非痴呆老年人认知功能的差异性:从成功老化到轻度认知损伤

目的：对非痴呆的自诉记忆力减退的老年人,就其总体认知水平而言可能存在相对同源的不同亚型进行初步探讨。方法：对34例调查者进行临床记忆量表等17种神经心理测验,将结果进行Q型聚类分析。结果：15例调查者被诊断为轻度认知损伤,占44％;聚类分析产生6类新样本。结论：在正常老化与早期阿尔茨海默病这一过渡期内,老年人的认知状态是不均质的,其中既有成功老化,也有一般老化,尤其是还存在着具有痴呆发病危险性的认知损伤。     

老年人轻度认知功能损害的P300电位研究

目的 探讨P300电位在评价老年人轻度认知功能损害中的临床价值。方法 1995-12～2003-06对河南省精神病院52例轻度认知功能损害的老年人和50例认知功能正常的老年人分别进行了P300电位测定和认知能力筛查实验,并将两组结果加以比较。结果 认知功能损害患者组P300电位成分中N2、P3波潜伏期延长和P3波幅降低,较对照组差异有显著性意义(P<0.05),筛查量表中9个因子中旧记忆、新记忆、语言及思维流畅性等分量表值认知功能损害组均低于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论 P300电位可作为评价老年人轻度认知功能损害的重要指标应用于临床。     

Helminth infection and cognitive impairment among Filipino children

The objective of this study was to examine the independent effect of infection with each of four helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma japonicum, Necator americanus, and Trichuris trichiura) on cognitive function after adjusting for the potential confounders nutritional status, socioeconomic status (SES), hemoglobin, sex, and the presence of other helminthes. This cross-sectional study was carried out in a rural village in Leyte, The Philippines in 319 children 7-18 years old. Three stools were collected and read in duplicate by the Kato Katz method. Infection intensity was defined by World Health Organization criteria. Cognitive tests were culturally adapted and translated. Learning and memory cognitive domains were each defined by three subscales of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, which had an inter-rater reliability >/= 0.92 and test-retest reliabilities ranging from 0.61 to 0.89. A household SES questionnaire was administered. A logistic regression model was used to quantify the association between performance in different cognitive domains (learning, memory, verbal fluency, and the Philippine Non-Verbal Intelligence Test) and helminth infections. After adjusting for age, sex, nutritional status, hemoglobin, and SES, S. japonicum infection was associated with poor performance on tests of learning (odds ratio [OR] = 3.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-6.9), A. lumbricoides infection was associated with poor performance on tests of memory (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.04-4.7), and T. trichiura infection was associated with poor performance on tests of verbal fluency (OR = 4.5, 95% CI = 1.04-30). Helminth infection was associated with lower performance in three of the four cognitive domains examined in this study. These relationships remained after rigorous control for other helminths and important confounding covariates.     

血管性认知障碍与轻度认知障碍的研究进展

血管性认知障碍（vascular cognitive impairment，VCI）与轻度认知障碍（mild cognitive impairment，MCI）是近年来神经科领域的研究热点。两者的发病机制、诊断标准、遗传学、生物学、神经心理学、神经影像学等方面不尽相同。我们就近年来国外关于两者的研究进展进行综述，以期为临床鉴别两者提供线索。     

Prevalence estimates and health-related correlates of cognitive impairment from a probability sample of community-residing Latino elders

OBJECTIVE: Prevalence estimates of cognitive impairment are provided from a probability sample of Latino elders, mostly Puerto Ricans. A profile of those with cognitive impairment is provided. Predictors of cognitive impairment and the association between depressive symptomatology and cognitive impairment are examined. METHOD: A prevalence survey was conducted among a community sample of 205 Latino elders in New York City, drawn from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Medicare beneficiary tape files. RESULTS: The prevalence ratio for cognitive impairment using scale-cut scores was 12%; the latent class estimate was .15 (SE = .025; 95% CI = .10 - .21). Individuals with cognitive impairment were older; had lower levels of education, income, and acculturation; and reported higher levels of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depressive symptomatology. DISCUSSION: This study resulted in the identification of a cluster of socioeconomic, health, and mental health factors that may influence the functional ability of older Puerto Ricans.     

