2009-2011年贵州省剑河县农村饮用水水质监测结果

目的 了解贵州省剑河县农村饮用水卫生现状.方法 2009-2011年,分别于枯水期、丰水期对剑河县所辖的12个乡镇48个小型集中式供水点出厂水和末梢水进行监测.监测按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(B/T 5750-2006)进行,内容包括:①感官指标:标色度、浑浊度、臭和味、肉眼可见物;②一般化学指标:pH、铁、锰、氯化物、硫酸盐、溶解性总固体、总硬度、耗氧量、氨氮;③毒理学指标:氟化物、砷化物、硝酸盐;④微生物指标:菌落总数、总大肠埃希菌群、耐热大肠埃希菌群.结果评价按照《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行.结果 2009-2011年共采集饮用水水样192份,水质合格18份,合格率为9.38％.不同年份间水质合格率比较差异有统计学意义(x2=14.74,P＜0.01).其中枯水期水质合格率(18.75％,18/％)高于丰水期(0.00％,0/96;x2=19.76,P＜ 0.01),出厂水水质合格率(16.67％,16/96)高于末梢水(2.08％,2/96;x2=11.95,P＜ 0.01).在192份水样中,感官指标和毒理学指标均合格.一般化学指标中,除4份水样pH值出现超标情况(2009年和2010年各有2份),其他检测指标都合格.微生物指标中,水样中菌落总数、大肠埃希菌群、耐热大肠埃希菌群合格率分别为77.08％(148/192)、9.90％(19/192)、20.31％(39/192).其中枯水期、丰水期微生物合格率分别为18.75％(18/96)、0.00％(0/96),枯水期微生物合格率显著高于丰水期(x2=19.76,P＜0.01);水源水、末梢水微生物合格率分别为16.67％(16/96)、2.08％(2/96),水源水微生物合格率显著高于末梢水(x2=11.95,P＜ 0.01).结论 贵州省剑河县农村饮用水卫生现状欠佳,微生物污染是影响剑河县农村生活饮用水水质量的主要原因.     

GSH-Px活性与云南省地方性猝死关系的研究

目的研究云南省地方性猝死病例组与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）活性的关系，为云南省地方性猝死的预防提供依据。方法现场调查病区大姚县、景东县、南涧县、宁蒗县及非病区大理县，采用GSH—Px活力测试盒检测患者25例、对照107例的GSH—Px活性。结果病例组GSH—Px活性高于外对照组（P〈0．05）；大姚县、景东县GSH—Px活性高于外对照大理县（P〈0．05）；宁蒗县低于大理县；宁蒗县补硒前后两次检测结果为补硒后GSH—Px活性较补硒前高（P〈0．05）。结论GSH—Px活性与云南省地方性猝死的发生可能存在一定程度的相关。     

2009～2012年福海县农村生活饮用水水质监测结果分析

目的了解并掌握新疆福海县农村饮用水安全工程的水质卫生状况，为加强农村饮用水安全工程建设和管理提供科学依据。方法根据国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749．2006），每年抽取12家集中式供水点水样，分别在枯水期和丰水期进行水质监测分析。结果共检测12家供水站水样192份。检出不合格水样138份，总合格率48％，各年度水质合格率没有较大差异，不合格指标主要有硫酸盐、氯酸盐、总硬度、溶解性总固体、耗氧量、细菌总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群。结论各级政府及相关部门应重视农村生活饮用水安全问题，改善水质卫生状况，减少水质污染，确保人民群众身体健康和生命安全。     

2013年新疆塔城市农村饮用水水质检测结果分析

目的了解新疆塔城市农村生活饮用水水质卫生质量状况，为全面实施农村饮用水安全工程建设提供科学依据。方法按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》（GB／T5750．2006），在塔城市所辖13个乡（镇）19个监测点取样进行检测，共采集76份水样检测32个指标。结果塔城市农村饮用水2013年总体合格率为69．74％，总硬度、硫酸盐、溶解性固体、菌落总数、总大肠菌数、耐热大肠菌数等指标均出现不合格的情况，枯水期合格率86．84％（33／38），丰水期52．63％（20／38），丰水期合格率低于枯水期，二者差异有统计学意义（x^2=10．54，P〈0．05）；出厂水合格率89．47％（34／38），末梢水为50．00％（19／38），二者差异有统计学意义（x^2=14．02，P〈0．05）。结论新疆塔城市农村生活饮用水水质存在的主要问题是微生物指标严重超标，饮水工程仍需加大消毒设施建设，让农民群众喝上卫生安全水。     

