛋白的过度磷酸化,tau蛋白与微管的结合能力下降,细胞内有磷酸化的tau蛋白聚集增加。结论:蛋白激酶A的激活可以引起tau蛋白的过度磷酸化,磷酸化的位点包括蛋白激酶A和非蛋白激酶A的磷酸化位点,而过度磷酸化的tau蛋白又损害了tau与微管结合,形成了大量细胞内聚集体,提示了蛋白激酶A的激活可能是超早期阿尔茨海默病病理发展过程的关键因素之一。     

Aβ25-35杏仁核注射对大鼠海马tau蛋白磷酸化和AchE的影响

目的 探讨杏仁核注射Aβ25-35对大鼠脑内异常磷酸化tau蛋白(Pser404-tau)及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的影响。方法 右侧杏仁核注射β-淀粉样肽(Aβ25-35)制备阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠模型；用Y-迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力；应用免疫组化方法测定Aβ对大鼠海马Pser404-tau的影响；应用分光光度计测定大鼠海马区AchE活性变化。结果 Aβ25-35杏仁核注射可导致大鼠学习记忆功能障碍；AD模型组的Pser404-tau阳性细胞数较假手术组显著增高，而海马AchE活性较假手术组明显降低。结论杏仁核注射Aβ25-35可导致Ser404位点的tau蛋白过度磷酸化和海马胆碱能系统功能损害。     

Aβ25-35杏仁核注射对大鼠海马tau蛋白磷酸化和AchE的影响

目的探讨杏仁核注射Aβ25-35对大鼠脑内异常磷酸化tau蛋白(Pser404-tau)及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的影响。方法右侧杏仁核注射β-淀粉样肽(Aβ25-35)制备阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠模型;用Y-迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力;应用免疫组化方法测定Aβ对大鼠海马Pser404-tau的影响;应用分光光度计测定大鼠海马区AchE活性变化。结果Aβ25-35杏仁核注射可导致大鼠学习记忆功能障碍;AD模型组的Pser404-tau阳性细胞数较假手术组显著增高,而海马AchE活性较假手术组明显降低。结论杏仁核注射Aβ25-35可导致Ser404位点的tau蛋白过度磷酸化和海马胆碱能系统功能损害。     

胰岛素抑制糖尿病大鼠皮质tau蛋白磷酸化作用的研究

目的探讨胰岛素抑制糖尿病大鼠皮质tau蛋白磷酸化、改善记忆障碍的可能机制。方法用链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病大鼠模型,用32P放射性标记法检测对照组、DM(Diabetes mellitus)组及Insulin组糖原合酶激酶-3(glycogen synthase kinase-3,GSK-3)的活性,用蛋白印迹法检测tau蛋白磷酸化水平,用电跳台试验检测大鼠的保留记忆。结果与对照组相比,DM组的GSK-3活性明显增加(P<0.01),tau蛋白在Ser198/Ser199/Ser202位点出磷酸化程度明显升高(P<0.01,),且伴有记忆障碍。与DM组相比较,Insulin组GSK-3活性降低(P<0.01),tau蛋白在Ser198/Ser199/Ser202位点磷酸化降低,(P<0.05),记忆障碍改善,与对照组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论糖尿病大鼠脑皮质GSK-3活性升高,tau蛋白过度磷酸化增加,胰岛素通过抑制GSK-3活性,降低tau蛋白过度磷酸化,改善糖尿病大鼠的记忆障碍。     

Aβ25-35注射诱导大鼠海马神经元tau蛋白异常磷酸化

目的　观察大鼠海马背侧注射凝聚态Aβ2 5 3 5后 ,神经元ser199/ser2 0 2、ser396、thr2 31等位点tau蛋白磷酸化的水平以及糖原合成激酶 3β(GSK 3β)的活性变化 ,探讨Aβ2 5 3 5与tau蛋白异常磷酸化的关系及机制。方法　应用脑立体定向技术给成年大鼠海马背侧注射凝聚态Aβ2 5 3 55nmol,术后 14d ,采用镀银染色方法观察海马组织神经元病理改变 ,免疫组织化学染色方法和免疫蛋白印迹技术观察大鼠海马tau [pS3 96]、tau [pSpS199/ 2 0 2 ]、tau [pT2 3 1]的表达水平 ,免疫蛋白印迹技术检测海马GSK 3β和磷酸化GSK 3β的水平变化。 结果　凝聚态Aβ2 5 3 5组神经元纤维走行紊乱、增粗、肿胀 ,密集成宽带状 ,轴突深染。海马神经元tau [pS3 96]、tau [pSpS199/ 2 0 2 ]、tau [pT2 3 1]的阳性表达数 (分别为 38 2± 5 9,10 7 6± 8 4 ,78 4± 3 7)明显高于正常组和生理盐水组 (P <0 0 1) ,GSK 3β和磷酸化GSK 3β的水平亦明显高于正常组和生理盐水组。 结论　海马背侧注射Aβ2 5 3 5可通过激活GSK 3β诱导tau蛋白发生异常磷酸化。     