Presence of behavioral and psychological symptoms predicts nursing home placement in community-dwelling elders with cognitive impairment in univariate but not multivariate analysis

BACKGROUND: The role of behavioral and psychological symptoms as an independent risk factor of nursing home placement (NHP) in cognitively impaired elders has been controversial. METHODS: A community sample of 449 cognitively impaired elders and their knowledgeable informants (KIs) was followed for 1 year. Subjects were classified as having dementia (n=330) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n=119) using a neuropsychiatric battery of 4 tests. Subject characteristics (behavioral and psychological symptoms, demographic, health related, and health services use) and KI characteristics were entered into the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. RESULTS: The incidence rate of NHP was 8.9%. At baseline, 57.7% of subjects had at least 1 behavioral and psychological symptom. Presence of these symptoms was associated with shorter time to NHP only in a univariate analysis. Other factors significant in the multivariate Cox modeling were being white (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.17), having fair or poor physical health rating (HR= 2.12), having greater numbers of difficulties with activities of daily living (HR = 1.46), and having a physician's diagnosis of dementia (HR = 6.76). An interaction was found between the last 2 variables (HR = 0.59), indicating that among those with a diagnosis of dementia, a greater number of difficulties with activities of daily living delayed time to NHP. KI characteristics were not associated with NHP. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral and psychological symptoms were common, but having these symptoms was not an independent risk factor of NHP. Caregiver characteristics may not play as important a role in determining NHP as subject characteristics. Interventions aimed at improving or maintaining physical or cognitive functioning may have better chances of delaying NHP.     

农村老年人轻度认知功能障碍流行病学调查

目的了解湖南省慈利县农村老年人轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）的流行病学特征。方法采用随机整群分层分阶段抽样的方法对2011年6月至12月湖南省慈利县6个乡镇、年龄≥60岁的老年人进行现况调查及筛查,完成调查问卷及简易精神状况量表（MMSE）;临床诊断,对有明显记忆障碍者及MMSE分数低于界值者进一步进行临床检查,并由2名神经科医师进行最后诊断;同时进行总体衰退量表、Hachinski缺血指数量表、临床痴呆评定量表等评定。结果调查1367名,男性678名,女689名,MMSE阳性者178例,占13．02％,确诊为MCI者139例,患病率为10．17％;不同年龄段、文化程度、职业、居住及文化生活情况的老年人,其MCI患病率差异均有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论高龄、低文化水平、嗜烟、不喝酒或嗜酒、单独居住等因素会增加患MCI的危险。     

轻度认知障碍与非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍

轻度认知障碍与非痴呆型血管性认知障碍是近年来针对阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆提出的早期阶段,两者在概念、诊断标准、流行病学、病理学、神经心理学、生物学标志物等方面既有不同,又有很多交叉和联系.文章就近年来的研究进展和面临的问题进行了综述.     

轻度认知障碍与非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍

轻度认知障碍与非痴呆型血管性认知障碍是近年来针对阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆提出的早期阶段,两者在概念、诊断标准、流行病学、病理学、神经心理学、生物学标志物等方面既有不同,又有很多交叉和联系.文章就近年来的研究进展和面临的问题进行了综述.     

社区老年人轻度认知功能障碍患病调查

目的了解社区老年人轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）的患病率及危险因素。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法对上海市黄浦区年龄≥60岁的老年人进行现况问卷调查及临床医师评定。调查问卷包括一般人口学资料、简易精神状况量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估表（MoCA）;临床医师评定包括照料者询问、现病史、既往史、体检、日常生活量表（ADL）、总体退化量表（GDS）、临床痴呆评定量表（CDR）、Hachinski缺血指数量表测评,并由精神科医师进行最后诊断。结果调查300人,确诊为MCI者67例,患病率为22．3％;不同性别、年龄段、文化程度、职业及运动与否、有无业余爱好、饮茶与否的老年人,其MCI患病率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论女性、高龄、低文化水平、不运动等患MCI的危险性增加。     

Alcohol abuse, cognitive impairment, and mortality among older people

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of alcohol abuse, the association of alcohol abuse with cognitive impairment, and the contribution of alcohol abuse to short-term mortality in a cohort of older people screened for dementia. DESIGN: Using the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA)--a representative, national cohort study of 10,268 older persons (> or = 65 years) from communities and long-term care institutions conducted in 1991--alcohol abuse and dementia were diagnosed during clinical examinations. Death was determined by telephone interview 18 months after baseline and verified by vital statistics records. SETTING: 36 regional community and 17 regional institutional populations in Canada. PARTICIPANTS: The 2,873 individuals from the clinical sample of the CSHA. MEASUREMENTS: Diagnosis of alcohol abuse (questionable, definite, none), diagnosis of dementia. RESULTS: The prevalence of clinically detected definite alcohol abuse was 8.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.9-9.9) and of questionable alcohol abuse was 3.7% (95% CI 3.0-4.4). Definite or questionable alcohol abuse was associated with a younger average age compared with no such abuse history, and men were significantly more likely than women to comprise definite and questionable diagnostic groups as compared with the group without alcohol abuse. The occurrence of all types of dementia except probable Alzheimer's disease was higher in those with definite or questionable alcohol abuse. Mortality at 18 months was higher among those with definite (14.8%, 95% CI 13.5-16.1) or questionable (20.0%, 95% CI 18.5-21.5) alcohol abuse, as compared with those with no alcohol abuse history (11.5%, 95% CI 10.3-12.7), and alcohol abuse (definite or questionable) conferred a 56% additional risk of short-term mortality (odds ratio (OR) 1.56, 95% CI 1.11-2.20) after adjusting for age, sex, and a diagnosis of dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol abuse among older people is common and occurs more frequently among men. It is associated with cognitive impairment and independently with short-term mortality. Physician screening for alcohol abuse can yield a group of older people at risk for adverse health outcomes.     