一起生活饮用水突发性污染事件的调查与分析

目的通过对新疆伊宁市一起生活饮用水污染事件调查,明确污染原因,采取有效措施消除污染,预防此类事件再次发生。方法采用现场流病学调查方法进行调查,采集的水样按《生活饮用水标准检验方法》进行检验,并依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》评价;肛拭子标本按照《新疆细菌性肠道传染病监测方案》（2012版）、《食品微生物学检验》、《食品卫生安全国家标准》,分离鉴定及评价。结果从40人份肛拭子标本中检出致病性大肠埃希氏菌O111∶K584份,检出福氏志贺氏1a型3、4群志贺氏菌2份;75份水样中菌落总数超标24份,超标率为32%,总大肠菌群超标22份,超标率29%,耐热大肠菌群超标21份,超标率28%;检出致病性大肠埃希氏菌O111∶K588份,检出福氏志贺氏1a型3、4群志贺氏菌3份。结论本起中毒事件为一起生活饮用水污染引发的群发性细菌性痢疾,应总结污染事件的经验教训,制定防范措施和对策,杜绝水源污染事故发生,保护农村居民的身体健康。     

2016—2020年武威市生活饮用水卫生状况分析

目的 了解并掌握2016—2020年（“十三五”期间）甘肃省武威市生活饮用水水质卫生现状及变化趋势，为加强饮用水安全管理工作提供依据。方法 按照《武威市饮用水水质卫生监测方案》开展三县一区的饮用水监测，以GB/T5750-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》检验水质、GB/T 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》进行评价。结果 2016—2020年共监测水样3 479份，合格2 704份、合格率77.72%，水质合格率各年度差异有统计学意义（χ2=87.013,P<0.05），总体呈现逐年升高趋势（趋势χ2=64.948,P<0.05）；生活饮用水合格率城市（88.30%）高于农村（75.68%），差异有统计学意义（χ2=43.472,P<0.05）；出厂水、末梢水、二次供水合格率分别为84.53%,74.67%,80.47%;35项检测项目中，15项不合格，不合格项目前五位为浑浊度、肉眼可见物、菌落总数、总大肠菌群和硫酸盐。总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌、菌落总数、大肠埃希菌、浑浊度、肉眼可见物、氯化物、硫酸盐、溶解性总固体、总硬度、铁、硝酸盐、游离性余氯13项指标合格率...     

肠道病毒感染与云南省不明原因心源性猝死的关系

目的 探讨肠道病毒感染与云南省不明原因心源性猝死的关系。方法 根据流行病学现场调查和临床检查资料在病区设立病例组和病区对照组，在非病区设立非病区对照组，采用巢式反转录聚合酶链反应检测观察对象静脉血中肠道病毒核糖核酸（RNA）。结果 肠道病毒RNA阳性率，病区[56．3％（58／103）]与非病区[41．7％（10／24）]相比有增高趋势，但二者之间差异无统计学意义（χ^2=1．68，P〉0．05）；病例组、病区对照组、非病区对照组肠道病毒RNA阳性率分别为56．0％（14／25）、56．4％（44／78）、41．7％（10／24），组间比较差异无统计学意义（χ^2=1．68，P〉0．05），但是各组感染率水平均较高。结论 云南省不明原因心源性猝死病区肠道病毒感染水平较高，两者之间的关系需进一步研究。     

2017—2020年玉门市城乡生活饮用水水质监测结果分析

目的 了解甘肃省玉门市城乡生活饮用水的卫生状况、动态变化及影响因素,为改善水质卫生提供科学依据并进行有效的监督管理。方法 依据《玉门市饮用水水质监测项目实施方案》要求,2017—2020年分别于每年的枯水期和丰水期采集水样,按照GB/T 5750-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》和GB/T 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》开展卫生监测和评价。结果 2017—2020年共检测玉门市城乡生活饮用水水样378份,合格281份、合格率为73.58%,且总体合格率逐年升高;城市水质合格率为85.00%、农村为71.48%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.046,P<0.05）;出厂水合格率为72.00%、末梢水为76.35%,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.934,P>0.05）;水质理化指标不合格项目主要为硫酸盐、溶解性固体、总硬度和氯化物,微生物指标不合格项目主要为大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、大肠埃希菌和细菌总数,一般感官性状指标不合格项目主要为浊度、臭和味及色度。结论 甘肃省玉门市城乡生活饮用水合格率不高,今后应根据水质主要不合格项目有针对性地加强供水系统监督管理和净化消毒工作,...     