海马内注射纤丝状Aβ42诱导tau异常磷酸化的研究

目的　观察海马内注射纤丝状Aβ42 后神经元Ser 2 0 2位点磷酸化的tau蛋白 (PS2 0 2 tau)的表达 ,探讨Aβ42 与tau蛋白超磷酸化的关系。方法　应用立体定向技术对老年大鼠进行海马内注射纤丝状Aβ42 ,采用免疫组织化学染色方法 ,显示PS2 0 2 tau的表达情况 ,并进行图像分析。结果　纤丝状Aβ42 注射组双侧海马PS2 0 2 tau的表达明显高于正常组和双蒸水注射组 ,两侧海马PS2 0 2 tau的表达没有明显差异。结论　纤丝状Aβ42 能使PS2 0 2 tau的表达增加 ,提示它具有诱导tau蛋白超磷酸化的效应。     

海马内注射纤丝状Aβ42诱导tau异常磷酸化的研究

目的观察海马内注射纤丝状Aβ42后神经元Ser 202位点磷酸化的tau蛋白(PS202-tau)的表达,探讨Aβ42与tau蛋白超磷酸化的关系.方法应用立体定向技术对老年大鼠进行海马内注射纤丝状Aβ42,采用免疫组织化学染色方法,显示PS202-tau的表达情况,并进行图像分析.结果纤丝状Aβ42注射组双侧海马PS202-tau的表达明显高于正常组和双蒸水注射组,两侧海马PS202-tau的表达没有明显差异.结论纤丝状Aβ42能使PS202-tau的表达增加,提示它具有诱导tau蛋白超磷酸化的效应.     

葛根素对Alzheimer病大鼠海马tau蛋白过度磷酸化及胆碱乙酰转移酶活性的影响

目的探讨葛根素(Pue)对Alzheimer病(AD)大鼠海马色氨酸404位点tau蛋白过度磷酸化(Pser404tau)及胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)活性的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、AD组和Pue组;右侧杏仁核注射β淀粉样肽(Aβ2535)制备AD大鼠模型,假手术组同样部位注射三氟乙酸;用Y型迷宫检测各组大鼠学习记忆能力;应用免疫组化方法检测各组大鼠海马Pser404tau阳性细胞及ChAT阳性细胞的表达。结果(1)与假手术组相比,AD组大鼠迷宫试验成绩下降,海马Pser404tau阳性细胞数明显增加,ChAT阳性细胞数明显减少(均P<0.01);(2)与AD组相比,Pue组学习记忆成绩明显提高(P<0.05),Pser404tau阳性细胞数明显降低,ChAT阳性细胞数明显增加(均P<0.01)。结论Pue明显改善AD大鼠学习记忆能力,可能与其抑制tau蛋白过磷酸化反应、减轻胆碱能神经元损伤、增加ChAT活性和功能、催化Ach合成有关。     

亚低温抑制重型颅脑创伤诱导Tau蛋白过度磷酸化的实验研究

目的 观察亚低温对重型颅脑创伤诱导的Tau蛋白磷酸化的影响.方法 体外研究通过细胞液压冲击仪建立SK-N-SH细胞损伤模型,观察冲击1h、6h和12h后Tau蛋白的磷酸化水平.体内研究通过小动物液压冲击仪建立大鼠重型颅脑损伤模型(2.4 atm),接受或不接受亚低温治疗(33℃,4h).观察液压冲击6h、24 h和72 h后Tau蛋白的磷酸化水平,以及亚低温对此变化的影响.结果 SK-N-SH细胞在液压冲击后,Tau蛋白在Thr231和Ser396位点的磷酸化水平从1h开始升高,到6h左右达到高峰.SD大鼠在液压冲击后,Tau蛋白在Thr231和Ser396位点的磷酸化水平从6h开始升高,到24h左右达到高峰,到72 h仍处于高水平;免疫组化的结果也显示,大鼠脑部海马CA1区和皮质区的Tau蛋白磷酸化水平在Thr231位点也明显增高.亚低温可显著逆转液压冲击诱导的SD大鼠Tau蛋白过度磷酸化(P＜0.01).结论 亚低温可抑制重型颅脑创伤诱导的Tau蛋白过度磷酸化.     

促红细胞生成素对Aβ25-35诱导的细胞tau蛋白磷酸化的抑制作用

目的 探讨促红细胞生成素(Epo)对凝聚态β淀粉样蛋白25-35片断(Aβ25-35)诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞tau蛋白磷酸化的影响.方法 MTT法观察不同浓度的Epo(0、5、10、20、50 U)单独作用24 h对SH-SY5Y细胞存活率的影响;20 μmol/L的凝聚态Aβ25-35作用于SH-SY5Y细胞不同时间点(0 min、30 min、1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h)后,Western blot法检测tau蛋白磷酸化(Ser199、Ser396及taul)水平的变化;观察不同浓度的Epo(5、10、20 U)预处理细胞3 h后对Aβ25-35作用的影响以及P13K/Akt抑制剂LY294002(50μmol/L)预处理细胞1 h后Epo抑制作用受到的影响.结果 不同浓度的Epo作用24 h后,MTT示细胞存活率无明显变化.20 μmol/L的Aβ25-35作用不同时间点后,tau蛋白Ser396、Ser199位点的磷酸化水平3 h时开始增加,6 h达到最高峰,12 h后又逐渐下降,24h时仍维持较高水平,与0min、30min时比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而总的tau蛋白没有任何变化.5、10、20U Epo预处理均可有效地抑制Aβ25-35引起的Ser396、Ser199位点的磷酸化,与正常对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).LY294002预处理细胞后,Epo的作用受到抑制.结论 Epo可通过P13K/Akt途径对Aβ25-35诱导的tau蛋白磷酸化发挥抑制作用,本研究为研究AD的发病机制及探索新的有效治疗药物提供了重要的理论基础.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.