Life expectancy with and without cognitive impairment among Brazilian older adults

Estimating the life expectancy with and without cognitive impairment in an older adult population is critical for understanding the burden of illness on individuals and their families, the health care system, and society at large. This paper presents and compares estimates of life expectancy with and without cognitive impairment for the noninstitutionalized population ages 60 years and older in São Paulo, Brazil, for the years 2000 and 2010. Life expectancy with and without cognitive impairment was calculated using the Sullivan method and prevalence estimates from data collection at two points (2000 and 2010) of the Health, Well-Being, and Aging (SABE) Study. Results indicate that 60-year-old men in São Paulo in 2000 could expect to live 14.8 years and women 17.9 years without cognitive impairment. By 2010, life expectancy without cognitive impairment had increased to 17.1 years for men and 20.0 years for women. Length of life with cognitive impairment differed by gender (2.3 years for men and 3.7 years for women at age 60 in 2010). However, the absolute number of years with cognitive impairment remained relatively constant with age. The results indicate a trend for improvements in life expectancy without cognitive impairment over time in São Paulo. Adults in Brazil still face many years of cognitive impairment in their older years, particularly when compared with estimates from developed countries.     

血管性认知功能障碍与超敏C反应蛋白、血脂及尿酸的关系

目的探讨血管性认知功能障碍与血清超敏C反应蛋白、血脂及尿酸的关系。方法测定102例脑卒中住院患者的血清超敏C反应蛋白、血脂及尿酸的水平,并根据有无血管性认知功能障碍分为2组,比较两组的数值。结果血管性认知功能障碍组患者的血清超敏C反应蛋白、血脂及尿酸水平明显高于无认知功能障碍组。两组间的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论血管性认知功能障碍与血清超敏C反应蛋白、血脂及尿酸密切相关。     

Early life influences on cognitive impairment among oldest old Chinese

OBJECTIVES: This article examines the effects of early life socioeconomic conditions on the risk of cognitive impairment among oldest old persons in China. We also examine whether adult socioeconomic status mediates the association between early life socioeconomic status and cognitive impairment in old age. METHODS: Data derived from two waves (1998-2000) of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. We estimated logistic and multinomial regression models of cognitive impairment for a nationwide sample of people aged 80 to 105 (N = 8,444). RESULTS: Among both men and women, urban residence in early life as well as education was associated with lower odds of cognitive impairment at baseline. We found modest support for a protective effect of advantaged childhood background on the odds of cognitive impairment onset during the 2-year follow-up, especially among women. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that socioeconomic environment throughout the life course, early life in particular, can influence the risk of cognitive impairment in old age. Not only can public policy that targets illiteracy, hunger, and poverty improve the lives of tens of thousands of children, but ultimately such investments will pay significant dividends many decades later in enhancing the cognitive well-being of older persons.     

High rates of undiagnosed vascular cognitive impairment among American Indian veterans

GeroScience - As data on prevalence and etiology of dementia in American Indians are limited, we sought to determine rates and patterns of memory loss among American Indian veterans with vascular...     

MEG spectral analysis in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been described as an intermediate stage between normal aging and dementia. Previous studies characterized the alterations of brain oscillatory activity at this stage, but little is known about the differences between single and multidomain amnestic MCI patients. In order to study the patterns of oscillatory magnetic activity in amnestic MCI subtypes, a total of 105 subjects underwent an eyes-closed resting-state magnetoencephalographic recording: 36 healthy controls, 33 amnestic single domain MCIs (a-sd-MCI), and 36 amnestic multidomain MCIs (a-md-MCI). Relative power values were calculated and compared among groups. Subsequently, relative power values were correlated with neuropsychological tests scores and hippocampal volumes. Both MCI groups showed an increase in relative power in lower frequency bands (delta and theta frequency ranges) and a decrease in power values in higher frequency bands (alpha and beta frequency ranges), as compared with the control group. More importantly, clear differences emerged from the comparison between the two amnestic MCI subtypes. The a-md-MCI group showed a significant power increase within delta and theta ranges and reduced relative power within alpha and beta ranges. Such pattern correlated with the neuropsychological performance, indicating that the a-md-MCI subtype is associated not only with a “slowing” of the spectrum but also with a poorer cognitive status. These results suggest that a-md-MCI patients are characterized by a brain activity profile that is closer to that observed in Alzheimer disease. Therefore, it might be hypothesized that the likelihood of conversion to dementia would be higher within this subtype.