乙型肝炎肝硬化患者伴或不伴腹水对肠道菌群的影响

目的探讨乙型肝炎肝硬化(HBLC)伴有或不伴有腹水患者肠道菌群的差异。方法收集2016年10月-12月于上海中医药大学附属曙光医院肝硬化科就诊的HBLC患者57例,其中无腹水30例(HBLC-WOA),有腹水但无SBP 27例(HBLCWA),并纳入28例健康志愿者(HC),采用16S rRNA测序技术,比较两组肝硬化患者间肠道菌群的分布差异。计数资料2组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验;计量资料2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,3组比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。组间各物种相对丰度差异的比较采用多重假设检验,采用Benjamini和Hochberg错误发现率(fdr)进行调整,Pfdr0. 05为差异有统计学意义。相关分析采用Spearman秩相关检验。不同条件下组间的差异比较采用相似性分析(ANOSIM)和非参数多元方差分析(Adonis)。结果伴随腹水的出现,HBLC患者粪便微生物群的多样性降低(P=0. 042)。PCo A结果显示,HBLC-WOA组、HBLC-WA组与HC组间比较差异有统计学意义(HBLC-WOA vs HC,ANOSIM:R=0. 159,P=0. 001,Adonis:R2=0. 067,P=0. 001; HBLC-WA vs HC,ANOSIM:R=0. 323,P=0. 001,Adonis:R2=0. 107,P=0. 001)。在属水平上,与HC组比较,HBLC-WA组罕见小球菌属和假丁弧菌属的丰度显著降低(P值分别为0. 01、0. 001),肠杆菌属、大肠埃希菌属和韦荣球菌属的丰度显著增加(P值分别为0. 05、0. 001、0. 01)。大肠埃希菌属和韦荣球菌属均与CTP评分、凝血酶原时间和国际标准化比率(INR)均呈正相关,与血清Alb水平均呈负相关(P值均0. 05)。假丁弧菌属、norank_f_毛螺菌科、unclassified_f_毛螺菌科、布劳特氏菌属与Alb水平均呈正相关,与CTP评分和C反应蛋白水平均呈负相关(P值均0. 05)。KEGG通路分析显示,伴随腹水的出现,与转录相关蛋白、α-亚油酸代谢、金黄色葡萄球菌感染、细菌侵袭上皮细胞和胆汁分泌通路相关的菌群丰度逐渐上升(Pfdr值均0. 05),而与黄酮类生物合成通路相关的菌群丰度逐渐下降(Pfdr0. 05)。且细菌侵袭上皮细胞通路与大肠埃希菌属的丰度呈正相关(P 0. 001),肠杆菌属丰度与胆汁分泌通路呈正相关(P 0. 001)。结论 HBLC-WA患者肠道菌群紊乱以硬壁菌门的罕见小球菌属和假丁弧菌属丰度降低,变形菌门的肠杆菌属和大肠埃希菌属丰度增加为特征,肠杆菌可能参与胆汁分泌通路,大肠埃希菌可能参与上皮细胞的细菌侵袭通路,提示对于无SBP的HBLC-WA患者,调节肠道菌群的同时,可能也要考虑SBP的预防性治疗。     

老年人脑白质结构的扩散张量成像研究

目的应用扩散张量成像（diffusion tensor imaging，DTI）阐明老年人脑白质结构平均弥散系数（ADCavg）和部分各向异性（FA）的变化。方法老年组及非老年组各30例。所有受检者均进行神经科查体和简易智能精神状态量表（MMSE）测试，无影响神经系统的疾病。所有受检者均行DTI检查，选择额叶白质、顶叶白质、半卵圆中心、胼胝体膝部、胼胝体压部为兴趣区，定量测量ADCavg与FA值。结果ADCavg、FA值男、女性别差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），左右半球无明显改变。随着年龄增长，ADCavg值与年龄呈正相关，FA值与年龄呈负相关。在额叶白质（ADCavg：r=0．449，P〈0．05；FA：r=0．350，P〈0．05）、半卵圆中心（ADCavg：r=0．347，P〈0．05；FA：r=0．409，P〈0．05）、胼胝体膝部（ADCavg：r=0．452，P〈0．01；FA：r=0．556，P〈0．01）、压部（ADCavg：r=0．296，P〉0．05；FA：r=0．289，P〉0．05）、顶叶白质（ADCavg：r=0．367，P〈0．05；FA：r=0．287，P〉0．05）。老年组额叶白质、胼胝体膝部、半卵圆中心的ADCavg、FA值与简易智能精神状态量表（MMSE）相关，尤其是额叶白质的FA值相关更显著（r=0．466，P〈0．01）。结论与年龄相关的定量DTI分析，可有助于评价与年龄相关的变化。并且可建立一个与神经变性疾病比较对照的标准。DTI功能与结构的结合，表明老年人认知功能的衰退与白质微结构密切相关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.